دانلود کتاب Biochemistry: Fundamentals and Bioenergetics

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Cover Title Copyright End User License Agreement Contents Foreword Preface List of Contributors Scope and Importance of Biological Chemistry Nene Takio1, Meera Yadav1,* and Hardeo Singh Yadav1 INTRODUCTION CENTRE OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS BRANCHES IN BIOCHEMISTRY Enzymology Factors Affecting the Enzyme Activity Endocrinology Molecular Biology Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering Applications of Genetic Engineering Structural and Metabolic Biochemistry WHY UNDERSTANDING BIOCHEMISTRY IS IMPORTANT? Importance of Biochemistry in Medicine Drug Designing Diagnosis Nutrition Importance of Biochemistry in Agriculture Importance of Biochemistry in Nutrition Importance of Biochemistry in Pathology Importance of Biochemistry in Pharmacy Drug Constitution The Half-life Drug Storage Drug Metabolism Importance of Biochemistry in Plants Photosynthesis Different Sugars Plants Secondary Metabolites RECENT TRENDS IN BIOCHEMISTRY Human Genome Project Application and Benefits of Human Genome Project (HGP) Environmental Biochemistry Biomarkers Biosensors Latest Developments in Environmentally Friendly Biosensors Gene Therapy CANCER KEYWORDS Genome Biopsy Genotype Xenobiotics Transgenes SHORT-ANSWER TYPE QUESTION LONG-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Structure of Water: Acid-Base and Buffers; Hydrogen Bonding Nivedita Rai1, Shilpa Saikia1, Meera Yadav1,* and Hardeo Singh Yadav1 INTRODUCTION PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF WATER ACID AND BASE CONCEPT Properties of Acids and Bases According to Robert Boyle The Arrhenius Definition of Acids and Bases Limitations of Arrhenius Theory Bronsted Definition of Acids and Bases Conjugate Acids and Bases The Acid-Base Chemistry of Water Lewis Acid-base Concept pH Scale HYDROGEN BONDING IN WATER TYPES OF HYDROGEN BOND HYDROPHOBIC HISTORY NOMENCLATURE SUMMARY LONG-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS SHORT-ANSWER TYPE QUESTION MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Electrostatic and Van Der Waals Forces Nene Takio1, Dencil Basumatary1, Meera Yadav1,* and Hardeo Singh Yadav1 INTRODUCTION FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN BIOMOLECULES Covalent Bonds Non-Covalent Bonds HYDROGEN BONDING HYDROGEN BONDING AND ITS ROLE IN DNA HYDROGEN BONDING IN PROTEINS ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS ROLE IN PROTEIN FOLDING MOLECULAR RECOGNITION VANDER WAALS INTERACTIONS Dipole-dipole/Keesom Interactions Dipole Induced Dipole/Debye Forces London Dispersion Forces HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTION Causes of Hydrophobic Interactions Thermodynamics of Hydrophobic Interactions Formation of Hydrophobic Interactions Strength of Hydrophobic Interactions Temperature Number of Carbon Atoms on the Molecules Shape of Hydrophobes Hydrophobic Interactions in Protein Folding Zwitterions Glycine vs. Carbonic Acid Titration Curves Buffer Capacity and Buffer Intensity ROLE OF FORCES IN BIOMOLECULES SUMMARY KEYWORDS Vander Waals Contact Distance Dipole-dipole Interactions Thermophiles Supramolecules SHORT-ANSWER TYPE QUESTION LONG-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Introduction To Physical Techniques for Determination of Structure of Biopolymers Nene Takio1, Meera Yadav1,* and SonamTashi Khom1 INTRODUCTION BIOPOLYMER TECHNIQUES X-ray Crystallography Diffraction in X-ray Crystallography Applications NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Electron Microscopy Principle of Electron Microscopy Types of Electron Microscopy Transmission Microscopy (TEM) SEM VS. TEM SEM vs. TEM Advantages Compared to SEMs, TEMs Electron Tomography SUMMARY KEYWORDS Mosaicity Pleomorphism Fourier Transforms Synchrotrons SHORT-ANSWER TYPE QUESTION LONG-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Structure and Function of Biological Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Lipids and Biomembranes Nagendra Nath Yadav1,*, Saroj Yadav2 and Archana Pareek1 CARBOHYDRATES Synthesis of Carbohydrates Function of Carbohydrates Classification Based on their Behavior Upon Hydrolysis Based on their Taste Based on their Reaction (Oxidation) CLASSIFICATION OF MONOSACCHARIDES STRUCTURE OF MONOSACCHARIDES D & L CONFIGURATION (RELATIVE CONFIGURATION) ENANTIOMER Optical activity of sugars: (d+) or (l-) form Racemic mixture: (±) or (d, l) form ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION (R, S - FORM) FISCHER PROJECTION FORMULA OF CARBOHYDRATES D-glyceraldehyde or R-(+)-Glyceraldehyde (CHOCHOHCH2OH) D-Glucose and D-Fructose CYCLIC STRUCTURE OF MONOSACCHARIDES PYRANOSE AND FURANOSE STRUCTURE Structure of D-Fructose HAWORTH PROJECTION FORMULA ANOMERS AND MUTAROTATION Structure of few monosaccharides GLUCOSE (Dextrose or Grape Sugar or Blood Sugar) Chemical Properties of Glucose (Tautomerization): Formation of Glycosides Oxidation Reaction DISACCHARIDES (SUCROSE, MALTOSE AND LACTOSE) Sucrose (table sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar): Biological Importance Inversion of Cane Sugar Structure of Sucrose Maltose (malt sugar): Biological Importance Structure Lactose Occurrence Biological Importance POLYSACCHARIDES (Starch, glycogen, and cellulose) Starch (Homopolysaccharides from D-Glucose) Occurrence Biological Importance Structure Amylose Amylopectin Glycogen Structure Cellulose Structure AMINO ACIDS Optical Isomerism in Amino Acid Classification of Amino Acids Non-polar Amino Acids having Hydrophobic R-groups Polar Amino Acids with no Change on R-group Polar Amino Acids with a Positive Charge on R-group Polar Amino Acids with Negative R-group Classification of Amino Acids Based on Nutritional Requirement Chemical Properties Reaction Due to –COOH Group Reaction due to –NH2 group PROTEINS Structure of proteins Primary structure β-pleated Sheet Tertiary Structure of Protein Quaternary Structure of Protein Properties of Proteins Colour Reactions Xanthoprotic Test Biuret Test Millon's Reaction Ninhydrin Reaction Classification of Protein Based on Biological Function Simple Proteins NUCLEIC ACIDS Primary Structure Bonding and Nomenclature of Nucleotides and Nucleosides Nucleoside di- and tri-phosphate Structure of polynucleotide (nucleic acid) Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure Structure of RNA LIPIDS Classification of Lipids Derived Lipids Nomenclature of Fatty Acids Abbreviation of Nomenclature of Fatty Acids Triacylglycerols (Triglycerides) Structure of Acylglycerols Properties of Triacylglycerols Phospholipids Cholesterol Brassinosteroids Terpenes Carotenoids Chlorophyll BIO-MEMBRANES Composition Functions KEYWORDS Eukaryotic Cells Thylakoid Membrane Integral Protein Peripheral Protein Endocytosis SHORT-ANSWER TYPE QUESTION LONG-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Structure and Biological Function of Vitamins Nagendra Nath Yadav1, Archana Pareek1,* and Sonam Tashi Khom1 INTRODUCTION HISTORY CLASSIFICATION VITAMIN A Sources of Vitamin A Deficiencies of Vitamin A Health Benefits of Vitamin A Side Effects due to Excess of Vitamin A VITAMIN D Sources of Vitamin D Deficiencies of Vitamin D Health Benefits of Vitamin D Side Effects due to Excess of Vitamin D VITAMIN E SOURCES OF VITAMIN E Deficiencies of Vitamin E Health Benefits of Vitamin E Side Effects due to Excess of Vitamin E VITAMIN K Sources of Vitamin K Deficiencies of Vitamin K Health Benefits of Vitamin K Side Effects due to Excess of Vitamin K VITAMIN C Sources of Vitamin C Deficiencies of Vitamin C Health Benefits of Vitamin C Side Effects due to Excess of Vitamin C VITAMIN B-COMPLEX VITAMIN B1 Sources of Vitamin B1 Deficiencies of Vitamin B1 Health Benefits of Vitamin B1 Side Effects Due to Excess Vitamin B1 VITAMIN B2 Sources of Vitamin B2 Deficiencies of Vitamin B2 Health Benefits of Vitamin B2 Side Effects due to Excess of Vitamin B2 VITAMIN B3 Sources of Vitamin B3 Deficiencies of Vitamin B3 Health Benefits of Vitamin B3 Side Effects Due to Excess of Vitamin B3 VITAMIN B5 Sources of Vitamin B5 Deficiencies of Vitamin B5 Health Benefits of Vitamin B5 Side Effects Due to Excess of Vitamin B5 VITAMIN B6 Sources of Vitamin B6 Deficiencies of Vitamin B6 Health Benefits of Vitamin B6 Side Effects Due to Excess Vitamin B6 VITAMIN B7 Sources of Vitamin B7 Deficiencies of Vitamin B7 Health Benefits of Vitamin B7 Side Effects Due to Excess Vitamin B7 VITAMIN B9 Sources of Vitamin B9 Deficiencies of Vitamin B9 Health Benefits of Vitamin B9 Side Effects Due to Excess Vitamin B9 VITAMIN B12 Sources of Vitamin B12 Deficiency of Vitamin B12 Health Benefits of Vitamin B12 Side Effects Due to Excess Vitamin B12 KEYWORDS Prosthetic Group Collagen Polyneuritis Multiple Sclerosis Ataxia Skeletal Myopathy Retinopathy Bulimia Korsakoff’s Syndrome Leigh’s Disease Maple Serum Urine Disease Keratoconus Glaucoma Hartnup Disease Megaloblastic Anemia VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION SHORT-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS LONG-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Enzymes (Biocatalyst) Nagendra Nath Yadav1,*, Archana Pareek1 and Kamlesh Singh Yadav2 INTRODUCTION ENZYME STRUCTURE NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION Recommended Name Systematic Name FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY Concentration of Enzyme Substrate Concentration Effect of Temperature Temperature of Coefficient (Q10) Effect of pH Effect of the Concentration of Product ENZYME KINETICS Mechanism of Enzyme Action Enzyme-substrate Complex Formation Fisher’s Lock and Key Model or Fisher’s Template Theory Koshland’s Induced Fit Model ENZYME INHIBITION Reversible Inhibition Competitive Inhibition Non-competitive Inhibition Irreversible Inhibition PHYSICO-CHEMICAL NATURE OF ENZYME CHARACTERISTICS OF ENZYMES COENZYMES BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF COENZYME Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Thymine Pyrophosphate (TPP) Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) Biocytin CONTROL ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES Regulation Post-translational Modification (PTM) Quantity Subcellular Distribution Organ Specialization KEYWORDS Catalyst Dialysis Denaturation Biological Catalyst SHORT-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS LONG-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Hormones Nagendra Nath Yadav1,* and Archana Pareek1 INTRODUCTION CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES According to the Chemical Nature On the Basis of the Mechanism of Action According to the Nature of the Action According to the Effect On the Basis of Stimulation of Endocrine Glands Adrenocorticotropic Hormones (ACTH) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Growth Hormones (GH) Oxytocin Vasopressin Aldosterone Adrenaline Noradrenaline Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Prolactin (PRL) REGULATION OF HORMONES HORMONES IN PLANTS Type of Plant Hormones Auxins Cytokinins Gibberellins Ethylene Abscisic Acid HORMONES IN INSECTS Brain Hormones Molting Hormones Juvenile Hormones KEYWORDS T-cells Glucogenesis Glycoprotein Addison’s Disease Osteoporosis Tonicity Rosette Plant SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS LONG-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Fundamentals of Thermodynamics: Principle Applicable To Biological Processes Nene Takio1,*, Pratibha Yadav2 and Anindita Hazarika1 INTRODUCTION What is the Basic Concept of Thermodynamics? STATE VARIABLES ENERGY TRANSFER INTO HEAT & WORK THE FIRST LAW: LAW OF CONSERVATION OF TOTAL ENERGY ENTHALPY IS A USEFUL FEATURE FOR BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS THE SECOND LAW: SYSTEM TENDS TOWARD DISORDER AND RANDOMNESS Attributes of the Entropy Function THE THIRD LAW: ENTROPY CHANGE AT ABSOLUTE ZERO GIBBS FREE ENERGY THE STANDARD STATE FREE ENERGY CHANGE EXAMPLE: THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS AFFECTING BIOCHEMICAL EVENTS EFFECT OF PH ON STANDARD FREE ENERGIES CHANGE REACTION OF CONCENTRATION AND FREE ENERGY CHANGE COUPLED PROCESS ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) THERMODYNAMIC HYDROLYSIS OF ATP Structure of ATP FACTORS AFFECTING HYDROLYSIS OF FREE ENERGY OF ATP HYDROLYSIS OF ATP AND EQUILIBRIA OF COUPLED REACTIONS DAILY HUMAN REQUIREMENT FOR ATP SUMMARY KEYWORDS Pyruvate Denaturation Calorimeter Glycolysis Phototrophs SHORT-ANSWER TYPE QUESTION MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Bioenergetics, Metabolism of Biomolecules, Photosynthesis and Respiration, Transcription and Translation, Recombinant DNA Technology Saroj Yadav1,*, Kamlesh Singh Yadav2 and Pratibha Yadav3 INTRODUCTION BIOENERGETICS Theory of Bioenergetics Laws of Thermodynamics in Bioenergetics Equilibrium Constant and Free Energy Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions Exergonic Reactions Endergonic Reactions Activation Energy Coupled Reaction in Bioenergetics METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES Glycolysis Classification of Glycolysis Glycolysis Pathway in Steps Glucose Activation Phase Step-1 Step-2 Step-3 Step-4 Step-5 Payoff Phase Step-6 Step-7 Step-8 Step-9 Anaerobic Condition Significance of the Glycolysis Pathway LIPIDS METABOLISM Biosynthesis of Lipid Degradation of Lipid METABOLISMS OF PROTEINS Protein Synthesis Chemical Synthesis of Protein Protein Degradation METABOLISM OF NUCLEIC ACID Synthesis of Nucleic Acids Decomposition of Nucleic Acid (DNA and RNA) Catabolism of Pyrimidine Purine Catabolism PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION Similarities between Photosynthesis and Respiration OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION Electron Transport and Synthesis of ATP DNA REPLICATION TRANSCRIPTION Formation of pre-mRNA TRANSLATION Transfer RNA Protein Synthesis RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Instruments for Recombinant DNA Innovation: Recombinant DNA Technology Steps Application of Recombinant DNA Technology SUMMARY KEYWORDS Glycolysis The Cycle of Citric Acid Ketosis Oxidative Phosphorylation Photosynthesis Catabolism Photorespiration Recombinant DNA LONG QUESTIONS SHORT-QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Subject Index Back Cover