دانلود کتاب Biological Oceanography : An Introduction

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Biological Oceanography: An Introduction......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
ABOUT THIS VOLUME......Page 12
1.1 SPECIAL PROPERTIES AFFECTING LIFE IN THE SEA......Page 14
1.2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF MARINE ENVIRONMENTS AND MARINE ORGANISMS......Page 15
1.3 BASIC ECOLOGICAL TERMS AND CONCEPTS......Page 17
1.4 THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY......Page 20
1.5 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 1......Page 26
2.1 SOLAR RADIATION......Page 29
2.2 TEMPERATURE......Page 34
2.3 SALINITY......Page 38
2.4 DENSITY......Page 43
2.5 PRESSURE......Page 46
2.6 SURFACE CURRENTS......Page 47
2.7 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 2......Page 49
CHAPTER 3. PHYTOPUNKTON AND PRIMARY PRODUCTION......Page 52
3.1 SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT......Page 53
3.2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND PRIMARY PRODUCTION......Page 59
3.3 RADIATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS......Page 63
3.4 THE EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS ON GROWTH RATE......Page 66
3.5 PHYSICAL CONTROLS OF PRIMARY PRODUCTION......Page 71
3.6 GLOBAL PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTIVITY......Page 80
3.7 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 3......Page 83
4.1 COLLECTION METHODS......Page 87
4.2 HOLOPLANKTON: SYSTEMATICS AND BIOLOGY......Page 89
4.3 MEROPLANKTON......Page 99
4.4 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION......Page 103
4.5 DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION......Page 107
4.6 SEASONAL VERTICAL MIGRATIONS......Page 111
4.7 ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF THE HOLOPLANKTON......Page 113
4.8 LONG-TERM CHANGES IN ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE......Page 121
4.9 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 4......Page 122
5.1 FOOD CHAINS AND ENERGY TRANSFER......Page 125
5.2 FOOD WEBS......Page 130
5.3 MEASURING SECONDARY PRODUCTION......Page 136
5.4 A COMPARISON OF MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC MATERIAL......Page 147
5.5 MINERAL CYCLES......Page 149
5.6 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 5......Page 156
6.1 NEKTONIC CRUSTACEA......Page 160
6.2 NEKTONIC CEPHALOPODS......Page 161
6.4 MARINE MAMMALS......Page 162
6.5 SEABIRDS......Page 166
6.6 MARINE FISH......Page 169
6.7 FISHERIES AND FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY......Page 175
6.8 MARICULTURE......Page 185
6.9 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 6......Page 187
CHAPTER 7. BENTHOS......Page 190
7.1 BENTHIC PLANTS......Page 191
7.2 BENTHIC ANIMALS......Page 193
7.3 DETERMINANTS OF BENTHIC COMMUNITY STRUCTURE......Page 205
7.4 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 7......Page 206
8.1 INTERTIDAL ENVIRONMENTS......Page 209
8.2 ROCKY INTERTIDAL SHORES......Page 211
8.3 KELP FORESTS......Page 215
8.4 SAND BEACHES......Page 218
8.5 ESTUARIES......Page 222
8.6 CORAL REEFS......Page 226
8.7 MANGROVE SWAMPS......Page 235
8.8 DEEP-SEA ECOLOGY......Page 239
8.9 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS AND COLD SEEPS......Page 251
8.10 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 8......Page 256
CHAPTER. 9 HUMAN IMPACTS ON MARINE BIOTA......Page 260
9.1 FISHERIES IMPACTS......Page 261
9.2 MARINE POUUTANTS......Page 264
9.3 INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERS OF MARINE ORGANISMS......Page 269
9.4 IMPACTS ON SPECIFIC MARINE ENVIRONMENTS......Page 271
9.5 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 9......Page 276
APPENDIX 1: GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE......Page 279
APPENDIX 2: CONVERSIONS......Page 280
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING......Page 282
ANSWERS AND COMMENTS TO QUESTIONS......Page 283
GLOSSARY......Page 300
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 317
INDEX......Page 320