دانلود کتاب Carbohydrates in Drug Discovery and Development: Synthesis and Application

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Cover CARBOHYDRATES IN DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT: SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION Copyright Contributors Foreword Preface Abbreviations Chapter One - Recent trends and challenges on carbohydrate-based molecular scaffolding: general consideration toward impact of ca... 1 - Introduction 2 - Biological significance of carbohydrates and their impact in drug discovery 2.1 - Carbohydrates on cell surface 2.2 - Carbohydrate for genetic information 2.3 - Importance of furanose structure 2.4 - Heparin: a natural anticoagulant 3 - Carbohydrate-based drugs 3.1 - Naturally occurring carbohydrates and their derivatives as drug candidates 3.2 - Carbohydrate scaffolds in nature and their impact in drug development 3.3 - Carbohydrate-based antibiotics 3.4 - Carbohydrate-based anti-cancer agents 3.5 - Carbohydrate-based anti-diabetic agents 3.5.1 - Glycosidase inhibitors with anti-diabetic effects 3.5.2 - Sodium dependent glucose co-transporter inhibitors 3.6 - Carbohydrate-based anti-tubercular agents 3.7 - Carbohydrate-based anti-parasitic agents 3.8 - Carbohydrate-containing molecules as anti-HIV agents 3.9 - Carbohydrate-based anti-coagulants 3.10 - Carbohydrate-mimetics as potential sialyltransferase inhibitors 3.11 - Carbohydrate-based potential glycosidase inhibitors 3.12 - Cardiac glycosides as therapeutics 3.13 - Carbohydrate-based molecules with miscellaneous activities 4 - Carbohydrate-based metallo drugs 5 - Carbohydrate-based vaccines 6 - Conclusions and future perspective Acknowledgments References Chapter Two - Heparin mimetics as tools for modulation of biology and therapy 1 - Introduction 2 - Heparin mimetics as anti-coagulants 3 - Heparin mimetics as growth factor binders 4 - Heparin mimetics as heparanase inhibitors 5 - Conclusion and future perspectives Acknowledgments References Chapter Three - Bioactive C-glycosides inspired from natural products towards therapeutics 1 - Introduction 2 - Glycosides in nature 3 - C-Glycosides: an introduction 4 - Synthesis of bioactive C-glycosides 5 - C-Glycoside: Dapagliflozin, a novel drug in the market for diabetes 5.1 - Proximal ring modifications in Dapagliflozin 5.2 - Modification in the glycone part of Dapagliflozin 6 - C-Glycosides of flavones 7 - C-Glycosides of chalcones 8 - C-glycosides of xanthones 9 - C-Glycosides inspired from Adenophostin A 10 - C-Glycosides of KRN 7000 10.1 - Sugar ring annulation for the access to C-glycosides 11 - C-Glycosides: annulating glycone and aglycone part, an illustration 12 - C-1 functionalized building blocks for synthesis of C-Glycosides 12.1 - Applications of C-1 functionalized building blocks 13 - Conclusions and future perspectives References Chapter Four - 3-Deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) derivatives in antibacterial drug discovery 1 - Introduction 2 - Total syntheses of Kdo 2.1 - Total synthesis of Kdo from D-arabinose 2.2 - Total synthesis of Kdo from d-mannose 2.3 - Total synthesis of Kdo from d-mannitol 2.4 - Total synthesis of Kdo from other precursors 3 - Synthesis of Kdo derivatives as potential inhibitors of Kdo-processing enzymes 3.1 - Total synthesis of 2-deoxy-β-Kdo 3.2 - Synthesis of 2-deoxy-β-Kdo derivatives 3.3 - Synthesis of Kdo C-glycosides 3.4 - Synthesis of Kdo O-glycosides 3.5 - Synthesis of miscellaneous Kdo derivatives 4 - Kdo derivatives for LPS labeling of living organisms 5 - Conclusions and future perspectives References Chapter Five - Sialic acid-containing molecules in drug discovery and development 1 - Introduction 2 - Some representative characteristics of sialic acids 2.1 - Sialic acid as terminal sugars 2.2 - Sialic acid has great structural complexity 2.3 - Occurrence of sialic acids 2.4 - Sialic acids have a great biological significance 2.5 - Biosynthesis of diverse sialosides in eukarotic and prokaryotic system 2.6 - Enzymatic synthesis of sialylated glycans 3 - Common synthetic routes for sialic acid containing molecules 3.1 - Chemical glycosylation 3.1.1 - Modifications at C-1 3.1.2 - Modifications at C-2: leaving groups 3.2 - Chemo-enzymatic synthesis for the designing sialoside libraries 4 - Sialic acid-containing molecules in drug development 5 - Synthesis of some commercially available drugs 5.1 - Zanamivir and oseltamivir as neuraminidase inhibitors 5.2 - Synthesis of zanamivir from N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) by the Merck Frosst Centre, Canada 5.3 - Scalable route to zanamivir by Glaxo 5.4 - First scalable synthesis of oseltamivir phosphate from (-)-quinic acid by Gilead Sciences Inc 6 - Sialic acid in neurobiology: opportunity and challenges 6.1 - Disorders associated with sia 6.1.1 - Sialic acid storage disorder 6.1.2 - Sialuria and salla disease 6.1.3 - Guillain–barré syndrome 6.1.4 - Miller fisher syndrome 6.1.5 - Schrizophenia 6.1.6 - Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 6.1.7 - Alzheimer’s disease (AD) 6.2 - Uses in neurobiology 6.2.1 - As biomarker 6.2.2 - ‘Sia’ as drug for disorders 7 - Conclusions and future perspective Acknowledgments References Chapter Six - Glycan microarray: Toward drug discovery and development 1 - Introduction 2 - Fabrication of glycan microarrays 3 - Detection of glycan microarrays 4 - Biomedical applications of glycan microarrays 4.1 - Cancer 4.2 - Infectious diseases 4.3 - Autoimmune diseases 4.4 - Vaccine development 4.5 - Enzyme inhibitors 5 - Conclusions References Chapter Seven - Recent developments in the synthesis of biologically relevant inositol derivatives 1 - Introduction 2 - Structure, nomenclature of myo-inositol and associated implications for synthesis 3 - Inositols and their derivatives: the biological and medicinal context 4 - Strategies for the synthesis of inositol derivatives 4.1 - Necessity versus current state of art 4.2 - Synthesis of inositol derivatives from myo-inositol– relative reactivity of the hydroxyl groups 4.3 - Synthesis of enantiomeric myo-inositol derivatives from chiral precursors 4.4 - Enantiomeric inositol derivatives from myo-inositol 4.5 - Resolution of racemic myo-inositol derivatives by conversion to separable diastereomers 4.6 - Enzyme mediated resolution of racemic myo-inositol derivatives 4.7 - Desymmetrization of symmetric myo-inositol derivatives 4.8 - Phosphorylation of inositol derivatives 5 - Conclusions and future outlook References Chapter Eight - Iminosugars 1 - General introduction 1.1 - Glycoconjugate processing enzymes 1.2 - Inhibitors of glycosidases 1.3 - Classifications of carbohydrate-derived inhibitors 1.4 - Iminosugars 2 - Iminosugars as inhibitors glycosidases 2.1 - Mode of action 2.2 - Structural basis for glycosidase inhibition by iminosugars 3 - Classification of naturally occuring iminosugars 3.1 - Natural polyhydroxypiperidines and their source of isolation 3.2 - Natural polyhydroxypyrrolidines and their source of isolation 3.3 - Naturally occurring polyhydroxyindolizidines and their source of isolation 3.4 - Naturally occurring polyhydroxypyrrolizidines and their source of isolation 3.5 - Naturally occurring nortropanes and their source of isolation 4 - Iminosugars as inhibitors of glycosidases 4.1 - Iminosugars as inhibitors of α-glucosidases 4.2 - Iminosugars as inhibitors of β-glucosidases 4.3 - Iminosugars as inhibitors of α-galactosidases 4.4 - Iminosugars as inhibitors of β-galactosidases 4.5 - Iminosugars as inhibitors of mannosidases 4.6 - Iminosugars as inhibitors of α-L-fucosidases 4.7 - Iminosugars as inhibitors of α-l-rhamnosidoses 4.8 - Iminosugars as inhibitors of β-N-acetylhexosaminidases 4.9 - Iminosugars as inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase 5 - Iminosugars as antivirals 6 - Iminosugars as pharmacological chaperones for lysosomal storage diseases 7 - Conclusions and future scope References Chapter Nine - Carbohydrate-protein interactions: Enhancing multivalency effects through statistical rebinding 1 - Introduction 1.1 - ConA 1.2 - DC-SIGN 1.3 - PNA 1.4 - Jack bean α-mannosidase 2 - Conclusion and future perspectives References Chapter Ten - Carbo-click in drug discovery and development: Opportunities and challenges 1 - Introduction 2 - Carbo-click in drug discovery and development 2.1 - Traizolyl glycoconjugates as enzyme inhibitors 2.1.1 - Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor 2.1.2 - Glycosyl transferase inhibitors 2.1.3 - Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase (TcTS) inhibitor 2.1.4 - Glycosidase inhibition activity 2.1.5 - Neuraminidase inhibitors 2.1.5.1 - Zanamivir based neuraminidase inhibitors 2.1.5.2 - DANA based neuraminidase inhibitors 2.1.5.3 - Sialic Acid based Neuraminidase inhibitors 2.1.6 - Glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor 2.1.7 - Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) inhibitors 2.2 - Pharmacological applications of click chemistry 2.2.1 - Anti-cancer activities 2.2.2 - Anti-leishmanial activity 2.2.3 - Anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activities 3 - Conclusion and future perspectives Acknowledgments References Chapter Eleven - Glycohybrid molecules in medicinal chemistry: Present status and future prospective 1 - Introduction 2 - Bioactive carbohybrid molecules 2.1 - Anticancer activity 2.1.1 - Antiviral activity 2.2 - Immunomodulatory activity 2.3 - PTP1B inhibitors 2.4 - Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor 2.5 - Antimalarial activity 2.6 - Antifungal activity 2.7 - Antibacterial activity 2.8 - Glycosidase inhibitor activity 2.9 - Galectin-3 inhibitors 2.10 - Anti-inflammatory 3 - Conclusion and future prospective References Chapter Twelve - Biologically active carbohydrate-containing macrocycles 1 - Introduction 1.1 - Macrocyclic carbohydrates isolated from plants 1.2 - Macrocyclic carbohydrates isolated from microorganisms 1.3 - Natural carbohydrate-based macrocycles as drug candidate 1.4 - Macrocyclic carbohydrates used for the drug delivery 1.5 - Macrocyclic carbohydrates as marketed drugs 1.6 - Macrocyclic carbohydrates as antibiotics 1.7 - Macrocyclic carbohydrates as anti-fungal drugs 1.8 - Macrocyclic carbohydrates as immune suppressants or immunomodulators 2 - Synthesis of some macrocyclic carbohydrates 2.1 - Synthesis of carbohydrate macrocycles possesing sugar part as core molecule 3 - Conclusions and future perspectives Acknowledgment References Chapter Thirteen - Carbohydrate-based antibiotics: Opportunities and challenges 1 - Introduction 1.1 - Carbohydrates-containing antibiotics 2 - Aminoglycoside antibiotics 2.1 - Recent progress in design of novel aminoglycosides 3 - Nucleoside antibiotics 3.1 - Pyrimidine analogues 3.2 - Fluorinated pyrimidines 3.3 - Thiopurines 4 - Macrolide antibiotics 5 - Glycopeptide antibiotics 6 - Conclusions and future perspectives References Chapter Fourteen - Carbohydrate-based anti-bacterial and anti-cancer vaccines 1 - Introduction 2 - Carbohydrates as biologically relevant molecules and their impact on carbohydrate as antigens 3 - Glycoconjugate vaccines 3.1 - Challenges associated with carbohydrate-based vaccines 3.2 - Design of glycoconjugate vaccines 3.2.1 - Synthesis of glycoconjugates as vaccine candidates 3.3 - Anti bacterial glycoconjugate vaccine 3.4 - Anti-tumour and anti-cancer carbohydrate vaccines 4 - Conclusions and future perspectives References Chapter Fifteen - Opportunity of plant oligosaccharides and polysaccharides in drug development 1 - Introduction 2 - Biological and pharmacological significance 2.1 - Starch and its products 2.2 - Monosaccharide based natural polyols 2.3 - Cellulose and its derivatives 2.4 - Exudate gums 2.5 - Glycoconjugates 3 - Plant oligosaccharide based molecules 4 - Plant polysaccharide based drugs 4.1 - Antidiabetic activity 4.2 - Immunomodulatory activity 5 - Structure-activity relationship 6 - Polysaccharides in drug delivery 7 - Bioactive polysaccharides: Structural aspects 8 - Conclusions 9 - Future perspectives References Chapter N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-conjugates: Delivering oligonucleotide drugs to the liver 1 - Introduction 1.1 - Oligonucleotide therapeutics 1.2 - Oligonucleotide therapeutics: Mode of action 1.3 - Oligonucleotide therapeutics: Challenges 1.4 - Medicinal chemistry of therapeutic oligonucleotides 1.5 - Phosphate-backbone modifications 1.6 - Sugar modifications 1.7 - Combining the sugar and phosphate-backbone modifications 1.8 - Complete replacement of the sugar-phosphate backbone 1.9 - Nucleobase modifications 1.10 - Covalent-conjugate approach: GalNAc-conjugates 1.11 - GalNAc-conjugates: mechanism of liver-specific delivery 1.12 - GalNAc-conjugates: design 1.12.1 - Triantennary GalNAc 1.12.2 - Monomeric linear GalNAc 1.13 - Further improvements in GalNAc-oligonucleotide conjugates 2 - Clinical status of GalNAc-conjugated oligonucleotide drugs 3 - Conclusions and future perspectives References Index Back Cover