دانلود کتاب Crosslinkable Polyethylene: Manufacture, Properties, Recycling, and Applications (Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials)

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Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1 Crosslinked Polyethylene: State-of-the-Art and New Challenges
1 Introduction
2 Crosslinking Methods of PE
2.1 Physical Process
2.2 Chemical Process
3 Main Manufactures of XLPE
4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Crosslinking in PE
5 Scope and Application
5.1 In the Cable Industry
5.2 XLPE Pipes
5.3 In the Medical Field
5.4 Other Applications
6 The Commercial Significance of XLPE
7 Limitations and New Challenges of XLPE and Its Products
8 Conclusion and Outlook
References
2 Historical and Theoretical Background of XLPE
1 Introduction
2 XLPE as Insulation: Behind the History
2.1 Before the Introduction of XLPE
2.2 After the Invention of XLPE
3 XLPE as Plumbing Pipes: Behind the History
4 XLPE as Biomedical Equipment: Behind the History
5 Classical and Quantum Mechanics Theories for Computational Studies
5.1 Schrödinger Wave Equation
5.2 Born–Oppenheimer Approximation
5.3 Hartree–Fock Method
5.4 Hartree–Fock-Roothaan Method
5.5 Self-consistent Field Method
5.6 The Variation Principle
5.7 Semiempirical Method
5.8 Density Functional Theory
5.9 Basis Set
6 Molecular Properties
7 Software Used for Computational Calculations
7.1 Integrated Packages
7.2 Ab-Initio and DFT Software
7.3 Graphics Packages
8 Computational Studies in XLPE
8.1 Studies on the Mechanism Behind Electrical Treeing and Electrical Breakdown
8.2 Studies on the Mechanism of the UV Radiation Crosslinking Process
9 Conclusion
References
3 XLPE Manufacturing Processes
1 Introduction
2 Radiation Crosslinking
2.1 Reaction Chemistry
2.2 Process
3 Peroxide Crosslinking
3.1 Reaction Chemistry
3.2 Process
4 Silane Crosslinking
5 Current Trends and Concluding Remarks
References
4 General Awareness of XLPE Manufacturers
1 Structure of the Industry and Trends
2 XLPE Compound Manufacturing
2.1 Manufacture of Peroxide Crosslinkable Compounds
2.2 Silane Crosslinkable Copolymer
2.3 Silane Crosslinkable Grafted Polymer
3 Major Applications of XLPE and Related Processes
4 Concluding Remarks
References
5 Physicochemical Properties of XLPE
1 Structure of XLPE
1.1 Overviews of Polymer Structure
1.2 Structure of XLPE and Water Tree Retardant
1.3 Molecular Chain Movement in XLPE
2 Physical Properties of XLPE
2.1 Electrical Properties
2.2 Mechanical Properties
2.3 Other Properties
3 Chemical Properties
3.1 Thermal Oxidation Resistance
3.2 Photo Oxidation Resistance
4 Test Methods of Electrical Properties
4.1 Polarization and Depolarization Current Method (PDC)
4.2 Dielectric Loss Factor Measurement
4.3 Breakdown Experiment
5 Conclusions
References
6 Morphology, Structure, Properties and Applications of XLPE
1 Introduction
2 XLPE Applications
2.1 Cable Insulation
2.2 Hip Arthroplasty
2.3 XLPE Foam
2.4 Pipes
3 Summary
References
7 XLPE: Crosslinking Techniques and Recycling Process
1 Introduction
1.1 Chemical Process
1.2 Radiation Method
2 Radiation Crosslinked Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE)
3 Structure of UHMWPE
4 Purpose of Radiation Crosslinking in UHMWPEs
5 First-Generation Crosslinked UHMWPEs
6 Second Generation of Crosslinked UHMWPEs
7 Applications of Radiation Crosslinked UHMWPE
7.1 Biomedical Field
7.2 Nuclear Reactor Field
7.3 Voltage Stabilizers
7.4 Disposal of Radiation Crosslinked PE
7.5 Crosslinking with Epoxy Ring-Opening Reactions
8 Chemical Recycling or Feedstock Recycling of Polymer Wastes
9 By HDPE Vitrimers
10 By ϒ Radiation
11 By Ultrasonic Decross-Linking
12 By Supercritical Decross-Linking Extrusion Process
13 As Toughness Enhancer
14 By Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPVs)
15 Particulate Infusion
16 Conclusion
References
8 Aging and Degradation Studies in Crosslinked Polyethylene (XLPE)
1 Introduction
2 Aging and Degradation in XLPE
3 Electrical Degradation and Treeing
3.1 Electrical Treeing
3.2 Water Treeing
4 Chemical Degradation Mechanisms
5 Thermal Degradation
6 Aging in XLPE
7 Radiation Aging
8 Conclusion
References
9 Flame-Retardant Aspects of XLPE
1 Introduction
2 Flammability of Polyethylene
3 Flame Retardants for Polyethylene
3.1 Physical Interaction
3.2 Chemical Interaction
3.3 Halogenated Flame Retardants
3.4 Mineral Flame Retardants
3.5 Metal Hydroxides
3.6 Hydroxyl Carbonates
3.7 Borates
3.8 Phosphorus Containing Flame Retardants
3.9 Nitrogen-Based Flame Retardants
3.10 Intumescent Flame Retardants (IFRs)
4 Key Crosslinking Methods Used in FR XPLE Applications
5 Main Applications for FR XLPE
5.1 Mapping the Intellectual Property (IP) Landscape for FR XLPE
5.2 Key Applications and Trends Delineated by IP Landscaping
5.3 Additional Applications
5.4 Key Conclusions on Applications
6 Types of Polyethylene Used in FR XLPE
7 Overview of Test Methods and Standards
8 Trends
9 Summary
References
10 Structural Design and Performance of XLPE for Cable Insulation
1 Introduction
2 History of XLPE Insulation
3 Insulation Requirements
4 Choice of Insulation Materials for Cables
5 Factors Affecting Dielectric Performance
5.1 Material Permittivity, Dissipation Factor and Conductivity
5.2 Electrical Breakdown
5.3 Impact of Contaminants
5.4 Electrical Aging
5.5 Critically Sized Contaminants
5.6 Dielectric Losses
5.7 Electrical Aging in Wet Environments
6 Concluding Remarks
References
11 Failure Mechanisms in XLPE Cables
1 Introduction
2 Cables Insulation Stresses
3 Aging, Degradation and Failure
4 Failure Mechanisms
4.1 Partial Discharges
4.2 Electrical Treeing
4.3 Water Treeing
4.4 Experiments
4.5 Space Charge Influence
5 Conclusions
References
12 Short Overview of Practical Application and Further Prospects of Materials Based on Crosslinked Polyethylene
1 Introduction
1.1 Base Methods of XLPE Production
1.2 Utilization and Recycling
2 XLPE and Modern Technologies
2.1 Industrial Application of XLPE
2.2 Application of XLPE Within the Scope of Modern Production
2.3 XLPE in Insulation Systems of Industrial Pipelines and Heating Plants
2.4 Application of XLPE in the Medical Field and Dentistry
2.5 XLPE in Sports Industry
2.6 Application of XLPE in Construction of Residential Buildings
3 XLPE Within the Scope of Individual Household
3.1 XLPE in Heating, Water Supply and Sewerage Systems
3.2 XLPE in Power Supply Systems of Private Houses and Apartments
3.3 XLPE in Soundproofing and Thermal Insulation Systems of Private Apartments
4 Conclusion
References
13 Industrial and Commercial Importance of XLPE
1 Introduction
1.1 Basic Features of the Crosslinking Operation and Its Importance in Enhancing Technical Performances
1.2 Crosslinked Polyethylenes
1.3 Crosslinking Improves the Technical Properties of Crosslinked-Polyethylenes
2 Methods of Crosslinking
2.1 Selected Usually Used Methods of Crosslinking for the Preparation of XLPE from Different Types of Polyethylene
2.2 Different Methods of Producing Crosslinked Polyethylenes (XLPEs) and Their Specific Applications
3 Principal Applications of XLPEs
4 Applications of XLPEs in Electrical Insulations
5 XLPEs in High-Voltage Cable Insulation
6 Different Types of HVDC Cables
7 XLPE for Domestic and Plumbing Applications
8 Commercial and Industrial Importance of XLPE
9 Market Based on Crosslinked Polyethylene Foam (XLPE Foam)
9.1 Basic Features on the Commercial and Industrial Importance of XLPE
10 Current Trends and Future Perspective of XLPEs
10.1 Recycle, Reuse and Eco-Compatibility of XLPEs
10.2 Finding the Most Effective Methods for the Manufacturing of XLPEs to Enhance Desired Technical Performances at Cost-Effective Ways Meeting All the Environmental Issues
11 Conclusion and Perspective
References