دانلود کتاب Electricity Decentralization in the European Union: Towards Zero Carbon and Energy Transition

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Electricity Decentralization in the European Union
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
Introduction
1 Smart grids in the European Union
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Smart grid deployment and the impact on energy security
1.2.1 Setting the scene
1.2.1.1 The geopolitical context
1.2.1.2 The institutional context
1.2.2 Smart grids: a multivalent instrument50
1.2.3 The operation of prosumer markets
1.2.4 Smart grids and energy security106
1.2.4.1 Sustainability prospects
Advantages
Risks and challenges ahead
1.2.4.2 Strengthening supply security
Advantages
Risks and challenges ahead
1.2.4.3 Affordability and competitiveness gains in prosumer markets
Advantages
Risks and challenges ahead
1.2.5 Conclusion
1.3 Smart grid regulation
1.3.1 Smart metering: paving the way for smarter grids
1.3.1.1 Background
1.3.1.2 The EU legal basis
1.3.1.3 Current status in Europe
1.3.1.4 Toward regulatory policy recommendations
1.3.2 Demand response
1.3.2.1 Background
1.3.2.2 The EU legal basis
1.3.2.3 Current status in Europe
1.3.2.4 Toward regulatory policy recommendations
1.3.3 Electricity storage and electric vehicles
1.3.3.1 Background
1.3.3.2 The EU legal basis
1.3.3.3 Current status in Europe
1.3.3.4 Toward regulatory policy recommendations
1.4 Social, environmental, and ethical issues of smart grids
1.4.1 Introduction
1.4.2 Smart grids: contributing to the EU collaborative economy
1.4.2.1 The collaborative economy: a “Disruptive Innovation”
1.4.2.2 The EU and the collaborative economy
1.4.2.3 Smart grids: a platform for the collaborative economy
1.4.2.4 Delivering social benefits in a collaborative economy
1.4.3 Low-carbon transition pathways and smart grids
1.4.3.1 Conceptualizing issues
1.4.3.2 Smart grids within a circular economy
The circular economy concept and the EU
EU waste regulation: key principles for renewable energy and smart energy grids
New concepts and principles to close the smart grid loop
1.4.4 Digital technology, smart grids, and the law
1.4.4.1 Background
1.4.4.2 Smart grids: cybersecurity and privacy issues
1.4.4.3 International and EU law
Privacy and data protection
Lawful processing
Data minimization
Data quality, retention, and accuracy
Fair processing
Data anonymization/pseudonymization
Digital systems security
1.5 Conclusion
2 Conceptualizing the energy transition in the European Union
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Progress on energy decentralization
3 Energy decentralization and energy transition in Belgium
3.1 Smart grids and meters
3.2 Electric vehicles
3.3 Demand response
3.4 Storage
3.5 Interconnection
3.6 Concerns about data protection
3.7 Conclusions
4 Energy decentralization and energy transition in Greece
4.1 Smart grids and meters
4.2 Electric vehicles
4.3 Demand response
4.4 Storage
4.5 Interconnection
4.6 Concerns about data protection
5 Energy decentralization and energy transition in Spain
5.1 Regulatory framework for the electricity market
5.2 Smart grids and meters
5.3 Electric vehicles
5.4 Demand response
5.5 Storage
5.6 Interconnection
5.7 Concerns about data protection
6 Energy decentralization and energy transition in Italy
6.1 Regulatory framework for the electricity market
6.2 Smart grids and meters
6.3 Electric vehicles
6.4 Demand response
6.5 Storage
6.6 Interconnection
6.7 Concerns about data protection
8 Energy decentralization and energy transition in Poland
8.1 General overview
8.2 Energy profile
8.2.1 Energy resources in Poland
8.2.1.1 Coal resources
8.2.1.2 Oil and gas resources
8.2.1.3 Natural gas
8.2.2 Energy transition and greenhouse gas emissions
8.2.2.1 Energy Transition
8.2.2.2 Greenhouse gas emissions
8.3 Governance system: political decentralization and energy competences
8.4 Electricity market
8.4.1 Regulatory framework
8.4.1.1 Energy Policy 2030 and 2050
8.4.1.2 Energy Act of 10 April 1997
8.4.1.3 The 2016 Act on Energy Efficiency
8.4.1.4 The 2011 Geological and Mining Law
8.4.1.5 The Polish Act on Renewable Energy Sources 2016 (as amended in 2018)
8.4.1.6 The Tax Acts
8.4.1.7 Other relevant laws
8.4.2 Energy security dimension
8.5 Renewable energy sources’ generation
8.6 Smart grid and smart metering systems
8.7 Electric vehicles and storage
8.7.1 Legislation
8.7.2 E-Buses
8.7.3 Energy storage
8.8 Data protection
8.9 Demand response and energy efficiency
8.10 Conclusion
9 Energy decentralization and energy transition in France
9.1 General overview
9.1.1 An overview on greenhouse gas emissions and renewable energy sources
9.1.2 A general overview on the current status of smart energy systems
9.2 Energy profile
9.2.1 Market participants
9.2.2 Production and consumption of energy
9.2.3 Energy strategy
9.3 Governance system
9.3.1 Relevant institutions
9.3.1.1 Ministry of Ecological and Solidarity Transition (Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire)
9.3.1.2 French Environment & Energy Management Agency (Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l\'Énergie)
9.3.1.3 Association for Renewable Energy (Syndicat des énergies renouvelables)
9.3.1.4 Energy Regulatory Commission (Commission de Régulation de l’Energie)
9.3.1.5 Electricité de France
9.3.1.6 French Transmission System Operator (Réseau de transport d\'électricité)
9.3.1.7 French Distribution Grid Operator (L’Electricité en Réseau) (Enedis)
9.3.2 Research and projects on smart grids
9.4 Electricity market
9.4.1 Regulatory framework
9.4.2 Energy security dimension
9.5 Smart metering systems
9.6 Demand response
9.7 Data protection
9.8 Electric vehicles and storage
9.8.1 Electric vehicles
9.8.2 Storage
9.9 Conclusions
10 Energy decentralization and energy transition in Finland
10.1 General overview
10.1.1 An overview on greenhouse gas emissions and renewable energy sources
10.1.2 Current status of smart energy systems
10.2 Energy profile
10.2.1 Market participants
10.2.2 Sources of energy
10.2.3 Consumption of energy
10.2.4 Energy strategy and European Union targets
10.3 Governance system
10.3.1 Relevant institutions
10.3.1.1 The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment (TEM)
10.3.1.2 The Ministry of the Environment (YM)
10.3.1.3 The Ministry of Finance (VM)
10.3.1.4 The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MMM)
10.3.1.5 The Energy Authority (Energiavirasto)
10.3.1.6 Business Finland
10.3.1.7 Fingrid Oyj
10.3.1.8 Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment
10.3.1.9 Finnish Competition and Consumer Authority (KKV)
10.3.1.10 Office of the Data Protection Ombudsman
10.3.2 Research and projects on smart grids
10.3.2.1 Smart Grid Working Group
10.3.2.2 LEMENE Smart Grid Project
10.3.2.3 MOTIVA OY Training Programme
10.4 Electricity market
10.4.1 Regulatory framework
10.4.1.1 The Energy Market Act
10.4.1.2 Subsidies and incentives
10.4.1.3 Unbundling
10.4.2 Energy security dimension
10.5 Smart metering systems
10.6 Demand response
10.7 Data protection
10.8 Electric vehicles and storage
10.8.1 Electric vehicles
10.8.2 Storage
10.9 Conclusions
11 Energy decentralization and energy transition in the Republic of Ireland
11.1 Overview
11.2 Energy profile
11.2.1 Energy mix
11.2.1.1 Ireland’s targets
11.2.1.2 Ireland’s energy mix
11.2.1.3 Ireland’s progress against its targets
11.2.2 Market and market players
11.2.2.1 (Integrated) Single electricity market
11.2.2.2 Market players
11.2.2.3 Customer profile
11.2.3 Transmission system
11.2.4 Distribution system
11.3 Governance system
11.3.1 Energy strategy
11.3.2 Integration of governance and energy strategy
11.3.2.1 EirGrid (transmission system operator)
Grid 25/Your Grid, Your Tomorrow/DS3 Programme
Smart Wires collaboration
Storage projects
Power Off and Save
11.3.2.2 ESB Networks (distribution system operator)
Innovation Strategy
FINESCE/FIWARE FP7 research project
EvolvDSO
Plan Grid EV
RealValue
Winter Peak
EPRI International Smart Grid Demonstration Initiative
Dingle project
Smart Energy Services
11.3.2.3 DCCAE
Pilot microgeneration scheme
Funding for energy research projects
11.3.2.4 SEAI
Administration of government funding schemes
SEAI and IEA
Tools and calculators
Electric vehicle information hub
Smart grid road map
11.3.3 Reflections on the governance system
11.4 Regulatory framework and the energy security dimension
11.4.1 Regulatory framework
11.4.1.1 Legislation pertaining to the electricity market
The Electricity Regulation Act 1999
The Electricity Regulation (Amendment) (Single Electricity Market) Act 2007
The Energy Act 2016 (No. 12 of 2016)
Climate Change and Low Carbon Development Act 2015
11.4.1.2 Regulatory framework and the smart grid
Integration of renewable energy sources
Feed-in tariff schemes
Public bodies
Heating and cooling schemes
Transportation schemes
11.4.1.3 Reflections on the regulatory framework
11.4.2 Energy security dimension
11.5 Smart metering scheme
11.5.1 The Irish National Smart Metering Programme
11.5.2 Smart Metering Regulatory Framework
11.6 Demand response
11.6.1 Role of the transmission system operator
11.6.1.1 Demand response/demand-side management schemes
STAR
Powersave
11.6.1.2 Demand side unities
11.6.1.3 Balancing services
11.6.1.4 Capacity auction market
11.6.2 Role of the distribution system operator
11.6.3 Smart meters, demand response, and the smart grid
11.7 Data protection
11.8 Electric vehicles and electricity storage
11.8.1 Electric vehicles
11.8.2 Electricity storage
11.9 Conclusions
12 Energy decentralization and energy transition in Estonia
12.1 Energy profile
12.1.1 Energy dependency
12.1.2 Renewable energy production
12.1.3 Predictions for the demand in renewable energy
12.1.4 Gas production
12.1.5 Interconnection lines with Estonia’s neighbors
12.1.5.1 EstLink projects
12.1.5.2 Estonia–Latvia and Estonia–Russia electricity landlines
12.1.5.3 Estonia–Russia and Estonia–Latvia gas pipelines
Balticconnector project
12.2 Governance system
12.2.1 Relevant institutions in the energy sector
12.2.1.1 Legislative power
12.2.1.2 Government
12.2.1.3 Regulators and agencies
12.2.1.4 Market participants with administrative functions
12.2.2 Tariff structures
12.2.2.1 Tariff structures and setting prices for energy products
12.2.2.2 Levies and tolls
12.2.3 Proposals to save energy
12.2.4 General planning in the energy sector
12.2.4.1 Security of supply
12.2.5 Transmission and distribution network services
12.2.6 Planned structural reforms in the electricity sector
12.3 Energy regulatory framework
12.3.1 Interconnection
12.3.2 Organisation of the Estonian energy market
12.3.2.1 Operation market
12.4 Smart homes/smart meters37
12.4.1 Estonia’s legislative portfolio related to smart metering systems
12.4.2 Energy security considerations: interplay between Estonian policies and policies issued by the European Commission41
12.5 Data protection
12.6 Electric vehicles
12.6.1 Market penetration of electric vehicles
12.7 Demand response
12.8 Conclusions
13 Energy decentralization and energy transition in Slovenia
13.1 Slovenia
13.1.1 Energy profile
13.1.2 Energy mix in Slovenia
13.1.2.1 Electricity
13.1.2.2 Natural gas
13.1.2.3 Transmission system operator
13.1.2.4 Distribution system operator
13.1.3 Governance system: support schemes and selection bases
13.1.3.1 Deficit in wind power plants
13.1.4 Electricity market
13.1.4.1 Regulatory framework
13.1.4.2 Energy security dimension
13.1.5 Smart metering systems
13.1.6 Demand response
13.1.7 Data protection
13.1.7.1 Cyber security
13.1.8 Electric vehicles and storage
13.1.8.1 Electric vehicles
13.1.8.2 Storage
13.2 Conclusions
14 Energy decentralization and energy transition in Croatia
14.1 General overview
14.2 Energy profile
14.2.1 Energy mix in Croatia
14.2.1.1 Natural gas
14.2.2 Transmission system operator
14.3 Governance system
14.3.1 Relevant institutions
14.3.1.1 Central government: Directorate-General for Energy
14.4 Electricity market
14.4.1 Regulatory framework
14.4.2 Energy security dimension
14.4.3 Renewable energy
14.5 Smart metering systems
14.6 Demand response
14.7 Data protection
14.8 Vehicles and storage
14.8.1 Electric vehicles
14.8.2 Storage
14.9 Conclusion
15 Energy decentralization and energy transition in Austria
15.1 Energy profile
15.2 Governance system
15.3 Electricity market
15.3.1 Transmission system operators
15.3.2 Distribution system operators
15.3.3 Supply
15.3.4 Ownership
15.4 Smart metering systems
15.4.1 Overview
15.4.2 Landis+Gyr projects
15.4.3 Other projects
15.4.4 Applicability
15.4.5 Pricing
15.4.6 Data concerns
15.4.7 Direct load control
15.4.8 Prosumers
15.5 Data protection
15.5.1 Current law
15.5.2 Smart grids
15.5.2.1 Security
15.5.2.2 Privacy
15.5.3 Challenges
15.6 Demand response
15.6.1 Mechanisms
15.6.2 EU review
15.6.2.1 Lessons learned
15.6.2.2 Recommendations
15.7 Electric vehicles
15.7.1 Overview
15.7.2 Taxation
15.8 Storage
15.9 Conclusion
16 Energy decentralization and energy transition in Luxembourg
16.1 Energy profile
16.1.1 Renewable energy
16.1.2 Future
16.1.3 Energy security
16.1.3.1 Oil
16.1.3.2 Gas
16.2 Governance system
16.3 Electricity market
16.3.1 Overview
16.3.2 Wholesale markets
16.3.3 Retail markets
16.4 Smart metering systems
16.5 Demand response
16.6 Data protection
16.7 Electric vehicles
16.7.1 Rollout
16.7.2 Reform
16.8 Storage
16.9 Conclusion
17 Energy decentralization and energy transition in Denmark
17.1 General overview
17.2 Energy profile
17.2.1 Brief history of Denmark’s energy policy
17.2.2 Energy profile—electrical energy
17.2.2.1 Renewable energy
17.2.2.2 Consumption
17.2.3 Highlighted challenges
17.2.3.1 Large financial commitments
17.2.3.2 Need for deregulation to foster modernization and funding of the energy system
17.2.3.3 Proliferation of renewable energy sources is pushing the grid capacity
17.2.3.4 Decentralization of energy policy is required
17.3 Governance system
17.3.1 Legislation
17.3.2 Authorities
17.3.3 National and regional transmission
17.3.4 Public service obligation and smart metering
17.3.5 Interstate cooperation
17.4 Electricity market
17.4.1 Regulatory framework
17.4.1.1 Regulated and nonregulated activities
17.4.1.2 Status of unbundling
17.4.1.3 Tariffs
17.4.1.4 Incentives
17.4.2 Energy security dimension
17.4.2.1 Renewable energies in the grid
17.4.2.2 Energy trading and cross-border relations
17.5 Smart metering systems
17.5.1 Smart meter penetration
17.6 Demand response
17.7 Data protection
17.7.1 Digitalization to promote smart grids
17.7.2 Danish data protection and smart meters
17.7.3 Consumer safeguarding
17.7.4 Concerns of smart meters
17.8 Electric vehicles and storage
17.8.1 Electric vehicles
17.8.1.1 Regulatory improvements and incentives
17.8.1.2 Research in electric vehicles
17.8.1.3 EU-wide measure to promote electric vehicles nationally
17.8.2 Storage
17.9 Conclusion
18 Energy decentralization and energy transition in Sweden
18.1 General overview
18.2 Energy profile
18.2.1 Electricity
18.2.1.1 Electricity transmission and distribution
18.2.2 Consumption
18.2.3 Challenges
18.2.4 Smart grid’s current status
18.3 Governance system
18.4 Electricity market
18.4.1 Electricity trade
18.4.2 Regulatory framework
18.4.2.1 Tax regulation mechanisms
18.4.3 Green certificates
18.4.3.1 How the system works
18.4.4 Distributed electricity production: solar
18.4.5 Distributed electricity production: other
18.4.6 Energy security dimension
18.5 Smart metering systems
18.6 Demand response
18.6.1 Explicit demand response
18.6.2 Implicit demand response
18.7 Data protection
18.7.1 Information security
18.8 Electric vehicles and storage
18.8.1 Electric vehicles
18.8.2 Storage
18.9 Conclusion
19 Energy decentralization and energy transition in Hungary
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Hungary’s electricity market
19.2.1 Key figures concerning energy and electricity in Hungary
19.2.2 Key characteristics and structure of Hungary’s electricity market
19.2.3 Policy responsibility and regulation
19.2.4 Geopolitical considerations
19.3 How “smart” is Hungary’s electricity system?
19.3.1 Research and development—investments and funding
19.3.2 Smart grids
19.3.3 Smart metering
19.3.4 Demand-side policies/demand response
19.3.5 Self-generation
19.3.6 Electric vehicles
19.3.7 Storage
19.3.8 Data privacy and protection considerations
19.4 Conclusion
19.4.1 Recommendations
20 Energy decentralization and energy transition in Cyprus
20.1 Introduction
20.2 The smart grid: a vehicle to a more sustainable energy system
20.3 Cyprus electricity market
20.3.1 Key players
20.3.2 Legal and regulatory framework
20.3.3 Liberalization of the market and the status of unbundling in the country
20.3.4 Energy security dimension
20.3.5 Electricity interconnections
20.4 Smart metering systems
20.5 Demand response
20.6 Data protection
20.6.1 Current legal framework
20.6.2 Third-party control
20.6.3 The effects of smart metering on the current legal framework
20.6.4 Consumer protection
20.6.5 Protection from cyberattacks
20.7 Electric vehicles and storage
20.7.1 Electric vehicles
20.7.2 Storage
20.8 Conclusions and recommendations
21 Energy decentralization and energy transition in Lithuania
21.1 Introduction: Lithuania, a population in major decline
21.2 The Lithuanian electrical grid
21.2.1 Setting the scene
21.2.2 Energy governance and smart grid optimization
21.2.3 Proactive consumer participation
21.2.4 Support schemes
21.2.5 LitGrid—the transmission system operator
21.3 Achieving energy democratization
21.4 Smart metering systems
21.5 Demand response
21.6 Cross-border relations and power grid synchronization
21.7 Data protection in smart grids
21.8 Electric vehicles and storage
21.8.1 Electric vehicles
21.8.1.1 Electric vehicle support schemes
21.8.1.2 EU-wide measure to promote electric vehicles nationally
21.8.2 Storage
21.9 Conclusion
22 Energy decentralization and energy transition in Romania
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Romania’s electricity market
22.2.1 Key figures concerning energy and electricity
22.2.2 Key characteristics and structure of Romania’s electricity market
22.2.3 Policy and regulatory responsibility
22.2.4 Other considerations
22.3 How “Smart” is Romania’s grid?
22.3.1 Smart grid investment and research and development
22.3.2 RES electricity generation and self-generation
22.3.3 Smart metering
22.3.4 Zero- and low-emissions mobility
22.3.5 Storage
22.3.6 Demand response
22.3.7 Additional “smart” solutions
22.3.8 Cyber-security, privacy, and data protection
22.4 Conclusion
22.4.1 Recommendations
23 Energy decentralization and energy transition in Malta
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Energy mix
23.3 Laws and institutions relevant in the decarbonization efforts in Malta
23.4 Electricity in Malta and energy competences
23.4.1 Electricity interconnections and distribution
23.4.2 Political decentralization and energy competences
23.5 Renewable energy generation
23.6 Smart grid and smart metering systems
23.7 Electric vehicles and storage
23.8 Data protection
23.9 Demand response and energy efficiency
23.9.1 Energy efficiency
23.9.2 Demand response
23.10 Conclusion
24 Energy decentralization and energy transition in Slovakia
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Energy profile
24.2.1 Overview of the Slovakian energy market
24.2.2 Electricity market
24.3 Decentralization efforts: where does Slovakia stand?
24.4 Smart metering systems
24.5 Electric mobility
24.6 Demand response
24.7 Electricity storage
24.8 Data protection
24.9 Conclusions and recommendations
24.9.1 Smart grids
24.9.2 Electric vehicles
24.9.3 Demand response
24.9.4 Storage
24.9.5 Data protection
25 Energy decentralization and energy transition in the Czech Republic
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Overview of Czechia’s electricity market
25.2.1 Key figures of Czechia\'s energy sector
25.2.2 Key aspects of the electricity sector
25.3 Toward a decentralized and smart electricity sector
25.3.1 Interconnection
25.3.2 Consumer’s empowerment
25.3.3 Smartening of the electricity grid
25.3.3.1 Smart meters
25.3.3.2 Storage
25.3.3.3 Demand response
25.3.3.4 Electric vehicles
25.3.3.5 Privacy, data protection, and cyber-security issues
25.4 Conclusions and recommendations
26 Energy decentralization and energy transition in Latvia
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Energy, electricity, and smart grids in Latvia: developments and concerns
26.2.1 Latvia’s electricity market
26.2.1.1 Key figures and statistics on energy and electricity in Latvia
26.2.1.2 Characteristics and structure of Latvia’s electricity market
26.2.1.3 Energy security
26.2.2 How smart is Latvia’s electricity system?
26.2.2.1 Examination of whether Latvian policy and legislation promotes decentralization
Self-generation
Investment and research and development
Smart meters
Electric vehicles
Demand response
Electricity storage
26.2.2.2 Data protection and cybersecurity concerns
26.3 Conclusion and recommendations
27 Energy decentralization and energy transition in Portugal
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Energy profile
27.2.1 Overview of Portugal’s energy market
27.2.1.1 Energy production
27.2.1.2 Energy consumption
27.2.1.3 Energy supply
27.2.1.4 Electricity generation
27.2.2 Electricity market
27.2.2.1 Key characteristics
27.2.2.2 Transmission and distribution
27.2.3 Place in the market for different energy sources
27.3 The liberalization of the Portuguese electricity market
27.4 Regulatory framework
27.4.1 Regulators
27.4.2 Regulated activities
27.5 Smart metering systems
27.6 Electric mobility
27.7 Demand response
27.7.1 Control of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems in public buildings
27.7.2 Control of HVAC loads in banks
27.7.3 Control of industrial loads
27.7.4 EDP Distribuição pilots
27.8 Electric storage
27.9 Data protection
27.10 Portugal’s electricity interconnections within the European Union
27.11 Conclusions and recommendations
28 Energy decentralization and energy transition in the United Kingdom
28.1 Overview
28.2 Energy profile
28.2.1 Energy mix
28.2.1.1 United Kingdom’s targets
28.2.1.2 United Kingdom’s energy mix
28.2.1.3 United Kingdom’s progression against its targets
28.2.2 Market and market players
28.2.2.1 Market
28.2.2.2 Market players
Great Britain
Northern Ireland
28.2.2.3 Customer profile and consumption trends
Great Britain
28.2.2.4 Northern Ireland
28.2.3 Transmission system
28.2.3.1 Great Britain
28.2.3.2 Northern Ireland
28.2.4 Distribution system
28.3 Governance system
28.3.1 Energy strategy
28.3.1.1 Great Britain
28.3.1.2 Northern Ireland
28.3.2 Integration of governance and energy strategy
28.4 Regulatory framework and energy security
28.4.1 Regulatory framework
28.4.1.1 Legislation pertaining to the electricity market
28.4.1.2 Regulatory framework and the smart grid
Integration of renewable energy sources
Incentive schemes (feed-in tariffs and others)
Heating and Cooling
Transport
28.4.1.3 Reflections on the regulatory framework
28.4.2 Energy security dimension
28.5 Smart metering systems
28.6 Demand response
28.6.1 Great Britain
28.6.1.1 Demand response market players
28.6.1.2 Balancing services
Balancing mechanism
Reserve services/frequency response
Capacity market
28.6.2 Northern Ireland
28.6.2.1 Demand response market players
28.6.2.2 Capacity market
28.6.3 Reflections on demand response
28.7 Data protection
28.8 Electric vehicles and energy storage
28.8.1 Electric vehicles
28.8.2 Energy storage
28.9 Conclusion
29 Innovative finance for sustainable energy
29.1 Introduction and methodology
29.2 Decentralized energy: archetype business models and barriers
29.2.1 A generic value network for smart grids
29.2.2 The EU paradigm—EU project WiseGRID
29.2.3 Analysis of archetype business models for a decentralized smart grid
29.2.3.1 Electric vehicles: exploiting the integration of electric vehicles in the grid
29.2.3.2 Demand response: supply–demand balancing by means of implicit demand response events
29.2.3.3 Storage: prosumer-driven energy storage integration
29.2.3.4 Archetype business model for exploiting prosumers flexibility—the role of a virtual power plant
Index