دانلود کتاب Enforcing International Maritime Legislation on Air Pollution Through UNCLOS

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Preface\nAcknowledgements\nContents\nPart I: Enforcement of Emissions Legislation through UNCLOS\n 1. Introduction\n I. The Layout of the Book\n II. Man-made Pollution Emanating from Ships\n III. The IMO\n IV. Development of International Maritime Rules for the Protection of the Environment\n V. Sulphur Pollution – Harmful to Humans and the Environment\n VI. What Shipowners Can Gain by Not Complying with the Sulphur Regulations\n VII. UNCLOS – A Lex Superior Framework Convention of the Sea\n VIII. Challenges with Detecting and Proving Violations on the High Seas\n IX. Conclusion\n 2. The Regulation of Sulphur in MARPOL Annex VI\n I. Regulation 1 – All Ships are Covered by Regulation 14\n II. Regulation 3 – Exemptions in Cases of Force Majeure or Damage to the Ship\n III. Regulation 4.1 – Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems: Equivalent Compliance Solutions\n IV. Regulation 14.3 and 14.4 – Special Sulphur Limits in SECA Zones\n V. Regulation 14.8 – The 2020 Sulphur Limit was Not Delayed Until 2025\n VI. Regulation 18.2 – Claims of Non-availability\n VII. Documentation for the Fulfilment of the Requirements in Annex VI\n VIII. Regulation 10 and Regulation 11 – PSC, Detection and Enforcement of Violations\n IX. Conclusion\n 3. UNCLOS\n I. The 1958 Conventions\n II. The Law of the Sea is Dynamic and Constantly Evolving\n III. UNCLOS – Protecting against Pollution of the \'Marine Environment\'\n IV. The Connection between UNCLOS and MARPOL Annex VI\n V. Coastal State Jurisdiction\n VI. The High Seas\n VII. Special Protection of the Marine Environments and Biodiversity through UNCLOS\n VIII. Conclusion\n 4. Port State Control\n I. Port State Control Coordinated on an International Scale\n II. The Principle of \'No More Favourable Treatment\'\n III. The A–Z of Port State Control\n IV. Initial Port State Control Inspections\n V. Detailed Port State Control Inspection\n VI. Port State Control Sanctions\n VII. Different Databases Relating to Port State Control Inspections\n VIII. Conclusion on Port State Control\n 5. The EU and the Sulphur Directive Pertaining to UNCLOS\n I. The Sulphur Directive\'s Connection to MARPOL Annex VI\n II. Differences in Relation to MARPOL Annex VI\n III. The EU\'s Relationship with the IMO\n IV. The EU\'s Position on UNCLOS\n V. EU Enforcement of IMO Regulations in Accordance with UNCLOS\n VI. Conclusions\n 6. Basic Jurisdictional Principles of International Law\n I. Basic Principles of Jurisdiction\n II. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction for Prescribing, Enforcing and Adjudicating\n III. UNCLOS Provides a Legal Basis for Extraterritorial Jurisdiction\n IV. Customary Law Provides a Legal Basis for Extraterritorial Jurisdiction\n V. Conclusion\nPart II: Special Obligations and Jurisdictions under UNCLOS Part XII to Enforce Air Pollution Regulations\n 7. Protecting the Environment: UNCLOS Part XII\n I. Introduction to Part XII of UNCLOS\n II. The Development of Part XII of UNCLOS\n III. Obligations to Cooperate in Protecting the Marine Environment\n IV. Implementing International Rules and Adopting National Laws for the Protection of the Marine Environment\n V. Special Regulations on Air Pollution: Article 212 and Article 222\n VI. Legal Basis for Adopting National Sulphur Limits and Scrubber Rules\n VII. Unlawful for States Parties to Annex VI to Lower Protection Standards\n VIII. National Regulations on Greenhouse Gases\n IX. Conclusion\n 8. Special Obligations of the Flag State: Article 217\n I. Obligation to Enforce Effectively: Article 217(1)\n II. Obligation to Detain Ships until they Comply with IMO Regulations: Article 217(2)\n III. Obligation to Comply with Requirements for Certificates and Surveys: Article 217(3)\n IV. Obligation Ex Officio to Investigate and Initiate Proceedings: Article 217(4)\n V. Right to Request Assistance from Other States: Article 217(5)\n VI. Obligation to Investigate and Prosecute Alleged Violations: Article 217(6)\n VII. Obligation to Inform the IMO and All States of All Enforcement: Article 217(7)\n VIII. Obligation to Ensure National Legislation Can Enforce Effectively: Article 217(8)\n IX. Flag State Obligations under Article 223\n X. Conclusion on Flag State Obligations Pursuant under Article 217\n 9. Special Jurisdiction for Coastal States:\rArticle 220\n I. Jurisdiction under Article 220\n II. Article 220 Used in Conjunction with Article 111\n III. Article 220 Read in Conjunction with Articles 223, 230 and 231\n IV. Other Provisions of Part XII Bestowing Rights on Coastal States\n V. Conclusion on Coastal State Enforcement\n 10. The Special Jurisdiction for Port States: Article 218\n I. Article 218 in General\n II. Requirements for Exercising High Seas Jurisdiction: Article 218(1)\n III. Discharge Violations\n IV. Port State Enforcement of MARPOL Annex VI on the High Seas\n V. Article 218(1) Represents Customary International Law\n VI. Limitation of Port State Jurisdiction: Article 218(2)–(4)\n VII. Article 218 Provides Grounds for Complete Enforcement of the Sulphur Limits\n VIII. Conclusion on Port State Enforcement under Article 218\n 11. Resolving Overlapping Jurisdiction:\rArticle 228(1)\n I. The Wording and Overall Content of Article 228(1)\n II. The Scope of Article 228(1)\n III. The Main Rule in Article 228(1)\n IV. The Two Exceptions in Article 228(1)\n V. If Flag States are Not Party to UNCLOS or Annex VI\n VI. Conclusion on Article 228(1)\n 12. Safeguards, Liability\rand the Settlement of Disputes\n I. Safeguards: Section 7 of Part XII of UNCLOS\n II. Responsibility and Liability: Section 9 of Part XII of UNCLOS\n III. Settlement of Disputes: Part XV\n IV. Conclusion\n 13. Enforcement of Sulphur Regulations: Conclusion\n I. Obligations to Implement, Adopt and Enforce\n II. Flag State Jurisdiction\n III. Coastal State Jurisdiction\n IV. Port State Jurisdiction\n V. Clarifying Overlapping Jurisdictions\n VI. Safeguards\n VII. Enforcing MARPOL Annex VI: Conclusion\nPart III: Enforcement of Existing IMO Regulations and the IMOGHG Strategy\n 14. Enforcement of Existing IMO Regulations\n I. MARPOL Annex VI\n II. Annexes I–V of the MARPOL Convention\n III. The Ballast Water Management Convention\n IV. The Anti-Fouling Systems Convention\n V. The London Convention\n VI. The Hong Kong Convention on Ship Recycling\n VII. The Intervention Convention\n VIII. Conclusion\n 15. Enforcement of Candidate Measures Relating to the IMO GHG Strategy\n I. The IMO GHG Strategy\n II. Enforcement of the Proposed Short-, Mid- and Long-term Measures\n III. IMO Prohibition on the Use of Fossil Fuels\n IV. Conclusion\nPart IV: Can IMO’s Future GHG Regulation be Protected by Jus Cogens?\n 16. Jus Cogens and Erga Omnes: General Description\n I. The Jus Cogens Principle\n II. The Erga Omnes Principle\n III. The ILC\'s Principles for Establishing a New Jus Cogens Norm\n IV. Conclusion\n 17. Whether Some International Environmental Norms Can be Considered Jus Cogens\n I. A Norm of General International Law\n II. The ICJ\'s Recognition of Environmental Norms as Jus Cogens Norms\n III. Reports and Commentaries of the ILC Accepting Environmental Jus Cogens Norms\n IV. The International Criminal Court: Destruction of the Environment and Universal Jurisdiction\n V. Interim Conclusions on Acceptance of Environmental Jus Cogens Norms by International Bodies\n VI. Types of Pollution that Can Threaten Human Existence\n VII. Conclusion\n 18. Future IMO Regulation on Fossil Fuels as a Jus Cogens Norm\n I. IMO Regulation Prohibiting Use of Fossil-based Marine Fuel is a Jus Cogens Norm\n II. Legal Implications of an IMO Ban on Fossil Fuel as a Jus Cogens Norm\n III. The Implications for Enforcement if an IMO Fossil Fuel Ban is a Jus Cogens Norm: Invoking the Principles of Erga Omnes and Universal Jurisdiction\n IV. Implications for the EU\"s Adoption of GHG Regulations on a Regional Basis\n V. Conclusion\nPart V: Conclusion\n 19. Conclusion\nIndex