دانلود کتاب Experimental Physics Compact for Scientists: Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Electrodynamics, Optics & Quantum Physics

فهرست مطالب :

Preface
Notes on the Second Edition
Contents
1: Physical Quantities and Measurements
1.1 Physical Quantities
Example: The Second
1.2 Measurement Uncertainty
Example: Relative Uncertainty
1.2.1 Statistical Uncertainty
1.2.2 Histograms and Distributions
1.2.3 Gaussian Error Propagation
1.2.3.1 Addition and Subtraction of Measured Quantities
1.2.3.2 Multiplication of Measured Quantities
1.2.3.3 Division of Measured Quantities
Example: Speed of Light
1.2.4 Linear Regression
1.2.4.1 Example: Disintegration of Beer Foam
1.3 Physical Measurements: Compact
2: Mechanics of Rigid Bodies
2.1 Kinematics
2.1.1 Position, Velocity and Acceleration
Example: Acceleration of a Quadratic Position Function
2.1.2 Determination of the Position from the Acceleration
Example: Free Fall
2.1.3 Motion in Three Dimensions
2.1.3.1 Oblique Projectile Motion
2.1.4 Circular Motion
Written Test: Tangential Acceleration
2.2 Forces
2.2.1 Newton´s Axioms
First Newton´s Axiom: The Principle of Inertia
Second Newton Axiom: The Action Principle
Newton´s Axiom: The Reaction Principle (actio = reactio)
Written Test: Newton´s Second Law
2.2.2 Gravitational Force
2.2.3 Spring Force
Examination Task: Spring Force
2.2.3.1 Combination of Springs
Examination Task: Spring Combinations
2.2.4 Pseudo Forces
2.2.4.1 Inertia Force
2.2.4.2 Centrifugal Force
2.2.4.3 Coriolis Force
2.2.5 Frictional Forces
2.2.5.1 Inclined Plane
2.2.6 Equation of Motion
2.3 Conserved Quantities in Mechanics
2.3.1 Work, Energy, Potential and Power
Law of Conservation of Energy
2.3.1.1 Potential Energy
2.3.1.2 Elastic Energy
2.3.1.3 Kinetic Energy
Exercise: Energy Conversion in a Rubber Ball
2.3.1.4 Power
Examination Task: Elevator Performance
2.3.1.5 Potential
2.3.1.6 Outlook: General Definition of Work
2.3.2 Straight Motion: Momentum and Collisions
Law of Conservation of Momentum
Written Test: The Rocket
2.3.2.1 Central Collision
Written Test: ICE and Football
2.3.3 Circular Motion: Angular Momentum and Torque
Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum
Exercise: On the Turntable
2.4 Statics and Equilibria
2.4.1 Statics of Translation
2.4.1.1 Suspension of a Lamp from the Suspension Cable
2.4.2 Statics of Rotation
2.4.2.1 Leverage Law
2.4.2.2 Equilibria of Extended Bodies
2.4.2.3 Centre of mass
Example: Calculation of the Centre of Mass
2.5 Rotation of Extended Bodies
2.5.1 Moment of Inertia
2.5.1.1 Moments of Inertia of Special Bodies and Steiner´s Theorem
Written Test: Moment of Inertia and Angular Velocity
2.5.2 Rotational Energy
Exercise Task: Rolling Cans
2.6 Mechanics: Compact
3: Continuum Mechanics
3.1 Elastic Deformations of Solid Bodies
3.1.1 Elongation and Compression
3.1.2 Bending
Examination Task: Board on Edge
3.1.3 Shear
3.1.4 Torsion
3.1.5 Beyond the Elastic Range: Fracture
Written Test: Maximum Load on Steel Cable
3.2 Hydrostatics
3.2.1 Pressure in Liquids and Gases
3.2.1.1 Gravity Pressure
3.2.1.2 Plunger Pressure
3.2.1.3 Pressure Measurement with the U-Tube
3.2.1.4 Compression of Liquids
Example: Force Amplification with a Hydraulic Press
3.2.2 Buoyancy Force: Swimming, Floating, Sinking
Exercise: Why Can Iron Ships Float?
Written Test: Iceberg
3.2.3 Interfaces of Liquids
Exercise: Surface Energy of a Drop of Water
3.2.3.1 Force on Edge Lines and Overpressure
Exercise Task: Connected Soap Bubbles
3.2.3.2 Adhesion and Cohesion
3.2.4 Aerostatics
3.2.4.1 Barometric Pressure Law
3.3 Hydrodynamics
3.3.1 Continuity Equation
Examination Task: Fill Watering Can
3.3.2 Bernoulli Effect
Examination Task: Pressure in Tubes
3.3.2.1 Pitot Tube
3.3.2.2 Aerodynamic Lift Force on the Aircraft Wing
3.3.2.3 Magnus Effect
3.3.2.4 Hydrodynamic Paradox
3.3.2.5 Torricelli´s Law
3.3.3 Flow of Real Fluids
3.3.3.1 Application: Stokes Law of Friction
Examination Task: Sinking Spheres
3.3.3.2 Flows in Tubes: Hagen-Poiseuille Law
Written Test: Garden Hose
3.3.4 Turbulence
Examination Task: Parachute Jump
3.4 Continuum Mechanics: Compact
4: Oscillations and Waves
4.1 Harmonic Oscillation
4.1.1 Examples of Harmonic Oscillations
4.1.1.1 Spring Pendulum
Written Test: Spring Pendulum
4.1.1.2 Thread Pendulum
Exercise: Pendulum Clock
4.1.2 Driven Harmonic Oscillator with Damping
4.1.2.1 Damped Harmonic Oscillator
4.1.2.2 Driven Harmonic Oscillator
Exercise: Oscillation of an Inflatable Boat
4.2 Harmonic Wave
4.2.1 Interference
4.2.1.1 Standing Waves
Exercise: Violin
4.2.1.2 Beatings
Example: Beat in a Duet
4.2.2 Sound Waves
Exercise: Sound Intensity
4.2.2.1 Sound Perception
4.2.3 Doppler Effect and Supersonic Speed
Examination Task: Bat
4.3 Oscillations and Waves: Compact
5: Thermodynamics
5.1 Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics
0. Law of Thermodynamics
Written Test: Mixing Temperature
5.1.1 Heat Transport
Examination Task: Heat Losses at the Window
5.1.2 Thermal Expansion
Written Test: Mercury Thermometer
5.2 Ideal Gas
Exercise: Gas Velocities in Air
5.2.1 Molar Quantities
5.2.2 Internal Energy
Example: Internal Energy in 1- and 2-Atomic Gas
5.2.3 First Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
Exercise: Heat Capacity CV in a 1-Atom Gas
5.2.4 Changes of State in the Ideal Gas
5.2.4.1 Isochoric Change of State
5.2.4.2 Isobaric Change of State
5.2.4.3 Isothermal Change of State
5.2.4.4 Adiabatic Change of State
Examination Task: Compression in the Air Pump
5.3 Entropy and Reversibility
5.3.1 Example of Irreversible Expansion
5.3.2 Entropy
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Third Law of Thermodynamics
Exercise: Entropy in Isothermal Expansion
5.3.3 Heat Engines
5.3.3.1 Carnot Cycle
Exercise: Efficiency of a Motor
5.4 Phase Transitions
5.5 Thermodynamics - Compact
6: Electrostatics
6.1 Electric Charges, Forces and Fields
Example: The Uncharged Hydrogen Atom
6.1.1 Forces Between Charges: Coulomb´s Law
Examination Task: Change of the Coulumb Force
6.1.2 Electric Field and Electric Force on Charges
6.1.2.1 Electric Field Lines
6.2 Gauss´ Theorem Calculation of Electric Fields
Written Test: The Theorem of Gauss
6.2.1 Spherically Symmetrical Charge Distribution with Charge Q
6.2.2 Long Straight Charged Wire
6.2.3 Infinitely Extended, Homogeneously Charged Plate
6.2.4 Plate Capacitor
6.3 Electrostatic Potential and Electric Voltage
6.3.1 Examples of Electrical Potentials
6.3.1.1 Potential of a Spherically Symmetrical Charge Distribution
6.3.1.2 Potential of an Infinitely Long Straight Charged Wire
6.3.1.3 Voltage in the Plate Capacitor
6.3.2 Energy in the Electric Field
Example: Energy in the Plate Capacitor
6.4 Matter in the Electric Field
6.4.1 Electrical Conductors and Currents
Example: The Faraday cage
6.4.1.1 Ohm´s Law
Written Test: Resistors in Wires
6.4.1.2 Electrical Power
6.4.1.3 Emission of Electrons from Metals
6.4.2 Electrical Insulators and Dipoles
6.4.2.1 Electric Dipole
Dipoles in Electric Fields
6.4.2.2 Dielectricity
Example: Dielectric in Plate Capacitor
6.5 Electrostatics - Compact
7: Magnetostatics
7.1 Permanent Magnets and Magnetic Field Lines
Example: Earth´s Magnetic Field and Compass
7.2 Lorentz Force and Definition of the B-Field
Example: Typical Magnetic Field Strengths
7.2.1 Trajectories of Charged Particles in the Homogeneous B-Field
Written Test: Motion in the Magnetic Field
7.2.2 Lorentz Forces on Electrical Conductors
Examination Task: High Voltage Cable
7.2.3 Hall Effect
Written Test: Hall voltage
7.3 Ampère´s Law and Calculation of B-Fields
7.3.1 Current-Carrying Straight Wire
7.3.2 Circular Current - Magnetic Dipole Moment
7.3.3 Long Thin Coil
Written Test: Magnetic Path Integral
7.3.4 Magnetic Flux
Exercise: Is There a ``Gauss Theorem´´ for Magnetic Flux?
7.3.5 Energy in the Magnetic Field
Example: Magnetic Energy in a Coil
7.3.6 Outlook: Vector Potential
7.4 Magnetism in Matter
7.4.1 Diamagnetism
7.4.2 Paramagnetism
7.4.3 Ferromagnetism and Hysteresis
Overview
7.5 Magnetostatics - Compact
8: Electrodynamics
8.1 Relationship Between Electric and Magnetic Fields
8.2 Induction Laws
8.2.1 Induction of Magnetic Fields
Exercise: Magnetic Field in a Plate Capacitor
8.2.2 Induction of Electric Fields - Faraday´s Law of Induction
8.2.3 Lenz´s Rule
Lenz´s Rule
Written Test: Induction in a Conductor Loop
8.2.3.1 Eddy Currents
Exercise: Induction Cooker
8.2.4 Generation of Alternating Current - The Dynamo
8.2.5 Self-Induction
Exercise: Inductance of a Long Thin Coil
8.3 Maxwell Equations
The Theorem of Gauss
8.4 Electrodynamics - Compact
9: Electronics
9.1 Passive Components and Alternating Current
9.1.1 Alternating Current and Alternating Current Resistance
Example: Power Socket
9.1.2 Alternating Current in the Capacitor
9.1.3 Alternating Current in the Coil
Written Test: AC Resistance in Coil and Capacitor
9.2 Electrical Networks and Circuits
1. Kirchhoff´s Law: The Knot Rule
2. Kirchhoff´s Law: The Mesh Rule
Example: Kirchhoff´s Laws
9.2.1 Parallel and Series Connections
Exercise: Total Resistance
9.2.2 Complex Impedance
9.2.2.1 Outlook: Calculating with Complex Numbers
9.2.3 Special Circuits
9.2.3.1 Voltage Divider
9.2.3.2 RC Filter
9.2.3.3 RL Filter
Examination Task: RC and RL Filters
9.2.3.4 Transformer
Written Test: Transformer
9.2.4 Switching On and Off in the RC and RL Circuits
9.2.4.1 RC Circuit
9.2.4.2 RL Circuit
9.3 Electric Resonant Circuit
Written Test: LC Resonant Circuit
9.3.1 Electric Resonant Circuit with Damping
9.3.2 RCL Bandpass Filter
9.3.3 Hertzian Dipole - Radiation of Electromagnetic Waves
Examination Task: Antenna
9.4 Electronics - Compact
10: Optics
10.1 Electromagnetic Waves
Exercise: Electric Field in the Laser Beam
10.1.1 Waves in Matter: Refractive Index
10.1.1.1 Outlook: Superluminal Velocity in Media
10.1.1.2 Dispersion
10.1.2 Absorption and Scattering
Exercise: Absorption in Glass Fibres
10.1.2.1 Outlook: X-Ray Diagnostics
10.2 Geometrical Optics
10.2.1 Refraction and Reflection at Interfaces
Written Test: Total Reflection in Water
10.2.2 Optical Imaging
10.2.2.1 Lenses
Written Test: Plano-Convex Lens
10.2.2.2 Lens Equation
Exercise: Imaging
10.2.2.3 Imaging with the Eye
10.3 Polarization of Light
10.3.1 Linear Polarization
10.3.2 Circular Polarization
10.3.3 Elliptical Polarization
10.3.4 Unpolarized Light
10.3.5 Polarizing Elements and Effects
10.3.5.1 Polarizers
Exercise: Crossed Polarizers
10.3.5.2 Polarisation by Light Scattering
10.3.5.3 Polarization by Brewster Reflection
Exercise: Brewster Reflection
10.3.6 Birefringence
10.3.6.1 Outlook: Changing the Polarization with Wave Plates
10.3.7 Optical Activity
Exercise: Polarimetry
10.4 Wave Optics
10.4.1 Interference of Light
10.4.1.1 Outlook: Light Rays as Interference Patterns
10.4.1.2 Coherence
10.4.1.3 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
Exercise: Mach-Zehnder Interferometer as temperature sensor
10.4.1.4 Thin Film Interference
Exercise: Thin Film Interference
10.4.2 Diffraction
10.4.2.1 Huygens´ Principle
10.4.2.2 Diffraction at the Single Slit
10.4.2.3 Diffraction at the Double Slit
10.4.2.4 Diffraction at the Grating
Examination Task: Diffraction at the Grating
10.4.3 Resolving Power of Optical Images
10.4.3.1 Rayleigh Criterion
10.4.3.2 Abbe Criterion
Examination Task: Diffraction limit in the Eye
10.5 Quantum Optics
10.5.1 Properties of Photons
Written Test: Photon Number in the Laser Pointer
10.5.2 Experimental Detection of the Photon
10.5.2.1 Black-Body Radiation
Written Test: Radiation of the Sun
10.5.2.2 Photoelectric Effect
Written Test: Photoelectric Effect
10.5.2.3 Compton Scattering
Exercise: Scattering of a Photon by an Atom
10.5.2.4 Photon Statistics in Parametric Fluorescence
10.6 Optics: Compact
11: Fundamentals of Quantum Physics
11.1 Properties of Quantum Objects
11.1.1 Wave-Particle Duality
Exercise: de Broglie Wavelength of Air
11.1.2 Copenhagen Interpretation
11.1.2.1 Electron Diffraction at the Double Slit Experiment
Exercise: Measurement at the Double Slit
11.1.2.2 Outlook: Alternative Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics
11.1.3 Heisenberg´s Uncertainty Principle
Examination Task: Atom in the Box
11.1.4 Superposition
11.1.5 Entanglement
11.1.5.1 EPR Experiment
11.1.5.2 Schrödinger´s Cat
11.2 Atomic Physics
11.2.1 Atomic Model According to Bohr
Written Test: Rydberg Atoms
11.2.1.1 Absorption and Emission
Examination Task: Balmer-α-Line
11.2.2 Atomic Model According to Schrödinger
11.2.2.1 Principal Quantum Number n
11.2.2.2 Angular Momentum Quantum Number l
11.2.2.3 Magnetic Quantum Number m
Exercise: Quantum Numbers According to Schrödinger
11.2.2.4 Corrections to Schrödinger´s Atomic Model
11.2.3 Elements and Periodic Table
11.2.3.1 Spin Quantum Number ms and Pauli Principle
11.2.3.2 Occupation of the Orbitals
11.2.3.3 Periodic Table
Written Test: Electrons in the M-Shell
Exercise: Electron Configuration
11.3 Nuclear Physics
11.3.1 Structure of the Atomic Nucleus
Exercise: Isotopes
11.3.2 Decays of Atomic Nuclei
11.3.2.1 α-Decay
11.3.2.2 β--Decay
11.3.2.3 β+-Decay
11.3.2.4 Proton and Neutron Emission
11.3.2.5 γ-Decay
Written Test: C 14 Decay
11.3.2.6 Energy in Nuclear Decay
Exercise: Energy in U 238 Decay
11.3.2.7 Decay Law and Activity
Exercise: Activity of Rubidium and Thorium
11.3.2.8 Biological Effects of Radioactivity
11.3.3 Nuclear Fusion
11.4 Quantum Physics: Compact
12: Appendix: Physical Constants
Index