دانلود کتاب Handbook of Revolutions in the 21st Century: The New Waves of Revolutions, and the Causes and Effects of Disruptive Political Change (Societies and Political Orders in Transition)

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Foreword
Acknowledgements
About This Book
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Introduction. Changing Yet Persistent: Revolutions and Revolutionary Events
1 Aims of this Volume
2 Revolutions Change Their Types and Forms Over the Course of History
3 Toward a Typology of Revolutionary Events
4 Waves of Revolutions of the Twenty-First Century
5 Revolutions of the 21st Century: A List
6 The Structure of This Volume
References
The Phenomenon and Theories of Revolution
The Phenomenon and Theories of Revolutions
1 The Changing Theories of Revolution
2 The Phenomenon of Revolution
3 Conclusion
References
On Revolutionary Situations, Stages of Revolution, and Some Other Aspects of the Theory of Revolution
1 Introductory Notes
2 Impact of Revolutions on the World System
2.1 The Mutual Influence Between Revolutions and the World System
2.2 Revolutions as a Geopolitical Weapon and Reduction of Their Positive Role in the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century
3 On the Revolutionary Situation
3.1 A General Revolutionary Situation and Objective Conditions for Its Emergence
3.2 Features of an Acute Pre-revolutionary Crisis
3.3 A Particular Revolutionary Situation
4 About Great Revolutions
5 Stages of Revolutionary Change
5.1 A Revolutionary Cycle
5.2 Revolution and the Thermidorian Law
5.3 Ideology and the Thermidorian Law
5.4 Bonapartism
6 On the Cases When the Elite Loses Its Sense of Self-Preservation
7 On the Role of Information Technologies in Revolutionary Practices
References
Revolutions, Counterrevolutions, and Democracy
1 The Problems and Contradictions of Young Democratic Societies
2 Revolutions and Reactions
3 Why Is the Path to Sustainable Democracy so Hard?
4 Minority and Majority in Revolutions
5 Revolutions Versus Democracy?
6 Conclusion
References
Revolutions: History, Aspects and Dimensions
Revolutions and Historical Process
1 Introduction: Ancient and Modern Revolutions
2 The Role of Revolutions for the Development of Social System and the World System
2.1 Revolutions as a Means to Change a Society’s Social-Political Structure Under Capitalist and Industrial Production
2.2 Revolution as a Means of Mutual Influence Between Societies and the World System
3 The Changing Role of Revolutions in the Historical Process
3.1 The Role of Revolutions Prior to the Modern Era
3.2 The Role of Revolutions in the Modern Era Before the Mid-Nineteenth Century. The Changing Role of Revolutions in the World System Core
3.3 The Declining Progressive Role of Revolutions in the World System Core and Their Substitution for Reforms
3.4 The Increasing Role of Revolutions in the World-System Semi-Periphery and Periphery. Revolutions as a Result of the World system’s Transformations in the First Half of the Twentieth Century
3.5 Revolutions of the Second Half of the Twentieth Century and Early Twenty-First Century
4 Revolutions and the Globalization Process
5 Conclusion. The Role of Revolutions in the Future
References
Evolution and Typology of Revolutions
1 On Some Preconditions for a Revolutionary Outbreak
2 Early Revolutions (The Sixteenth–Eighteenth Centuries)
2.1 Why May One Consider the Reformation as the First Revolution of the Early Modern Period?
2.2 Religious Revolutions and Their Transformations
2.3 Revolutions, Political Regime and Opportunities for the Development of Society
2.4 The Development of Revolutionary Movements: Expanding the Support Bases, Emergence of New Features and Radicalization
2.5 The English Revolution and the Outlines of Subsequent Revolutions
2.6 The American Revolution
2.7 The French Revolution and the Formation of Classic Features of Revolutions
3 The Heyday of Revolutions (Nineteenth–First Half of the Twentieth Century)
3.1 The Strengthening of Socialist Ideology in the Revolutions of the Nineteenth–Early Twentieth Centuries
3.2 The Socialist Revolution in Russia in 1917
3.3 The Chinese Socialist Revolution
4 Differentiation of Revolutions and Their Typology
5 The Changing Role of Revolutions in the Historical Process (Second Half of the Twentieth—Beginning of the Twenty-First Century)
References
The Problem of Structure and Agency and the Contemporary Sociology of Revolutions and Social Movements
References
Revolution and Modernization Traps
1 Revolutions and Modernization Period
2 The Processes and Types of Modernization
3 The Malthusian and Modernization Traps
3.1 The Societal Contradiction Generated by the Modernization Process and the Threat of Revolutions
3.2 Types of Modernization Traps at the Escape from the Malthusian Trap
4 Conclusion
References
Revolutionary Waves in History
Typology and Principles of Dynamics of Revolutionary Waves in World History
1 Landmarks in Understanding Revolutionary Waves
2 Types of Revolutionary Waves
3 Criteria for Selection: Revolutionary Waves as a Class of Phenomena
4 Listing the Main Revolutionary Waves
5 Types of Revolutionary Events
6 Factors of Instability
7 The Protest Strain and a Factor of Sample
8 Modernization and Maturing of the Socio-political Crisis
9 Transition to Revolution
10 The Dynamics of the Revolutionary Wave
11 The Hypothesis of Compensating Crisis-Prone Factors
12 The Role of Coercive Structures
13 The Level of Violence in Revolutions
14 Preservation or Destruction of the State and Basic Institutions
15 Who Wins the Revolutions?
16 The Role of External Powers
References
Revolutionary Waves of the Early Modern Period. Types and Phases
References
The European Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves of the 19th Century: Their Causes and Consequences
1 About Revolutionary Waves
2 On the Transformations That Created the Conditions for Revolutions
2.1 The Basic Causes of the Revolutions of the Nineteenth Century
2.2 Social Problems and Poverty
3 Changes in Societies’ Social and Class Structure
3.1 Other Social Strata
3.2 Why Did Revolutions Become Inevitable?
4 The Revolutionary Waves in Europe
4.1 The First Wave of European Revolutions
4.2 The Second Wave of Revolutions Was Observed in 1830–1831
4.3 The Subsequent—Third—Overwhelming Wave of Revolutions Began in 1848
5 Nationalist Revolutions in Europe
5.1 Nationalism of the Nations Deprived of Their Own State
5.2 The Struggle of the Poles and the Irish for Their States
5.3 The Position of Nations in the Austrian Empire and the Rise of Their Nationalism
5.4 The National Movements of the Balkan Nations
5.5 Revolutions and the Formation of Unified States in Germany and Italy
6 The Revolution of 1870–1871 in France
7 The Results of the 1848 Revolution. The Transition of Capitalism to Maturity and Reforms
References
Revolutionary Waves and Lines of the Twentieth Century
1 General Remarks on the Twentieth-Century Revolutions and Some of Their Characteristics
1.1 The Twentieth Century—The Age of Revolutions
1.2 Differences Between the Revolutions of the Twentieth and of the Nineteenth Centuries
2 Revolutions, Their Causes and Classification
2.1 Causes of the Twentieth-Century Revolutions
2.2 Classification of the Twentieth-Century Revolutions
3 The Revolutionary Waves, Lines, and Epochs of the Twentieth Century; the Epochs of Civil Unrest and Dictatorships. The Periods of Revolutionary Transformations. Revolutionary Movements Without Revolutions. The Analogues of Revolutions
3.1 The Waves and Lines of Revolutions
3.2 Analogues of Revolutions. The Revolutionary Epochs and Epochs Related to Revolutions
4 Major Revolutionary Trends and Lines
4.1 The Trends of the Twentieth-Century Revolutions
4.2 Lines of Revolutions of the First Half of the Twentieth Century
4.3 Lines of Revolutions from the 1940s Through the Second Half of the Twentieth Century
5 The Waves of Revolutions of the First Half of the Twentieth Century
5.1 The First Wave of 1905–1911
5.2 The Second Wave of Revolutions in 1917–1923
5.3 The Flood of Transformations in the 1930s
6 Waves and Mini-lines of Revolutions of the 1940s and Second Half of the Twentieth Century
6.1 The Third Wave of Revolutions in 1944–1949
6.2 The 1950s–1980s. Lines of Revolutions and Revolutionary Events
7 The Last Wave of Revolutions of the Twentieth Century. Anti-communist and National Revolutions of 1989–1996
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
References
On Revolutionary Waves Since the 16th Century
1 Additional Ideas Concerning the Causes of Revolutionary Waves
2 Which Events Should and Which Should Not Be Considered as Revolutionary Waves?
3 The System of Revolutionary Waves from the Sixteenth Century to the Present
4 Was There an Atlantic Wave of Revolutions?
5 Instead of the Atlantic Wave—The Wave of the French Revolution
6 The Haitian Revolution
References
Revolutions of the Early 21st Century. The Wave of Color Revolutions
All Around the World: Revolutionary Potential in the Age of Authoritarian Revanchism
1 A Brief Historical Interlude
2 On Revolution
3 Revolution in the Austerity-Security Era and Age of Authoritarian Revanchism
4 Revolutionary Imaginaries: (Re)Imagining Our Worlds and Our Lives
5 Small Worlds: Who “Tells” Stories of Revolution and Who “Hears” Them
References
The Color Revolutions. Successes and Limitations of Non-violent Protest
1 After the Color Revolutions
2 The International Dimension
3 Why the Color Revolutions Still Matter
References
The Bulldozer Revolution in Serbia
1 Internal Causes of the Revolution
2 External Influence on the Serbian Revolution
3 External Economic Reasons of the Revolution
4 The Main Social and Political Forces of the Revolution
5 Ideology and the Main Goals and Demands of the Revolutionaries
6 Organizers and Leaders of the Serbian Revolution
7 Forms of the Revolutionary Activity
8 Relationships Between Various Political Forces Within the Revolutionary Movement
9 The Regime’s Main Weak Points
10 The Course of the Revolution
11 Consequences of the Revolution. The Development of Serbia in Its Wake
References
Serbian “Otpor” and the Color Revolutions’ Diffusion
1 Georgia—2003. The Rose Revolution. The First Success after Serbia
2 Ukraine—2004, The Orange Revolution
3 Lebanon—2005, The Cedar Revolution
4 Kyrgyzstan—2005, The Tulip Revolution
5 Tunisia—2011, The Jasmine Revolution
6 Egypt—2011, The January 25 Revolution
7 Other Cases of Revolutions and Revolutionary Episodes with the Presence of CANVAS
References
The Rose Revolution in Georgia
1 Problems in the Development of Soviet and Post-Soviet Georgia
2 Internal Causes of the Revolution
3 External Influences on the Georgian Revolution
4 External Economic Factors of the Revolution
5 The Principal Social and Political Forces of the Revolution
6 Ideology and the Main Wishes and Demands of the Revolutionaries
7 Organizers and Leaders of the Georgian Revolution
8 The Forms and Patterns of Revolutionary Activity
9 The Relationship Between the Different Political Forces of the Revolutionary Movement
10 The Main Weak Points of the Regime
11 The Course of the Revolutionary Events
12 The Similarity and the Differences Between the Georgian Revolution and Other Post-Soviet Revolutionary Events
13 Outcomes of the Revolution. Development of Georgia After the Revolution
References
The Orange Revolution in Ukraine
1 The Development of Post-Soviet Ukraine. Growing Problems
2 Internal Causes of the Revolution
3 External Influence on the Ukrainian Revolution
4 The Economic Situation and the Revolution
5 The Main Social and Political Forces Supporting the Revolution
6 Ideology and the Revolutionaries’ Goals and Demands
7 Organizers and Leaders of the Ukrainian Revolution
8 Forms of the Revolutionary Activity
9 The Regime’s Main Weaknesses
10 The Course of the Revolution
11 The Ukrainian Revolution in Comparison with Other Post-Soviet Revolutions and Attempted Revolutions
12 The Results of the Revolution and Ukraine’s Development After the Revolution
References
Revolutions in Kyrgyzstan
1 Color Revolutions in the Post-Soviet Area
2 The Kyrgyz Republic: Structural Preconditions of Instability
3 The March (or Tulip) Revolution of 2005
3.1 Internal Causes of the 1st Revolution
3.2 External Influences on the 1st Kyrgyz Revolution
3.3 Results of the 1st Revolution. Post-Revolutionary Development of the Kyrgyz Republic
4 The April (or Melon) Revolution of 2010
4.1 Internal Causes of the 2nd Revolution
4.2 External Influences on the 2nd Kyrgyz Revolution
4.3 Results of the 2nd Revolution. Post-Revolutionary Development of the Kyrgyz Republic
5 The Third Revolution: A Pattern or an Accident?
5.1 Internal Causes of the 3rd Revolution
5.2 External Influences on the 3rd Kyrgyz Revolution
6 Political Dynamics in Kyrgyzstan: A Comparative Perspective
7 Conclusion
References
‘Moldovan Spring’ 2009: The Atypical ‘Revolution’ of April 7 and the days that Followed
1 Contrary to the Scenario: On the ‘Twitter Revolution’ Concept
2 April 7, 2009, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova: What Really Happened?
3 Moldova and Its “New Phanariot” Political Elite: A Few Words of Introduction
4 Communist Reformation and European Modernization: Moldova Before the Events of 7 April
5 Causes and Triggers Behind the 7 April Events: A Tangle of Internal and External Factors
6 Moldova After 7 April 2009: Long-Term Outcomes and Consequences (a Conclusion)
References
The Green Movement in Iran: 2009–2010
1 The 2009–2010 Protests in Iran
2 Metaphors, Symbols, Signs, and Slogans of the Green Movement Protests
3 Social and Economic Indicators in the Islamic Republic of Iran in 2009
4 Central Collapse
5 Other Factors Related to the Green Movement
6 The Authorities’ Response to the Green Movement Protests
References
Revolutions of the Early 21st Century. The Arab Spring Wave as an Important Revolutionary Turning Point
The Arab Spring: Causes, Conditions, and Driving Forces
1 Introduction: Events of Special Importance?
2 Revolutions: Causes, Regularities, Conditions, and Driving Forces
3 On External and Internal Factors Contributing to the Revolution
4 Notes About Causes of the Arab Revolutions
5 Conclusion
References
The Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia and the Birth of the Arab Spring Uprisings
1 The Ben Ali Regime
2 Conditions Start to Change
3 From Protest to Revolution
4 Why the Arab Spring Began in Tunisia
5 Transitional Governments
6 New Political Powers
7 Elections 2011
8 Conclusion
References
Egypt’s 2011 Revolution: A Demographic Structural Analysis
1 Introduction
2 Economic Stagnation?
3 Corruption?
4 Unemployment?
5 Inequality?
6 Poverty?
7 Structural-Demographic Factors in the Origins of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution
8 Concluding Remarks
References
The Arab Spring in Yemen
1 Yemen and the Arab Spring
2 The Evolution of Conflict in Yemen
3 From Protests to Revolution and Civil War
4 Endgame?
References
The Syrian Revolution
1 The Background and Causes of the Syrian Revolution
2 The Opposition
3 Foreign Intervention
4 The Syrian Challenge: Instability Without End?
References
Revolution in Libya
1 Internal and External Causes of the Libyan Revolution
1.1 Structural Economic Problems
1.2 Tribal Geography
1.3 Arab Spring Momentum
2 Socio-political Base of the Revolution and Its Drivers
3 The Timeline of the Libyan Revolution
4 Key Demands of the Opposition
5 Explaining the Longevity of Gaddafi’s Resistance
6 Libyan Revolution in the Context of the Arab Spring
References
The Extent of Military Involvement in Nonviolent, Civilian Revolts and Their Aftermath
1 Military Involvement
2 Theoretical and Empirical Research on the Outcomes of Nonviolent Protest Campaigns
3 The Problem of Comparing Nonviolent and Violent Campaigns
4 The Role of Military Intervention During and After Nonviolent Protest Campaigns
5 Research Design and Methodology
5.1 Sample
5.2 Five and Ten Year Post-campaign Democratization Levels
5.3 Extent of Military Defection
5.4 Peak Membership
5.5 Economic Development, Authoritarian Regime Types, the Cold War and Regional Effects
6 Bivariate Correlations Among Independent and Dependent Variables
7 OLS Regression Models
8 Results
9 Conclusion
Appendix: Sources for Sample Cases
References
The Arab Spring. A Quantitative Analysis
1 Methodological Issues
2 The Analysis of Instability Factors and Their Relative Importance
3 Description of the Methodology
4 Sampling and Quantitative Assessment of Indicators Based on the Arab Spring Events of 2011
4.1 Calibration of the Index
5 Conclusions
References
Revolutions and Revolutionary Movements Beyond the Arab Spring
Global Echo of the Arab Spring
1 Introduction
2 The Arab Spring and Its Global Echo: A Chronicle of Events
3 The Wave of Global Socio-political Destabilization in 2011 and Subsequent Years: A Quantitative Analysis
4 On the Structure of the Wave of Global Sociopolitical Destabilization in 2011 and the Subsequent years
5 The Global Echo of the Arab Spring: A Quantitative Analysis
6 Contribution of Various World-System Zones to the Genesis of the Global Destabilization Wave Launched by the Arab Spring: A Summary Analysis
7 Conclusion
References
Euromaidan Revolution in Ukraine
1 The Split in Ukrainian Society (2010–2013)
2 Ukraine Socio-economic Development in 2010–2013
3 Features of the Ukrainian Political System
4 Yanukovych’s Rule (2010–2013) and the Main Reasons for Euromaidan
5 Outcomes and Consequences
6 Post-Maidan (2014–2016)
7 Conclusion
References
Two Experiences of Islamic “Revival”: The 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and the Formation of the “Islamic State” in Syria and Iraq in the 2010s
1 The 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran
2 Formation of the “Islamic State” in Iraq and Syria
3 The Key Factors Contributing to the Islamic Regime’s Stability in Iran and the Rapid Collapse of the “Islamic State”
4 Conclusion
References
Turkey. The (Gülen) Cemaat and the State: An Unfinished Conquest
1 Introduction
2 The Cemaat’s Messianism
3 The Cemaat’s Long-Shot Strategy
4 Conclusion
References
The Post-Soviet Revolution in Armenia: Victory, Defeat, and Possible Future
1 Antiquities: The long history of Armenia
2 The Anvil
3 The Missing Factors
4 The Post-Soviet Collapse and Restoration
5 Armenia Alienated
6 Revolution Ascendant
7 The Revolution Crashes
References
Modern Civic Protest Movements in Sub-Saharan Africa in the Context of Global Political Destabilization
1 Introduction
2 Analysis of the Reasons for the Growing Number of Civic Protest Movements (CPMs)
3 Socio-political Destabilization Factors and Their Role in Transforming the SSA Countries’ Political Space
4 “Le Balai citoyen” in the Center of the Burkinabé Revolution
5 The Role of CPMs in the 2015 Revolutionary Riot in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
6 Civic Movements and Power: The Declining Trajectory of Conflict Dynamics
7 Conclusion
References
Articulating the Web of Transnational Social Movements
1 Collective Action and Coalition Theories
2 Justice Globalism as an Ideological Constellation
3 The Social Forum Surveys
4 Fronts
5 States and Social Movements
6 The Global Class Structure
7 Contenders for Articulation
8 Workers (Again)
9 Feminists
10 Climate Justice
11 Conclusions
References
Revolutions of the 21st Century: Today and Tomorrow
Revolutions of the Twenty-First Century as a Factor in the World System Reconfiguration
1 Preliminary Remarks
2 Reconfiguration of the World System and Its Manifestations
3 The Reasons for and Mechanisms of Reconfiguration. The Manifestations of Reconfiguration Tensions and Crises
4 Revolutions in the Future
4.1 Some Types of Revolutions in the Future
4.2 The Future of Revolution in Other Analytical Aspects
References
Global Inequality and World Revolutions: Past, Present and Future
1 The World-Systems Perspective
2 World Revolutions
3 The World Revolution of 20xx
4 Global North–South Challenges
5 Individualism in the World Revolution
6 A Global United Front?
References
Revolution Forecasting—Formulation of the Problem
1 The Nature of Revolution
2 Forecasting Future Revolutions
References
Conclusion. How Many Revolutions Will We See in the Twenty-First Century?
1 Why Are Revolutions Continuing?
2 Will Revolutions Continue in the Future?
3 What Kind of Revolutions Will Occur in the Future? Revolutions and World-Systemic Aspects
4 Demographic Disequilibrium and the Return of Populist Ethno-Nationalism
5 In Which Regions Are Revolutions Most Likely?
6 When Will Revolutions Fade from History?
References