دانلود کتاب Human Biochemistry

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Front-matter_2018_Human-Biochemistry Human Biochemistry Copyright_2018_Human-Biochemistry Copyright Dedication_2018_Human-Biochemistry Dedication Preface_2018_Human-Biochemistry Preface Introduction_2018_Human-Biochemistry Introduction Chapter-1---Organ-Systems-and-Tissues_2018_Human-Biochemistry 1 Organ Systems and Tissues Treatment of the Injured Knee: Use of Stem Cells to Replace Damaged Cartilage Development of Organs Stem Cells Gross Structures and Functions of Organ Systems Skin The Skeleton Cellular Composition of Tissues Summary suggested reading Literature Books Chapter-2---The-Cell_2018_Human-Biochemistry 2 The Cell Cellular Trafficking in Alzheimer’s Disease Cell Membrane Nucleus and Cell Division Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Peroxisome Lysosome Summary Suggested Reading Literature Books Chapter-3---Introductory-Discussion-on-Water--pH--Buffers-and_2018_Human-Bio 3 Introductory Discussion on Water, pH, Buffers and General Features of Receptors, Channels and Pumps Diabetes Insipidus Thirst and Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) Action of Arginine Vasopressin on the Distal Kidney Tubule Water and Biological Roles Water Channels: Aquaporins (AQPs) The Role of Water in Protein Folding Protein–Water Interactions in Enzymatic Reactions Metabolic Water Proton Transfer in Liquid Water The Concentration of Hydrogen Ions (Protons) in Solution (pH) Buffers Receptors Ion Channels Enzymatic Pumping Mechanism Summary Suggested Reading Literature Books Chapter-4---Proteins_2018_Human-Biochemistry 4 Proteins Prion Disease, A Disease of Protein Conformational Change Amino Acids Amino-Acid-Related Diseases Biochemistry of the Amino Acids Amino Acids Have Two or More Potential Charges Numbering of Carbons in Amino Acids Charge State Synthesis of Nonessential Amino Acids and Amino Acid Degradation Proteins Amino Acid Sequence Secondary, Tertiary, and Quarternary Structures Protein Folding Protein Degradation Protein Classification Proteomics Protein Microarray Summary Suggested Reading Literature Books Chapter-5---Enzymes_2018_Human-Biochemistry 5 Enzymes Diagnostic Enzymology Enzymes with Multiple Subunits: Tissue-Specific Isozymes General Aspects of Catalysis Lineweaver–Burk Equation Michaelis–Menten Equation Inhibition of Enzymatic Activity Competitive Inhibition Noncompetitive Inhibition Uncompetitive Inhibition Two-substrate Systems Allosterism–Non-Michaelis–Menten Kinetics Classification Coenzymes Prosthetic Groups Drugs That Operate as Enzyme Inhibitors Drug Resistance Chemotherapeutics Targeting Tyrosine Kinases Rational Drug Design Enzyme Replacement Therapy—Gaucher Disease Summary Suggested Reading Literature Books Chapter-6---Insulin-and-Sugars_2018_Human-Biochemistry 6 Insulin and Sugars Diabetes Insulin The Pancreatic β-Cell and Insulin Secretion Detrimental Effects of Diabetes Synthetic Sweeteners Chemistry of Simple Sugars Glucose Transport Pentose Phosphate Pathway Conversion of Ribose to Deoxyribose Carbohydrate Constituents of Proteins—Glycoproteins Transfer of Nucleotide Sugars into the Golgi cisternae Sugars in Blood Group Proteins Lactose Intolerance Glycobiology Summary Suggested reading Literature Books Chapter-7---Glycogen-and-Glycogenolysis_2018_Human-Biochemistry 7 Glycogen and Glycogenolysis Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD) Type I, von Gierke disease (and others: At Least 11 Types of GSD) Glycogen—The Storage Carbohydrate Glucose Metabolism in Muscle Glycogenin and Formation of Glycogen Glycogenolysis (Releasing Glucose from Glycogen) Hormonal Control of Glycogen Metabolism and Blood Glucose Level Glucagon Epinephrine Insulin Glycogen Phosphorylase Different Glucose Transporters (GLUTs) in Different Tissues Summary Suggested Reading Literature Books Chapter-8---Glycolysis-and-Gluconeogenesis_2018_Human-Biochemistry 8 Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis Hemolytic Anemia: Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G3PDH) Deficiency (A Rare Disease) Hemolytic Anemia Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway Rapoport-Luebering Shunt The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) Glycolysis, the Emden–Meyerhof Pathway Phosphofructokinase Enzymes Involved in the Conversion of Fructose-6-Phosphate to Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate Cell Proliferation and Tumor Growth—the Warburg Effect Gluconeogenesis Alanine Cycle Glucose Can Be Formed From Glycerol Small Molecule Regulation of Gluconeogenesis Glucose Transporters Summary Suggested Reading Literature Books Chapter-9---Lipids_2018_Human-Biochemistry 9 Lipids Hypercholesterolemia Autosomal Recessive Hypercholesterolemia (ARH) Protein ApoB-100 Protein Mutations Normal LDL Function at Tissue Cells Biosynthesis of Cholesterol Inhibition of Liver HMGCoA Reductase by Drugs (Statins) The ARH Protein Bile Acids Fatty Acids and Fat Glycerol and Its Substituents; Triglycerides Fat (Triglyceride) Digestion and Uptake Chylomicrons β-Oxidation Activation and Transport of Fatty Acids Into Mitochondria Unsaturated Fatty Acids Ketone Bodies Lipid Metabolism, Lipid Droplets, and Hormonal Control Fatty Acid Synthesis Phospholipids and Membranes Lipins Synthesis and Degradation of Ceramide Glycosphingolipids Properties of Lipoproteins Lipid Anchoring of Proteins to Membranes Summary Suggested Reading Literature Books Chapter-10---Nucleic-Acids-and-Molecular-Genetics_2018_Human-Biochemistry 10 Nucleic Acids and Molecular Genetics Huntington’s Disease, a Single Gene Mutation Purines and Pyrimidines Base Pairing The Structure of DNA Biosynthesis of Purines and Pyrimidines Purine Interconversions Catabolism of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotides Salvage Pathway Pyrimidine Catabolism Deoxyribose-Containing Nucleotides Formation of Deoxyribose From Ribose Only in Its Nucleotide Form Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism Biosynthesis of Deoxyribonucleic Acid in the Nucleus Mitochondrial DNA Synthesis DNA Mutations and Damage Restriction Enzymes Probing Libraries for Specific Genes Hybridization Techniques Amplification of DNA Sequences: Polymerase Chain Reaction Identification of a Specific Gene on a Chromosome Determining DNA Sequence Inhibitors of DNA Synthesis RNA Interference Coding DNA Noncoding DNA Introns Transposons Alu Elements 5′ Capping of RNA Containing Exons and Introns Polyadenylation of Pre-mRNA Overall Transcription–Translation Process Intron Exclusion From Pre-mRNA Coding Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Messenger RNA Noncoding RNAs Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Small Nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) MicroRNA (miRNA) Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) Small Interfering RNA or Short Interfering RNA or Silencing RNA (siRNA) RNA Components of the Spliceosome Self-Splicing RNAs RNA Secondary Structures Genomics Next-Generation Sequencing Proteomics Gene Therapy Summary Suggested Reading Literature Books Chapter-11---Protein-Biosynthesis_2018_Human-Biochemistry 11 Protein Biosynthesis Defects in Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation and Disease; Deficiency in Mitochondrial Translation Protein Synthesis in the Mitochondrion Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy With Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-Like Episodes (MELAS) Protein Synthesis Directed by the Nucleus The Ribosome WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Structure of Transfer RNA (tRNA) Initiation: Amino Acid tRNA Synthase Elongation and Peptidyltransferase Ribozyme Termination Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis Proteins Synthesized in the Cytoplasm but Destined for the Mitochondria Proteins Destined for the Nucleus Proteins Destined for Other Sites Including the Plasma Membrane and Secretion from the Cell Summary Suggested Reading Literature Books Chapter-12---Transcription_2018_Human-Biochemistry 12 Transcription Congenital Heart Disease; Mutations of Transcription Factors Normal Heart Development Transcription Factors Control Heart Development GATA4 Nkx2.5 Tbx5 Transcription Factors Involved in Cardiac Hypertrophy Transcription Factors and the Transcription Complex Enhancers Coactivators and Corepressors The Glucocorticoid Receptor as a Model Transcription Factor The Inactive Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) in the Cytoplasm and its Activation Classes of Nuclear Receptors Cell Membrane Receptors Receptor Isoforms Chromatin Summary Suggested Reading Literature Books Chapter-13---Metabolism-of-Amino-Acids_2018_Human-Biochemistry 13 Metabolism of Amino Acids Urea-Cycle-Related Disease: Hyperammonemia The Urea Cycle Amino Acid Metabolism: Amino and Amide Group Transfers Transamination Transamidation Deamination Oxidation of Amino Acids Amino Acid Racemization l-Amino Acid Decarboxylation Metabolism of Amino Acids to Active Substances Methionine Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Formation of Catecholamines DOPA (Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Epinephrine) Melanin Blockages in the Metabolism of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine and Disease Tryptophan Arginine Histidine Glutamate Serine Catabolism of Amino Acids Summary Suggested Reading Literature Books Chapter-14---Metabolism-of-Fat--Carbohydrate--and-Nucle_2018_Human-Biochemis 14 Metabolism of Fat, Carbohydrate, and Nucleic Acids Gaucher Disease: Most Common Lipid Storage Disease Lipid Metabolism Fatty Acid Degradation Fat as Storage Energy Joint Regulation of Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism Glucagon and Glucagon-Like Peptides Metabolism of Cholesterol Sunlight and Vitamin D Metabolism of Steroid Hormones Formed From Cholesterol Bile Acid Metabolism Carbohydrate Metabolism Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis Vigorous Exercise and Gluconeogenesis The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA Cycle), Citric Acid Cycle, or Kreb’s Cycle The Electron Transport Chain Nucleic Acid Metabolism RNA Degradation DNA Degradation DNA Damage and Repair Overview of Metabolism Metabolism in Stem Cells Summary Suggested Reading Literature Books Chapter-15---Polypeptide-Hormones_2018_Human-Biochemistry 15 Polypeptide Hormones Panhypopituitarism: Malfunction of the Hypothalamus–Pituitary-End Organ Axis Hormonal Signaling Pathways Signaling From Hypothalamus to Posterior Pituitary Hormonal Signaling From the Hypothalamus to the Anterior Pituitary Models of Hormone Action of Anterior Pituitary Hormones ACTH α-MSH (Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone); Melanotropin, Intermedin Growth Hormone Prolactin Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Thyrotropin The Gonadotropins: Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Overview of the Release and Functioning of the Vasopressin (AVP) and Oxytocin (OT) Hormones from the Posterior Pituitary Orexins (Hypocretins): Hypothalamic Hormones Controlling Sleep and Feeding Adiponectin From Adipose (Fat) Tissue Hormones of the Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract Gastrin Food Intake and Hormones Hormones Affecting Food Intake Summary Suggested Reading Literature Books Chapter-16---Steroid-Hormones_2018_Human-Biochemistry 16 Steroid Hormones Stress Nociceptin Responses to Stress Production of High Levels of Cortisol (Cushing’s Disease) and Subnormal Levels of Cortisol (Addison’s Disease) Adrenal Cortex Structures of Steroid Hormone Receptors Coactivators and Corepressors Physiological Functions of Steroid Hormones from Specific Receptor Knockouts Steroid Transporting Proteins in Plasma Enzymatic Inactivation of Cortisol Cortisol and Aldosterone DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE (DHEA) Structural Considerations of Steroid Hormones Receptor Activation Vitamin D Hormone Thyroid Hormone Environmental Xenobiotics That Agonize or Antagonize the Estrogen Receptor Crosstalk Between Steroid Receptors and Peptide Hormones Sex Hormones Peroxisome Proliferators and Their Receptors Glucocorticoid Induction of Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis) Summary Suggested Reading Literature Books Chapter-17---Growth-Factors-and-Cytokines_2018_Human-Biochemistry 17 Growth Factors and Cytokines Prospects for Cytokine TRAIL (TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand) and Ovarian Cancer TRAIL and Its Mechanism The Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Superfamily Growth Factors Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Epidermal Growth Factor Transforming Growth Factor Fibroblast Growth Factor Neurotrophins and Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) Colony Stimulating Factor Erythropoietin Interferon Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGF-I, IGF-II) Interleukins Overview Summary Suggested Reading Literature Books Chapter-18---Membrane-Transport_2018_Human-Biochemistry 18 Membrane Transport Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis) and Aberrant Ion Transport Types of Membrane Transport Absorption of Large Molecules Binding to Receptors on the Cell Surface Exocytosis Passive Diffusion (Osmosis) Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport Requiring Energy Simple and Coupled Transporters Ions and Gradients Entry of Magnesium and Divalent Ions into Cells Proton (H+) Transport Monocarboxylate Transporter (MCT), a Cotransporter (Symporter) Citrate Transporters in Mitochondria and Plasma Membrane Intestinal Transport of Di- and Tripeptides Amino Acid Transporters The Glutamate Synapse and Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters Fatty Acid Transport Proteins Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Epithelial Sodium Conductance Channel Mutidrug Resistance Channel (MDR), a Member of the ABC Transporter Superfamily Blood–Brain-Barrier Summary Suggested Reading Literature Books Chapter-19---Micronutrients--Metals-and-Iodine-_2018_Human-Biochemistry 19 Micronutrients (Metals and Iodine) Iron Deficiency Anemia Uptake of Iron During Digestion Hepcidin, A Peptide Hormone, is the Principal Regulator of Iron Homeostasis Hemojuvelin (HJV), An Anchored Membrane Protein Stimulates Hepcidin Transcription Through Bone Morphogenic (Morphogenetic) ... Heme Synthesis Hemoglobin Formation Trace Elements Trace Metals Copper Ceruloplasmin Wilson’s Disease Human Copper Transporter 1 Cellular Prion Protein Copper–Zinc Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Magnesium (Mg2+) Zinc (Zn2+) Molybdenum (Mo2+) Selenium (Se2−) Selenodeiodinases Selenophosphate Synthase (SePS) Calcium (Ca2+) Iodine (I) Summary Suggested reading Literature Books Chapter-20---Vitamins-and-Nutrition_2018_Human-Biochemistry 20 Vitamins and Nutrition Vitamin D Deficiency Vitamins Water-Soluble Vitamins Thiamine (Vitamin B1, Aneurine) Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Niacin (Vitamin B3) Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5, Pantothenate) Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, and Pyridoxamine (Vitamin B6) Biotin (Vitamin H) Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Folic Acid (Vitamin B9, Pteroylglutamic Acid) Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) Fat-Soluble Vitamins Vitamin A (β-Carotene) Vitamin D (1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3, Active Form) Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) Vitamin K Balanced Nutrition Nutrient Intake Summary Suggested Reading Literature Books Chapter-21---Blood-and-Lymphatic-System_2018_Human-Biochemistry 21 Blood and Lymphatic System Deep Vein Thrombosis Factor V Leiden Blood-Clotting Mechanism Blood Transport of Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Degradation of the Red Blood Cell Bilirubin Blood Cells Blood Proteins Blood Type and Rh Factor Origin of Nonself Blood Type Antibodies Rh Antigen Lymphatic System Thymosin Summary Suggested Reading Literature Books List-of-Abbreviations_2018_Human-Biochemistry List of Abbreviations Appendix-1---Abbreviations-of-the-Common-Amino-Acids_2018_Human-Biochemistry Appendix 1 Abbreviations of the Common Amino Acids Appendix-2---The-Genetic-Code_2018_Human-Biochemistry Appendix 2 The Genetic Code Appendix-3---Weights-and-Measures_2018_Human-Biochemistry Appendix 3 Weights and Measures Index_2018_Human-Biochemistry Index