دانلود کتاب Issues and Perspectives in Landscape Ecology

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Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Contributors......Page 12
Preface......Page 15
PART I Introductory perspectives......Page 17
What is landscape ecology?......Page 19
What is landscape structure?......Page 20
What is a landscape-scale study?......Page 21
When is a landscape perspective necessary?......Page 23
Impediments to landscape-scale studies......Page 24
References......Page 25
2 Incorporating geographical (biophysical) principles in studies of landscape systems......Page 27
The principle of the hierarchical ordering of geocomponents......Page 28
The principle of equivalence of the bottom-up and top-down approaches to spatial division......Page 29
The principle of the compound and temporally variable potential of a geocomplex......Page 33
The principle of the minimization of energy costs......Page 34
References......Page 35
PART II Theory, experiments, and models in landscape ecology......Page 37
Hierarchy theory and landscape scale......Page 39
Percolation theory and hypothesis testing......Page 40
Economic geography......Page 41
References......Page 42
4 Hierarchy theory and the landscape … level? or, Words do matter......Page 45
References......Page 51
Conceptual considerations......Page 52
Examples of different kinds of landscapes......Page 54
Consequences......Page 56
References......Page 57
Small landscape structures and their functions......Page 58
What scale really matters to these functions?......Page 60
Tales from two continents......Page 61
Disturbances and continua of landscape function......Page 62
Implications for landscape preservation and restoration......Page 64
References......Page 65
7 Scale and an organism-centric focus for studying interspecific interactions in landscapes......Page 68
Three kinds of problems......Page 69
An organism-centric approach......Page 70
A case study......Page 73
Some provisos......Page 74
Scoping: interspecific interactions......Page 75
Extensions......Page 79
Acknowledgments......Page 81
References......Page 82
Why should landscape ecologists conduct experiments?......Page 86
Experiments on fundamental landscape ecological mechanisms......Page 88
From small-scale experiments on mechanisms to inferences about landscape-level phenomena......Page 89
Experimental model systems (EMS)......Page 90
Conclusion......Page 91
References......Page 92
Bringing together models and data yields more than the sum of both......Page 95
Correctly used, models are more powerful than crystal balls or experts......Page 96
Strategic models are simple models useful for gaining insight into the process; tactical models are complex models useful…......Page 97
Chaos is a surrogate of stochasticity in spatial population models......Page 98
Complex spatial models cannot be validated; calibration may result in the right results on the wrong grounds......Page 99
Sensitivity analysis and uncertainty analysis are powerful tools for gaining insight into the properties and quality of…......Page 100
Although we cannot predict the future, we can make projections into the future based upon our knowledge of the present and…......Page 102
Bringing together disciplines, bridging the gaps between theory and application, and between models and data......Page 103
Epilogue......Page 104
References......Page 105
10 The promise of landscape modeling: successes, failures, and evolution......Page 106
What are landscape models?......Page 107
Evolution of landscape modeling......Page 110
Where does this leave us?......Page 112
References......Page 116
PART III Landscape patterns......Page 117
11 Landscape pattern: context and process......Page 119
Pattern and context......Page 120
Landscapes with fuzzy geometries......Page 121
The dynamics of pattern......Page 122
Cultural landscapes and qualitative pattern......Page 124
References......Page 126
12 The gradient concept of landscape structure......Page 128
The gradient concept of landscape structure......Page 129
Gradient attributes of categorical patterns......Page 130
Gradient analysis of continuous field variables......Page 131
Surface metrology......Page 132
Spectral and wavelet analysis......Page 133
Conclusions......Page 134
References......Page 135
13 Perspectives on the use of land-cover data for ecological investigations......Page 136
Accuracy......Page 137
Scale and minimum mapping unit......Page 139
Thematic content......Page 140
Data structure......Page 141
Summary and future directions......Page 142
References......Page 143
PART IV Landscape dynamics on multiple scales......Page 148
14 Landscape sensitivity and timescales of landscape change......Page 150
Landscape sensitivity and timescales of change......Page 151
Extreme events in the context of Quaternary climate change......Page 154
Spatial aspects of landscape systems......Page 158
The coupling and divergence of landscape elements......Page 160
Concluding remarks......Page 162
References......Page 167
15 The time dimension in landscape ecology: cultural soils and spatial pattern in early landscapes......Page 171
Cultural soils and landscape ecology......Page 172
References......Page 177
16 The legacy of landscape history: the role of paleoecological analysis......Page 178
References......Page 183
17 Landscape ecology and global change......Page 186
What is a landscape and why do we need a landscape perspective?......Page 187
Important patterns and scales......Page 188
Important processes and scales......Page 192
Sub-gridcell heterogeneity: representing the landscape in coarse grids......Page 193
Complex dynamics and changing boundary conditions......Page 195
Conclusions......Page 196
References......Page 197
PART V Applications of landscape ecology......Page 198
The stage......Page 200
Water (resources) management planning......Page 202
Flood risk management......Page 203
The role of the landscape ecologist: generalist amongst specialists, specialist amongst generalists......Page 205
Resources and conditions......Page 207
Whole-system qualities......Page 208
Enhancing engagement: a different attitude toward communication......Page 209
References......Page 210
19 Farmlands for farming and nature......Page 212
Effects of farming......Page 213
Management practices and use......Page 214
Positive effects......Page 215
Policy and planning for alternative landscapes......Page 216
Modeling the effects of global climate change......Page 217
Closing thoughts......Page 218
Selected references......Page 219
20 Landscape ecology and forest management......Page 220
Adding a spatial element to multiple use......Page 223
Practicing the science of landscape ecology......Page 224
Final thoughts......Page 225
References......Page 226
21 Landscape ecology and wildlife management......Page 227
A landscape ecological perspective......Page 228
Pattern and process......Page 231
EMS and PVA......Page 232
Inspiration or perspiration?......Page 234
References......Page 235
What is restoration ecology?......Page 236
Landscape-scale restoration......Page 239
From assessment to action......Page 241
Conclusion......Page 246
References......Page 247
23 Conservation planning at the landscape scale......Page 249
Measuring and mapping biodiversity......Page 251
Biodiversity goals......Page 252
Complementarity......Page 253
Opportunity-cost trade-offs and other constraints......Page 254
References......Page 255
24 Landscape conservation: a new paradigm for the conservation of biodiversity......Page 257
A mission for landscape ecology......Page 258
Facilitating the shift from species to systems management in conservation......Page 259
Providing a landscape mosaic perspective in assessing connectivity......Page 260
Developing a general landscape ecological theory......Page 261
Using landscape design principles to guide conservation efforts......Page 262
Landscape conservation: the new paradigm?......Page 263
References......Page 264
25 The "why?" and the "so what?" of riverine landscapes......Page 267
Defining riverine landscapes......Page 268
Explaining shifting habitat mosaics......Page 269
Understanding the spirit of the place......Page 271
Improving our forecasting ability......Page 272
Placing landscape ecology......Page 273
References......Page 274
PART VI Cultural perspectives and landscape planning......Page 276
River rehabilitation, on what scientific basis?......Page 278
Impressions of the Lorraine Meuse......Page 279
Historical notes......Page 281
How to appreciate "river identity"......Page 284
Succession: coherence in time......Page 285
River identity......Page 286
Application......Page 287
Perspective: scenario analysis......Page 289
Conclusion......Page 290
References......Page 291
27 Using cultural knowledge to make new landscape patterns......Page 293
References......Page 298
The concept of landscape: theory and application......Page 300
Study method......Page 301
The landscape idea divide......Page 305
Nature: natural and cultural......Page 306
Perception: insiders and outsiders......Page 307
Policy......Page 308
Connections......Page 309
Transformations......Page 310
References......Page 312
29 Landscape ecology: principles of cognition and the political-economic dimension......Page 315
Landscape ecology: principles of cognition......Page 317
Landscape ecology: planning and management......Page 320
Assets and outlooks......Page 323
References......Page 325
30 Integration of landscape ecology and landscape architecture: and evolutionary and reciprocal process......Page 326
Stage 1: theory and principles......Page 327
Stage 2: questions and dialogue......Page 328
The paradox of time......Page 330
Physical expression of landscape processes......Page 331
References......Page 333
31 Landscape ecology in land-use planning......Page 335
Land-use planning problems......Page 337
The early role of landscape ecology in land-use planning......Page 339
Landscape ecological principles......Page 340
Applications and questions......Page 342
Land-use planning and design......Page 344
References......Page 345
PART VII Retrospect and prospect......Page 348
32 The land unit as a block box: a Pandora's box?......Page 350
Reductionism versus holism......Page 351
Developments in the landscape paradigm......Page 353
Content and function of the black box and its hidden factors......Page 355
Operational factors......Page 357
Positional factors......Page 358
Depicting the black box using stereoscopic aerial photo interpretation......Page 359
Classifying the black box......Page 360
The use and misuse of the black box......Page 362
Conclusions......Page 363
References......Page 364
33 Toward a transdisciplinary landscape science......Page 365
Some major premises for a transdisciplinary landscape science......Page 366
Multidimensional and multifunctional landscapes as tangible bridges between nature and mind......Page 368
Biosphere and technosphere landscapes and their integration in the post-industrial symbiosis between human society and nature......Page 369
Some important issues for transdisciplinary landscape research......Page 370
References......Page 372
34 Toward fostering recognition of landscape ecology......Page 374
What are the current issues for the field of landscape ecology?......Page 376
The organizational framework for landscape ecology: the role of IALE......Page 378
Landscape ecology and its status in academia......Page 380
Summary: landscape ecology and its societal applications......Page 382
References......Page 383
35 Toward a unified landscape ecology......Page 384
How should landscape ecology be done?......Page 385
The effects of human culture......Page 387
Postscript......Page 389
References......Page 391
Index......Page 393