دانلود کتاب Landmarks in Humanities

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Cover Half Title Page Title Page Copyright LETTER FROM THE AUTHOR PREFACE 1 Origins: the first civilizations PREHISTORY Paleolithic Culture Ideas and Issues Keeping Track of Time Mesolithic and Neolithic Cultures Making Connections Mother Earth Stone Circles Making Connections Stone Circles THE BIRTH OF CIVILIZATION From Counting to Writing Making Connections The Invention of Writing Metallurgy: The Bronze Age MESOPOTAMIA “Land Between the Rivers” Myths, Gods, and Goddesses Mesopotamia’s Ziggurats Making Connections Temple Towers Gilgamesh: The First Epic Babylon: Hammurabi’s Law Code Ideas and Issues From Hammurabi’s Code Iron Technology Landmarks of the Iron Age The Persian Empire AFRICA: ANCIENT EGYPT The Gods of Ancient Egypt Theocracy and the Cult of the Dead Making Connections Pyramids Ancient and Modern Akhenaten’s Reform Egyptian Women Egyptian Art New Kingdom Temples Literature and Music AFRICA: WESTERN SUDAN The Nok Terracottas THE AMERICAS BEYOND THE WEST: ANCIENT INDIA Indus Valley Civilization The Vedic Era Ideas and Issues The “Out-of-India” Debate Hindu Pantheism BEYOND THE WEST: ANCIENT CHINA The Shang Dynasty The Aristocracy of Merit The Mandate of Heaven Spirits, Gods, and the Natural Order Daoism: The Philosophy of the Way THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS TIMELINE 2 Classicism: the greek legacy ANCIENT GREEK CIVILIZATION Aegean Civilizations Mycenaean Civilization The Heroic Age The Greek Gods Making Connections In the Beginning Greek City-States and the Persian Wars ATHENS AND THE GOLDEN AGE The Athens of Pericles Ideas and Issues Pericles: The Greatness of Athens The Olympic Games Greek Drama Greek Poetry GREEK PHILOSOPHY Naturalist Philosophy: The Pre-Socratics The Sophists Socrates and the Quest for Virtue BEYOND THE WEST: CHINESE PHILOSOPHY Confucius Ideas and Issues Confucius: The Analects Plato and the Theory of Forms The “Allegory of the Cave” Ideas and Issues Plato’s Ideal State Aristotle and the Life of Reason Ideas and Issues The Syllogism Aristotle and the State Ideas and Issues Man Is a Political Animal THE CLASSICAL STYLE Key Features Greek Painting Greek Sculpture: The Archaic Period Making Connections The Sculptured Male Form Greek Sculpture: The Classical Period Greek Architecture: The Parthenon Making Connections Greek Classicism and Neoclassicism The Sculpture of the Parthenon Ideas and Issues The Battle over Antiquities Greek Music and Dance THE HELLENISTIC AGE Hellenistic Schools of Thought Hellenistic Art ANCIENT GREECE TIMELINE 3 Empire: the power and glory of rome THE ROMAN RISE TO EMPIRE Rome’s Early History The Roman Republic The Collapse of the Republic The Roman Empire: Pax Romana Roman Law ROMAN LITERATURE Latin Prose Literature Philosophic Thought Ideas and Issues Stoic Detachment and Acceptance Epic Poetry Lyric Poetry Ideas and Issues Horace: “Carpe Diem” (“Seize the Day”) Satire Roman Drama ART AND EMPIRE Roman Architecture Making Connections Roman Classicism and Neoclassicism Roman Sculpture Roman Painting and Mosaics Roman Music The Fall of Rome BEYOND THE WEST: CHINA’S RISE TO EMPIRE The Qin Dynasty The Han Dynasty Visual Arts and Music Han Literature Ideas and Issues From Nineteen Old Poems of the Han ANCIENT ROME TIMELINE 4 Revelation: the flowering of world religions JUDAISM The Hebrews Ideas and Issues The Names of God Making Connections Codes of Conduct The Hebrew State The Hebrew Bible The Arts of the Hebrews CHRISTIANITY The Greco-Roman Background Mystery Cults Judea Before Jesus The Coming of Jesus Ideas and Issues Jesus’ Sermon on the Mount Paul: Co-Founder of Christianity Making Connections The Good Shepherd THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY The Christian Identity Ideas and Issues The Noncanonical Gospels Christian Monasticism The Latin Church Fathers Ideas and Issues Neoplatonism Symbolism and Early Christian Art Early Christian Architecture Byzantine Art and Architecture Ideas and Issues The Christian Calendar The Byzantine Icon Early Christian Music ISLAM The Coming of Muhammad The Qur’an Hadith Ideas and Issues The Qur’an in Translation THE EXPANSION OF ISLAM Islam in Africa Islam’s Golden Age Early Islamic Art and Architecture BEYOND THE WEST: BUDDHISM Making Connections Jesus and the Buddha: Humility The Spread of Buddhism Early Buddhist Architecture Early Islamic Music WORLD RELIGIONS TIMELINE 5 Synthesis: the rise of the west THE GERMANIC TRIBES Germanic Culture Germanic Literature Germanic Art Making Connections Interlace: Secular and Sacred THE AGE OF CHARLEMAGNE The Carolingian Renaissance Making Connections The Monastic Complex: East and West The Monastic Complex The Medieval Book Making Connections Holy Books and Manuscripts BEYOND THE WEST: JAPAN The Birth of the Novel Ideas and Issues Handwriting as an Art FEUDAL SOCIETY Making Connections Feudalism East and West The Feudal Contract The Lives of Medieval Serfs The Norman Conquest The Norman Castle The Bayeux Tapestry The Crusades FEUDAL-AGE LITERATURE The Song of Roland The Poetry of the Troubadours The Medieval Romance and the Code of Courtly Love EARLY MEDIEVAL MUSIC Liturgical Drama BEYOND THE WEST: CHINA Tang and Song Chinese Technology Chinese Porcelain Chinese Landscape Painting EARLY MIDDLE AGES TIMELINE 6 Christendom: europe in the age of faith THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH Church and State Ideas and Issues The Supremacy of the Church Sin and Salvation The Literature of Mysticism Saint Francis: Medieval Humanist Making Connections Mysticism: Christian and Muslim MEDIEVAL TOWNS Medieval Drama Dante’s Divine Comedy Ideas and Issues Dante: “The Ninth Circle of Hell” The Medieval University Medieval Scholasticism Ideas and Issues Aquinas: Whether Woman Should Have Been Made in the First Production of Things THE PILGRIMAGE CHURCH Romanesque Architecture Romanesque Sculpture THE GOTHIC CATHEDRAL The Gothic Style Chartres Cathedral: Gothic Landmark Medieval Painting: The Gothic Altarpiece Making Connections Temple-Shrines: Christian and Hindu MEDIEVAL MUSIC Medieval Musical Notation Medieval Polyphony The “Dies Irae” The Motet BEYOND THE WEST: INDIA AND CHINA Religious Icons Instrumental Music HIGH MIDDLE AGES TIMELINE 7 Rebirth: the age of the renaissance TRANSITION: MEDIEVAL TO RENAISSANCE The Black Death The Rise of Constitutional Monarchy The Hundred Years War The Decline of the Church THE ARTS IN TRANSITION Boccaccio Christine de Pisan Chaucer Making Connections The New Realism in Literature and Art Giotto’s New Realism The Ars Nova in Music THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE The Medici RENAISSANCE HUMANISM Petrarch: “Father of Humanism” Ficino: The Platonic Academy Pico della Mirandola: The Dignity of Man Ideas and Issues Pico: Free Will and Human Perfectibility Castiglione: The Well-Rounded Person Female Humanists The Printing Press Ideas and Issues The Renaissance Gentleman/ The Renaissance Lady Machiavelli and Power Politics Ideas and Issues Whether It Is Better to Be Loved Than Feared EARLY RENAISSANCE ART Early Renaissance Architecture Early Renaissance Painting Early Renaissance Sculpture HIGH RENAISSANCE ART High Renaissance Architecture Leonardo da Vinci Ideas and Issues Restoration or Ruin? Raphael Michelangelo The High Renaissance in Venice BEYOND THE WEST: THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE RENAISSANCE MUSIC Josquin des Prez The Madrigal Instrumental Music Renaissance Dance RENAISSANCE TIMELINE 8 Reform: the northern renaissance and the reformation RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION Christian Humanism Luther and the Protestant Reformation Ideas and Issues Luther’s Challenge to the Church The Spread of Protestantism Calvin and Calvinism Ideas and Issues Calvin: Predestination Anabaptism The Anglican Church Religious Persecution and Witch-Hunts SIXTEENTH-CENTURY LITERATURE Erasmus More Cervantes Montaigne Shakespeare The Shakespearean Stage Shakespeare’s Plays BEYOND THE WEST: JAPANESE THEATER NORTHERN ART Jan van Eyck Bosch Grünewald The Protestant Reformation and Printmaking Making Connections Devotional Images: Pathos and Remorse Dürer Cranach and Holbein Bruegel Making Connections Humanism: East and West NORTHERN MUSIC Music and the Reformation Elizabethan Music NORTHERN RENAISSANCE TIMELINE 9 Encounter: contact and the clash of cultures GLOBAL TRAVEL AND TRADE European Expansion AFRICA Cultural Heritage West African Kingdoms African Literature Making Connections Text and Image: The Oba of Benin Ideas and Issues African Myths: Explaining Death African Music and Dance Making Connections Africa’s Legacy African Sculpture African Architecture The Europeans in Africa THE AMERICAS Native American Cultures The Arts of Native North America Ideas and Issues Mohawk Myth: How Man Was Created The Arts of Meso- and South America Maya Civilization Inca Civilization Aztec Civilization CROSS-CULTURAL ENCOUNTER The Spanish in the Americas The Columbian Exchange Ideas and Issues The Clash of Cultures AFRICA AND THE AMERICAS TIMELINE 10 Baroque: piety and extravagance THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION Loyola and the Jesuit Order Ideas and Issues Loyola: The Church Militant Mannerist Painting Music and the Catholic Reformation THE ITALIAN BAROQUE Italian Baroque Architecture Italian Baroque Sculpture Making Connections Text and Image: Saint Teresa’s Vision Italian Baroque Painting Making Connections Text and Image: The Book of Judith THE NORTHERN BAROQUE The Rise of the English Commonwealth The King James Bible Donne Ideas and Issues Donne: No Man Is an Island Milton The London of Christopher Wren Seventeenth-Century Holland Vermeer Rembrandt THE ARISTOCRATIC BAROQUE Louis XIV and the Arts Making Connections Absolutism and the Arts: East and West Theater Arts Academic Art The Aristocratic Baroque Portrait Velázquez and Rubens Making Connections Aristocratic Art: East and West BEYOND THE WEST: ARISTOCRATIC LANDMARKS Japan India BAROQUE MUSIC Gabrieli The Birth of Opera Monteverdi Music at the Court of Louis XIV Handel and the English Oratorio Bach and Religious Music Instrumental Music Vivaldi Bach and Instrumental Music BAROQUE TIMELINE 11 Enlightenment: science and the new learning THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Kepler Galileo Ideas and Issues Bacon: Science and Religion Bacon and the Empirical Method Descartes and the Birth of Modern Philosophy Newton’s Synthesis THE ENLIGHTENMENT Locke: Enlightenment Herald Montesquieu and Jefferson Ideas and Issues Two Views of the Social Contract The Philosophes The Crusade for Progress Enlightenment and the Rights of Women Ideas and Issues Wollstonecraft: Make Women Free Kant and Enlightenment Ethics Rousseau: Enlightenment Rebel Adam Smith: Economic Theory Revolutions of the Late Eighteenth Century LITERATURE AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT Pope: Poet of the Age of Reason Newspapers and Novels Slave Narratives Satire: Swift and Voltaire Hogarth’s Visual Satires THE VISUAL ARTS AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT The Rococo Style Rococo Painting Making Connections Love and Lovers Rococo Sculpture Genre Painting Neoclassicism Neoclassical Architecture Neoclassical Sculpture Making Connections The Neoclassical Vogue Neoclassical Painting MUSIC AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT Eighteenth-Century Classical Music The Birth of the Symphony Orchestra Haydn Mozart BEYOND THE WEST: JAPAN The Way of Tea and Zen ENLIGHTENMENT TIMELINE 12 Romanticism: nature, passion, and the sublime HERALDS OF ROMANTICISM Napoleon: Romantic Hero Nineteenth-Century Theorists Darwin’s On the Origin of Species The Industrial Revolution ROMANTIC LITERATURE Wordsworth and the Poetry of Nature Shelley and Keats Ideas and Issues Shelley: “Ozymandias” Byron: Romantic Hero Blake: Romantic Mystic Goethe’s Faust The Female Voice Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein AMERICAN ROMANTICISM Transcendentalism Ideas and Issues Emerson: I Am Part of God Ideas and Issues Thoreau: Nature as Teacher Whitman’s Romantic Individualism Abolitionist Literature Ideas and Issues Douglass: Slave Morality ROMANTICISM IN THE VISUAL ARTS The Romantic Landscape Making Connections Landscape: West and East American Painting The Popular Hero: Goya and Géricault Revolutionary Heroism: Delacroix Making Connections Lady Liberty Romantic Sculpture Romantic Architecture ROMANTIC MUSIC AND DANCE The Symphony: Beethoven The Art Song: Schubert Program Music: Berlioz Piano Music: Chopin The Romantic Ballet Grand Opera: Verdi BEYOND THE WEST: EXPLORING AFRICA Music-Drama: Wagner ROMANTICISM TIMELINE 13 Materialism: the industrial era and the urban scene THE GLOBAL DOMINION OF THE WEST Advancing Industrialism Colonialism and the New Imperialism Social and Economic Realities Marx and Engels Mill and Women’s Rights Nietzsche’s New Morality Ideas and Issues Progress: The False Idea LITERARY REALISM The Novels of Dickens and Twain Russian Realism: Dostoevsky and Tolstoy Ideas and Issues Dostoevsky: Lords of the Future Flaubert and the Literary Heroine Zola and the Naturalistic Novel Realist Drama: Ibsen LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY ARCHITECTURE Cast-Iron Structures The Skyscraper REALISM IN THE VISUAL ARTS The Birth of Photography Courbet and French Realist Painting Millet: “Peasant Painter” Daumier’s Social Realism The Scandalous Realism of Manet American Realists: Eakins and Homer IMPRESSIONISM Monet: Pioneer Impressionist Renoir and Degas Making Connections Photographs and Paintings Cassatt: American Impressionist Toulouse-Lautrec Making Connections Japanese Prints and European Paintings POSTIMPRESSIONISM Art Nouveau Van Gogh and Gauguin BEYOND THE WEST: THE LURE OF THE EXOTIC: OCEANIA Seurat Cézanne LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY SCULPTURE Making Connections Sculpture and Dance LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY MUSIC Verismo Opera: Puccini and Bizet Musical Impressionism: Debussy MATERIALISM TIMELINE 14 Modernism: the assault on tradition NEW DIRECTIONS The New Technology The New Physics The Freudian Revolution Ideas and Issues Religion as Mass Delusion WAR AND REVOLUTION World War I Aftermath of World War I The Harlem Renaissance Making Connections Harlem The Russian Revolution Ideas and Issues The Mexican Revolution Hitler and World War II BEYOND THE WEST: MAO’S CHINA MODERN LITERATURE The Imagists Modern Poetry: Eliot, Yeats, and Frost Ideas and Issues Yeats: “The Second Coming” Modern Fiction and Drama Science Fiction and the Futurist Novel MODERN ART Picasso and Cubism Making Connections “Magical Objects” Futurism Matisse and Fauvism Making Connections The Birth of Motion Pictures and the Visual Arts Nonobjective Art Abstraction in Early Modern Sculpture Expressionism Metaphysical Art and Fantasy The Dada Movement Surrealism Photography and Film MODERN ARCHITECTURE Wright and Modern Architecture The Bauhaus and the International Style MUSIC AND DANCE Stravinsky Schoenberg Modern Music-Drama and Opera Modern Music in Soviet Russia and America Jazz Modern Dance MODERNISM TIMELINE 15 Globalism: information, communication, and the digital revolution POSTWAR CONVULSIONS The Cold War Ideas and Issues Communism Versus Capitalism Existentialism Ideas and Issues Sartre: Man Makes Himself The Existential Hero Theater of the Absurd Postwar Cinema Abstract Expressionism Making ConnectionsAction Painting: East and West THE QUEST FOR EQUALITY The End of Colonialism The Quest for Racial Equality Ideas and Issues White No Longer Black Identity in the Arts The Quest for Gender Equality Ideas and Issues De Beauvoir: Woman as “Other” Sexual and Gender Identity Ethnic Identity Hispanic Voices SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY String Theory and Chaos Theory The Human Genome Language Theory THE INFORMATION EXPLOSION Media-shaped Globalism Postmodernism CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE Postmodern Fiction Docufiction Magic Realism Science Fiction Poetry ART AND ARCHITECTURE Pop Art Assemblage Post-Pop Abstraction New Realism Total Art Video Art Making ConnectionsUpdating Manet Contemporary Photography New Media Arts Contemporary Cinema Contemporary Architecture Making Connections Gehry and Serra MUSIC AND DANCE Cage and Aleatory Music Microtonality and Minimalism Choral Music and Opera Electronic Music and Computers Rock and Popular Music Dance INTO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY The Global Ecosystem Terrorism Making Connections Tradition and the Global Environment China’s Global Ascendance The Interactive Arts Ideas and Issues The Multimillion-Dollar Art Market GLOBALISM TIMELINE GLOSSARY INDEX