دانلود کتاب Linguistic Linked Data: Representation, Generation and Applications

فهرست مطالب :

Preface
Contents
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Part I Preliminaries
1 Introduction
1.1 FAIR Principles
1.2 Linked Data as an Opportunity to Realize the FAIR Principles
References
2 Preliminaries
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Resource Description Framework
2.3 Serializing RDF
2.3.1 The N-Triples Language
2.3.2 Turtle
2.3.3 RDF/XML
2.3.4 RDFa
2.3.5 JSON-LD
2.4 RDF Semantics, RDFS and OWL
2.4.1 RDF Semantics
2.4.2 RDF Schema
2.4.3 Web Ontology Language (OWL)
2.5 The SPARQL Query Language
2.5.1 Publishing Data on the Web
2.6 Summary and Further Reading
References
3 Linguistic Linked Open Data Cloud
3.1 Background and Motivation
3.1.1 Linked Data
3.1.2 Linked Open Data
3.2 Linguistic Linked Open Data
3.2.1 The LLOD Cloud
3.2.2 Infrastructure and Metadata
3.3 LLOD Community
3.3.1 Summary and Further Reading
References
Part II Modelling
4 Modelling Lexical Resources as Linked Data
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Core Model
4.3 Syntax and Semantics
4.4 Decomposition
4.5 Variation and Translation
4.6 Metadata
4.7 Applications
4.8 Summary and Further Reading
References
5 Representing Annotated Texts as RDF
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Tab-Separated Values: CoNLL TSV
5.1.2 Tree-Based Formats: TEI/XML
5.2 Annotating Web Resources
5.2.1 Web Annotation (Open Annotation)
5.2.2 Annotating Named Entities on the Web
5.3 Annotating Textual Objects
5.3.1 The NLP Interchange Format (NIF 2.0)
5.3.2 Provenance and Annotation Metadata in NIF
5.4 Summary and Further Reading
References
6 Modelling Linguistic Annotations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Transforming Legacy Annotation Formats into RDF
6.2.1 CoNLL-RDF: Shallow Transformation of CoNLL into RDF
6.2.2 Querying and Manipulating CoNLL-RDF Annotations
6.3 Top-Down Modelling: Generic Data Structures
6.3.1 Linguistic Annotations in POWLA
6.3.1.1 POWLA Nodes
6.3.1.2 POWLA Relations
6.3.1.3 OLiA Links
6.3.1.4 Corpus Organization
6.3.2 Complementing NIF with POWLA
6.3.3 Transforming CoNLL-RDF to POWLA
6.4 Querying Annotated Corpora
6.5 Summary and Further Reading
References
7 Modelling Metadata of Language Resources
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Models for General Metadata
7.2.1 DC-Terms
7.2.2 DCAT
7.3 Modelling Metadata of LRs with Meta-Share.owl
7.4 Summary and Further Reading
References
8 Linguistic Categories
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Case of Language Identifiers
8.2.1 ISO 639 Language Tags
8.2.1.1 Two-Letter Codes (ISO 639-1)
8.2.1.2 Three-Letter Codes from the Librarian Tradition (ISO 639-2)
8.2.1.3 Three-Letter Codes for [Almost] All Human Languages (ISO 639-3)
8.2.2 IETF Language Tags
8.2.3 URI-Based Language Codes
8.2.3.1 ISO 639 in RDF
8.2.3.2 Glottolog
8.3 General Repositories of Linguistic Reference Terminology
8.3.1 Data Category Modelling and Standardization in ISOcat
8.3.2 The General Ontology of Linguistic Description (GOLD)
8.3.3 Transition to the CLARIN Concept Registry and DatCatInfo
8.4 Application-Specific Terminology Repositories
8.4.1 LexInfo: Linguistic Categories for Lexical Resources
8.4.2 OLiA: Ontologies of Linguistic Annotation
8.4.3 Limits of Axiomatization
8.5 Summary and Further Reading
References
Part III Generation and Exploitation
9 Converting Language Resources into Linked Data
9.1 Introduction
9.2 General Methodology for Generating and Publishing LLD
9.3 Specification
9.4 Modelling
9.5 Generation
9.6 Linking
9.7 Publication
9.8 Exploitation
9.9 Guidelines for Particular Types of Language Resources
9.10 Inclusion into the LLOD Cloud
9.11 Summary and Further Reading
References
10 Link Representation and Discovery
10.1 Link Representation
10.1.1 Patterns for Creating Cross-Lingual Links at the Conceptual Level
10.1.2 Cross-Lingual Links at the Linguistic Level
10.2 Link Discovery
10.2.1 Problem Statement
10.2.2 Classification of Matching Techniques
10.2.3 Terminological Similarity
10.2.4 Structural Similarity
10.2.5 Cross-Lingual Linking
10.3 Linking Frameworks
10.4 Summary and Further Reading
References
11 Linked Data-Based NLP Workflows
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Implementing NLP Workflows Using NIF
11.2.1 Implementing a NIF-Compliant POS Tagging Service
11.2.2 Implementing a NIF-Based Dependency Parsing Web Service
11.2.3 Creating NLP Workflows with NIF-Based Services
11.3 Composing NLP Workflows with Teanga
11.3.1 Design and Implementation
11.3.2 Services in Teanga
11.3.3 Building Workflows
11.4 LAPPS Grid
11.5 Summary and Further Reading
References
Part IV Use Cases
12 Applying Linked Data Principles to Linking Multilingual Wordnets
12.1 Princeton WordNet
12.1.1 WordNet RDF
12.2 Global WordNet Interlingual Index
12.2.1 The Global WordNet Grid
12.2.2 Collaborative Interlingual Index
12.2.3 ILI Format
12.2.3.1 GWN LMF
12.2.3.2 GWN JSON
12.2.4 Linking WordNet with Wikipedia
12.3 Summary and Further Reading
References
13 Linguistic Linked Data in Digital Humanities
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Data Models and Vocabularies in DH
13.2.1 The Text Encoding Initiative
13.2.2 Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS)
13.2.3 CIDOC Vocabulary for Describing Object Metadata
13.2.4 The Canonical Text Service Protocol (CTS)
13.3 Case Studies and Applications of LLOD in Digital Humanities
13.3.1 Applying LLOD Methods in Prosopography
13.3.2 Using LLOD Techniques to Reference Geographical Information
13.3.3 Constructing a Database and Dictionary of Maya Hieroglyphic Writing
13.3.4 Facilitating the Study of Ancient Wisdom Literature
13.3.5 Encoding Chauliac\'s Grande Chirurgie with TEI and RDFa
13.4 Summary and Further Reading
References
14 Discovery of Language Resources
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Data Collection
14.2.1 META-SHARE
14.2.2 CLARIN
14.2.3 LRE Map
14.2.4 Linked Open Data Cloud/Datahub.io
14.2.5 Other Repositories
14.2.5.1 European Language Resources Association (ELRA)
14.2.5.2 Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC)
14.2.6 State of Play with Respect to Finding Language Resources on the Web
14.3 Modelling
14.4 Harmonization
14.4.1 Availability
14.4.2 Rights
14.4.3 Usage
14.4.4 Language
14.4.5 Type
14.4.6 Duplicate Detection
14.4.7 Data Completeness and Quality
14.5 Publishing Linghub with Yuzu
14.6 Summary
References
Part V Conclusions
15 Conclusion
A Selected Prefix Declarations