دانلود کتاب Medicinal Herbs and Fungi: Neurotoxicity vs. Neuroprotection

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Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Mitosis Inhibitors and Medicinal Plants: Neurotoxicity and Neuroprotection
1 Introduction
2 Peripheral Neurotoxicity of Mitosis lnhibitors
2.1 Tubulin-Binding Agents
2.1.1 Vinca Alkaloids
2.1.2 Taxanes
2.1.3 Eribulin Mesylate
2.1.4 Epothilones
2.2 Platinum Agents
2.3 Proteasome Inhibitors
2.4 Immunomodulatory Drugs (Thalidomide Analogues)
3 Neuroprotection of Medicinal Plants/Phytochemicals and Treatment Alternatives
4 Discussion and Future Perspectives
References
The Neurotrophic and Neuroprotective Potential of Macrofungi
1 Introduction
2 Etiopathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
2.1 Age-Related Alzheimer´s, Parkinson´s, and Meniere´s Diseases
2.2 Autism, Epilepsy, and Depression
3 Neuroprotective and Psychotropic Compounds of Macrofungi
3.1 Polysaccharides
3.2 Terpenoids and Steroids
3.3 Phenolics and Other Compounds
4 Macrofungi as Neuroprotectants
4.1 Hericium erinaceus
4.2 Ganoderma Species
4.3 Pleurotus Species
4.4 Trametes (= Coriolus) Species
4.5 Amanita Species
4.6 Agaricus blazei (= Agaricus subrufescens)
4.7 Grifola frondosa
4.8 Other Mushroom Species as Potential Neuroprotectants
5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Andrographolide, a Diterpene from Andrographis paniculata, and its Influence on the Progression of Neurodegenerative Disorders
1 Introduction
2 Andrographis paniculata and Andrographolide
3 Influence of Andrographis paniculata and Andrographolide on Neurodegenerative Diseases
3.1 Alzheimer´s Disease
3.1.1 Inhibition of Glial-Mediated Inflammation
3.1.2 Effect of Andro on GSK-3β activity and Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway
3.1.3 Inhibition of mTOR Pathway
3.1.4 Upregulation of Nrf-2-Related Molecules
3.2 Parkinson´s Disease
3.3 Ischemic Brain Injury
3.3.1 Blockage of Calcium Channel
3.3.2 Anti-Oxidative Molecules in CEC and Anti-Oxidation of Neuron Cells
3.3.3 Anti-Inflammation in CEC and Glial Cells
3.4 Multiple Sclerosis
3.5 Traumatic Brain Injury
3.6 Antidepressant-like Property of Andrographolide
3.7 Analgesic Property of Andrographolide
3.8 Influence of Andrographolide on Angiogenesis and Stem Cell Infiltration during Neurodegeneration
4 Conclusions
References
Ginseng: A Boon or a Curse to Neurodegenerative Diseases
1 Introduction
2 Pharmacokinetics
3 Effects of Ginseng on the CNS
3.1 Neuroprotective Effects of Ginseng on Alzheimer´s Disease
3.2 Effect of Ginseng on Cognition
3.3 Effect of Ginseng on Amyloid and tau Pathology
3.4 Effect of Ginseng on Neurotransmission
3.5 Effect of Ginseng on Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation
4 Ginseng in Parkinson´s Disease
5 Ginseng in Huntington´s Disease
6 Other Neurodegenerative Diseases
7 Adverse Effects and Toxicity of Ginseng
8 Conclusion
References
Insights into Mechanisms and Models for Studying Neurological Adverse Events Mediated by Pharmacokinetic Interactions between ...
1 Introduction
1.1 Illicit Substances of Herbal/Fungal Origin
1.2 Mechanisms of Adverse Pharmacokinetic Interactions
2 Neurological and Related Adverse Events Associated with Pharmacokinetics-Based Interactions between Illicit Substances of He...
2.1 Ayahuasca
2.2 Cannabis (Marijuana)
2.3 Cocaine (Benzoylmethylecgonine)
2.4 Khat
2.5 Kratom
2.6 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
2.7 Mescaline
2.8 N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
2.9 Psilocybin
2.10 Salvia
3 Insights into Novel Mechanisms of Pharmacokinetics-Based Interactions
3.1 Xenobiotic Receptors
3.2 Sites of Pharmacokinetics-Based Interactions
3.3 Xenobiotic Receptors, Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes, and Drug Transporters in the Brain and Blood-Brain Barrier
3.4 Disruption of Endobiotic Homeostasis
4 Insights into In Vivo, In Vitro, and In Silico Models for Studying Pharmacokinetic Interactions
4.1 In Vivo Models
4.2 In Vitro Models
4.3 In Silico Models
References
Cannabis-Induced Neuroactivity: Research Trends and Commercial Prospects
1 Introduction
2 Botanical Aspects
3 Chemical Aspects: Origin of Psychoactivity of Cannabis
3.1 Cannabinoids
3.2 Why THC Is Psychoactive and CBD Is Nonpsychoactive?
3.3 Cannabinoids and Endocannabinoid System
4 Neurotransmission and Endocannabinoids
4.1 Cannabinoid Receptors (CB1 and CB2) in the Human Body
4.2 Endocannabinoids (Anandamide and 2-AG) and their Functions
4.3 THC: A Natural Mimic of Endocannabinoid Agonist (Anandamide)
4.4 THC Oxidation and Metabolism in Human System
4.4.1 Inhalation Versus Ingestion
5 Modern Research on the Cannabinoids-Induced Neuroprotection and Neurotoxicity
5.1 Neuroprotection
5.2 Neurotoxicity
6 Cannabis in Traditional Indian Medical System in Modern Scientific Perspective
7 Trends of Scientific Publications, Patenting, and Commercial Aspects of Cannabis
7.1 Scientific Publications
7.2 Patents
7.3 Commercial Prospects
8 Conclusions
References
Neurotoxicity of Polyherbal Formulations: Challenges and Potential Solutions
1 Introduction
2 Polyherbal Formulations
3 Toxicity of Polyherbal Formulation
4 Neurotoxicity of the Polyherbal Formulations
5 Neurotoxicity Tests for the Polyherbal Formulations
5.1 In Vitro Neurotoxicity Tests
5.2 Cytotoxicity Tests
5.3 Histopathological Tests
5.4 Biochemical Tests
5.5 Molecular Biology Tests
6 Animal Models for Neurotoxicity Tests
7 Future Perspective and Conclusion
References
Balancing the Neuroprotective Versus Neurotoxic Effects of Cannabis
1 Introduction
1.1 Components of Cannabis
1.2 Medicinal Uses of Cannabis
1.3 Adverse Effects of Cannabinoids
2 Endocannabinoid Signaling System
2.1 Cannabinoid Receptors in Brain
2.1.1 CB1
2.1.2 CB2
2.2 Endocannabinoid-Mediated Synaptic Transmission-Mechanism of Signaling
2.3 Endocannabinoid Mediated Long-Term Plasticity
2.4 Endocannabinoid-Mediated Short-Term Plasticity
2.5 Endocannabinoid Signaling in Astrocytes
2.6 Endocannabinoid-Mediated Non-Retrograde Signaling
3 Endogenous Ligands, Natural and Synthetic Compounds Acting on Cb Receptors
3.1 Endogenous Ligands that Act upon Endocannabinoids
3.1.1 Arachidonoylethanolamine (Anandamide, Aea) and 2-AG
3.2 Natural and Synthetic Cannabinoids and their Therapeutic Applications
3.2.1 Synthetic Cannabinoids
3.2.2 Natural Cannabinoids
4 Neuroprotective Effects of Cannabis
4.1 Alzheimer´s Disease
4.2 Parkinson´s Disease (PD)
4.3 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
4.4 Huntington Disease (HD)
4.5 Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
4.6 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
5 Neurotoxic Effects of Cannabis
6 Current Treatments and Future of Cannabis Pharmacology
References
Alpha-Synuclein: Biomarker for Parkinson´s Disease, It´s Estimation Methods, and Targeted Medicinal Therapies
1 Introduction
2 Structure and Functions of α-Synuclein
3 Pathways Implicated in α-Synuclein Neurotoxicity
4 Alpha-Synuclein as a Diagnostic Biomarker in Parkinson´s Disease
4.1 Measurement of α-Synuclein in Peripheral Tissues and Body Fluids
5 Methods for Estimation of α-Synuclein
5.1 Measurement of α-Synuclein in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid
5.1.1 Assay Procedure
5.1.2 Dot Blot
5.2 Measurement of α-Synuclein in Human Plasma
5.2.1 Preparation Method
5.2.2 Detection Method
5.3 Measurement of α-Synuclein in Saliva
5.3.1 Saliva Sample Collection and Preparation
5.3.2 Western Blot
5.3.3 Luminex Assay
5.3.4 Electron Microscopy
5.4 Immunohistochemistry
5.5 Thioflavin T Fluorescence Assay
5.5.1 Purification of Acetylated α-Synuclein
5.5.2 Sample Preparation Method
6 Alpha-Synuclein as a Therapeutic Target
6.1 Medicinal Plants Targeting α-Synuclein Cascade and Neurotoxicity
6.2 Phytochemicals Targeting α-Synuclein Assembly and Neurotoxicity
6.3 Experimental Models Used for Targeting α-Synuclein Toxicity in Drug Screening
7 Conclusions
References
Screening of Herbal Medicines for Neurotoxicity: Principles and Methods
1 Introduction
2 Causes of Neurotoxicity
3 Intrinsic Neurotoxicity of Herbal Medicines
4 Heavy Metal Contaminants
5 Organic Contaminants
6 Goals of Neurotoxicity Assessments
7 Neurotoxicity Assessment Methods
7.1 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS)
7.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
7.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) or Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
8 In Vitro Models of Neurotoxicity Assessments
8.1 Lund Human Mesencephalic (LUHMES) Cell Line
8.2 Primary Neurons Cell Lines
8.3 Primary Cultured Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons (MDNs)
8.4 Neuroblastoma Cell Line
8.5 Rat Pheochromocytoma Cell Line (PC12)
9 In Vivo Procedures of Neurotoxicity Assessments
10 Behavioral Assessment
11 Functional Observation Battery (FOB) Test
12 Motor Activity Tests
13 Herbal Toxicokinetics
14 Developmental Neurotoxicity (DNT) Testing
15 Challenges in Assessment of Herbal Medicines
16 Conclusions
References
Plants with Phytomolecules Recognized by Receptors in the Central Nervous System
1 History of the Uses of Plants with Phytomolecules Recognized by Receptors in the Central Nervous System
1.1 Plants Having Stimulating Effects
1.1.1 Camellia sinensis
1.1.2 Coffee arabica
1.1.3 Theobroma cacao
1.1.4 Cola nitida
1.1.5 Paulinia cupana
1.1.6 Ephedra sinica
1.1.7 Catha edulis
1.1.8 Erythroxylum coca
1.1.9 Nicontiana tabacum
1.1.10 Lobelia inflata
1.1.11 Areca catechu
1.2 Plants Used as Tranquilizers and Sedatives
1.2.1 Valeriana officinalis
1.2.2 Piper methysticum
1.3 Plants as Pain Killers
1.3.1 Papaver somniferum
1.3.2 Cannabis sativa
2 Mode of Action of Phytomolecules in the Nervous System
2.1 Plants Containing Methylxanthines
2.2 Plants Containing Nicotine and Nicotine-Like Compounds
2.3 Plants Containing Alkaloids
2.4 Plants Producing Lactone and Sesquiterpenoid Compounds
2.5 Plants Producing Phytocannabinoids
3 Conclusions and Prospects
References
Reserpine-Induced Depression and Other Neurotoxicity: A Monoaminergic Hypothesis
1 Introduction
2 Depression and the Monoamine Depletion Hypothesis
2.1 Monoamine Depletion Hypothesis of Depression
2.2 Serotonergic System in Depression
2.3 Adrenergic System in Depression
2.4 Dopaminergic System in Depression
2.5 Limitations of Monoamine Depletion Hypothesis
3 Reserpine
3.1 Chemical Composition
3.2 Pharmacology
3.3 Mechanism of Action
3.4 Indications
4 Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
5 Drug Interaction
6 Other Biological Properties
7 Conclusion
References
Traditional Medicinal Plants of Sri Lanka and Their Derivatives of Benefit to the Nervous System
1 Introduction
1.1 Phytochemicals and the Nervous System
2 Neurological Disorders and Herbal Treatments
2.1 Alzheimer´s and Dementia Treatment
2.2 Anxiolytic and Antidepressant
2.3 Anti-Cataleptic and Anti-Parkinson´s Activities
2.3.1 Anti-Cataleptic Activity
2.3.2 Anti-Parkinson´s Activity
2.4 Anti-Stress
2.5 CNS Stimulants and Cognition Enhancement
2.6 Synaptogenesis, Dendritic Growth, and Axonal Regeneration
2.7 Neuroprotection, Antioxidants, and Immune Modulation
3 Traditional Foods of Benefit to the Nervous System
4 Conclusions
References
Ameliorative Effects of Shodhana (Purification) Procedures on Neurotoxicity Caused by Ayurvedic Drugs of Mineral and Herbal Or...
1 Introduction
2 Concept of Shodhana (Purification) in Ayurveda
2.1 Samanya Shodhana (Common Detoxification Procedure)
2.2 Vishesha Shodhana (Specific Detoxification Procedure)
2.2.1 Achushana (Absorption)
2.2.2 Bharjana (Frying or Roasting)
2.2.3 Bhavana (Levigation)
2.2.4 Nimajjana (Dipping)
2.2.5 Parishravana (Straining)
2.2.6 Prakshalana (Washing)
2.2.7 Prithakikarana (Separation)
2.2.8 Swedana (Boiling Under a Liquid Bath)
3 Neurotoxic Effect of Medicinal Plants of E1 Schedule
3.1 Gunja (A. precatorius Linn. (Seed))
3.2 Shringivisha (A. chasmanthum Stapf. Ex Holmes) and Vatsanabha (A. ferox Wall, ex Ser)
3.3 Bhanga (C. sativa Linn. (Except Seeds))
3.4 Dhatura (Datura metel Linn.)
3.5 Langali (G. superba Linn.)
3.6 Ahiphena (P. somniferum Linn. (Except Seeds))
3.7 Kuchala (Stychnos nux vomica Linn)
4 Reported Literature on the Effect of Shodhana on Poisonous Plants of E1 Schedule
4.1 Gunja (A. precatorius Linn. (Seed Coat))
4.2 Vatsanabha (A. ferox Wall, ex Ser)
4.3 Bhanga (C. sativa Linn. (Except Seeds))
4.4 Dhatura (Datura metal Linn.)
4.5 Langali (G. superba Linn.)
4.6 Kuchala (Stychnos nux vomica Linn.)
5 Neurotoxic Effect of Drugs of Mineral Origin Described in E1 Schedule
5.1 Arsenic
5.2 Mercury
5.3 Lead
5.4 Copper
6 Reported Literature on the Effect of Traditional Processing on Drugs of Mineral Origin Resulting in the Preparation of Bhasm...
6.1 Herbo-Mineral Formulations Containing Arsenic
6.2 Tamra Bhasma (Incinerated Copper)
6.3 Herbo-Mineral Formulations Containing Mercury
6.4 Naga Bhasma (Incinerated Lead)
7 Plants as Antidotes of Heavy Metals
8 Conclusions
References
St. John´s Wort: A Therapeutic Herb to Be Cautioned for Its Potential Neurotoxic Effects and Major Drug Interactions
1 Introduction
2 Chemical Constituents of St. John´s Wort (H. perforatum)
3 Pharmacodynamic Effects in the Central Nervous System
4 Other Indications
4.1 Antibacterial and Antiviral Effects
4.2 Anticancer Effects
4.3 Anti-Inflammatory and Pain Effects
4.4 Antioxidant Activity
5 Adverse Drug Effects
5.1 Adverse Drug Effects in the Central Nervous System
6 Drug Interactions
6.1 Anticoagulants
6.2 Oral Contraceptives
6.3 Antiviral (Anti-HIV) Drugs
6.4 Immunosuppressants
6.5 Statins
6.6 Beta-Adrenergic and Calcium Blockers
6.7 Antidepressants
6.8 Benzodiazepines
7 Future Recommendations for Prophylactic and Therapeutic Use
References
Neurotoxic Potential of Alkaloids from Thorn Apple (Datura stramonium L.): A Commonly Used Indian Folk Medicinal Herb
1 Introduction
2 Vernacular Names of D. stramonium L
3 Geographical Distribution
4 Ethnopharmacological Importance
5 Phytochemistry
6 Neurotoxic Properties of D. stramonium L
6.1 Mode of Action and Clinical Presentation
6.1.1 Mydriasis
6.1.2 Direct Ocular Exposure
6.1.3 Tachycardia
6.2 Reported Cases of Datura Poisoning
6.3 Diagnosis of Datura Poisoning
6.4 Management of Datura Poisoning
7 Pharmacological Properties of Datura Species
8 Conclusions
References
Medicinal Plants in Uganda as Potential Therapeutics against Neurological Disorders
1 Introduction
2 Methods
3 Categorization, Incidence, and the Burden of Neurological Disorders
4 Modes of Diagnosis and Management of Neurological Disorders
5 Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants for Neurological Disorders
6 Role of Traditional Healers in Neurological Disorders Healthcare
7 Ethnopharmacological Knowledge on Neurological Disorders
8 Plants Species Used for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders in Uganda
9 Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activity of Plant Species
10 Conclusions
References
Ayurvedic Ideology on Rasapanchak-Based Cognitive Drug Intervention
1 Introduction
2 Reported Cognition-Related Activities of Medicinal Plants Entitled as Medhya in Bhavprakash Nighantu
2.1 Bacopa monnierri (Brahmi)
2.2 A. calamus (Vacha)
2.3 Argyreia speciosa (Vriddhadaru)
2.4 Benincasa hispida (Kushmanda)
2.5 Boerhaavia diffusa (Punarnava)
2.6 Celastrus paniculatus (Jyotishmati)
2.7 Centella asiatica (Mandukaparni)
2.8 Convolvulus pluricaulis (Shankhapushpi)
2.9 Desmodium gangeticum (Shalaparni)
2.10 Glycyrrhiza glabra (Yashtimadhu)
2.11 Hedychium spicatum (Shati)
2.12 Nardostachys jatamansi (Jatamansi)
2.13 Terminalia chebula (Haritaki)
2.14 Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi)
2.15 Allium sativum (Rasona)
2.16 Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari)
2.17 Nigella sativa (Upakunchika)
2.18 Clitorea ternatea (Aparajita)
2.19 Cuminum cyminum (Jeera)
2.20 Aurum (Gold)
2.21 Hordeum vulgare (Yava)
2.22 Piper longum (Pippali)
2.23 Punica granatum (Dadima)
2.24 Semecarpus anacardium (Bhallataka)
2.25 Sphaeranthus indicus (Mundi)
3 Discussion
4 Pharmacological Action Through Ayurvedic Perspective
5 Conclusions
References
Neurotoxic Medicinal Plants of Indian Himalayan Regions: An Overview
1 Introduction
2 Mechanism of Neurotoxicity
3 Neurotoxic Plants
3.1 Aconitum chasmanthum
3.2 Acorus calamus
3.3 Abrus precatorius
3.4 Melia azedarach
3.5 Cannabis sativa
3.6 Datura stramonium
3.7 Gloriosa superba
3.8 Catharanthus roseus
3.9 Podophyllum hexandrum
3.10 Ricinus communis
3.11 Lathyrus sativus
3.12 Mandragora officinalis
3.13 Conium maculatum
3.14 Ipomea carnea
4 Case Studies: Neurotoxins of Medicinal Plants
4.1 Colchicine Poisoning
4.2 Hemlock Poisoning
4.3 Abrin Poisoning
4.4 Aconitine Poisoning
4.5 Scopolamine Poisoning
5 Conclusions
References
Neuroprotective Effects of Portulaca oleracea and Portulaca quadrifida Linn
1 Introduction
2 Active Constituents of P. oleracea and P. quadrifida Plants
3 Neuroprotective Activity of Two Portulaca Species
4 Other Therapeutic Effects of Two Portulaca Species
4.1 Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties
4.2 Antibacterial
4.3 Antioxidant
4.4 Protection Against Cardiovascular Diseases
4.5 Hepatoprotective Activity
4.6 Anthelmintic Activity
4.7 Antifungal and Antimicrobial Activity
5 Safety Aspects
6 Conclusions
References