دانلود کتاب Microbiota in Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology: Implications for Human Health, Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Dysbiosis Martin H. Floch, Yehuda Ringel, W. Allen Walker (eds.)

فهرست مطالب :

Cover
Title page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
About the Editors
Introduction
References
Part A - The Microbiota of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Chapter 1 - The Upper Gastrointestinal Tract—Esophagus and Stomach
Introduction
The human microbiome projects
Methods for microbial analysis and advances in sequencing technology
Advances in microbiome research in the proximal versus distal gut
The esophageal microbiome
The microbiome in esophageal diseases
Helicobacter pylori infection and its effect on the esophagus
The gastric microbiome
Impact of Helicobacter pylori infection on the composition of gastric microbiota
Cofactors in the development of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric adenocarcinoma
Therapeutic interventions and their effect on the gastric physiology and microbiome
ConclusionS and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 - Characterizing and Functionally Defining the Gut Microbiota: Methodology and Implications
Introduction
Microbial niches of the intestines
The 16S rRNA gene
High Throughput Sequencing of the 16S rRNA Gene
The human microbiota in health and disease
Metagenomics of the human microbiome
Metagenomics Versus 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
Transcriptomics and proteomics of the human microbiome
16S rRNA gene sequencing data analysis
Defining microbiota function through gnotobiotics
Gnotobiotics, Enteric Microbes and Host Adiposity
Gnotobiotics can Demonstrate the Functional Impact of Cultured Enteric Microbes
Gnotobiotics, Enteric Microbes and Host Behavior
Integrating metaomic approaches to assess the efficacy of prebiotic and probiotic interventions
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 - Microbiota of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Infancy
Human microbiota
Fetal Microbiota
Development and Colonization of the Microbiota
Factors Influencing the Microbiota
Genetic Factors
Pre- and Antenatal Factors
Cesarean Delivery
Postnatal Factors
Prematurity
Infant Nutrition
Antibiotics
Acid Suppressants
Geographic Factors
Evidence for Association Between the Microbiota and Disease Conditions in Later Life
Immune Dysregulatory Effects
Metabolic Dysfunction
Neurodevelopmental Dysfunction
Manipulation of the Intestinal Microbiota in Early Life
Pre- and Probiotics
Fecal Microbial Transplant
Conclusions
COI statement
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4 - Identification of the Microbiota in the Aging Process
Introduction
Gut microbiota, the hidden and forgotten organ
Age-related gastroenterological changes
Gut microbiota in the elderly
Discrepancies in elderly microbiota
Inflamm-aging
Factors influencing changes in GM in the elderly
Diet
Special problems of the older adult probably related to GM
Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea in the Elderly
GM and Cancer, Chemotherapy-Associated Clinical Problems
Obesity, Type II Diabetes, NAFLD, and Cardiovascular Diseases
Atherogenesis and Lipid Metabolism
Inflammatory bowel disease
Cancers
Colorectal Cancer
Gut Microbiome and Pancreatic Cancer
Alzheimer’s disease
Autoimmune diseases
IBS and gut microbiota
Drug metabolism
Probiotics and prebiotics
Summary, conclusions, projections for the future
References
Part B - Common Organisms and Probiotics
Chapter 5 - Escherichia coli Nissle 1917
Introduction—history
Fitness factors and probiotic mechanisms
Clinical indications and applications (Table 5.2)
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Ulcerative Colitis
Pouchitis
Crohn’s Disease
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Diarrhea
Other Indications
Use of EcN as Delivery Vehicle
Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 - Probiotics of the Acidophilus Group: Lactobacillus acidophilus, delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and johnsonii
Introduction
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Contemporary Clinical Success
Clinical trials of immunomodulation
Clinical trials in digestive diseases
Control of infectious disease
Use in necrotizing enterocolitis
Use in gynecological disorders
Use in hepatic and metabolic disorders
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Contemporary Clinical Success
Lactobacillus johnsonii
Contemporary Clinical Success
Control of Infectious Disease and Immunological Disorders
Lactobacillus johnsonii-Induced Influences on Dermatological Health
Summary
References
Chapter 7 - Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG
History
Bacteriology
Antimicrobial susceptibility
Molecular basis of LGG–host interactions
Gene expression pattern in small bowel
Potential safety concerns
Clinical uses of LGG
Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea
Infectious Diarrhea
Obesity
Respiratory Benefits
Immune Regulation
Atopic Diseases
Functional Abdominal Pain and IBS
Summary
References
Chapter 8 - Lactobacillus reuteri
History
Lactobacillus reuteri strains used in human trials, animal models, and in vitro studies
Phylogeny and ecology of Lactobacillus reuteri
Probiotic properties and mechanisms of action
Reuterin
Reutericyclin
Vitamins
Immunomodulation
Use of Lactobacillus reuteri as a probiotic for the prevention and treatment of human disease
Colic
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Infectious Diseases
Other Inflammatory Diseases
Future directions and applications for Lactobacillus reuteri
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9 - The Use of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus paracasei in Clinical Trials for the Improvement of Human Health
Introduction
Clinical trials employing L. casei and L. paracasei to treat digestives diseases
Control of bacterial infections
The effects of probiotics on immunity
Probiotics in the enhancement of lipid metabolism
Probiotics and cancer prevention
Interventions for depressive disorders
Conclusions
References
Chapter 10 - Beneficial Influences of Lactobacillus plantarum on Human Health and Disease
Introduction
Trials that report the safety of Lactobacillus plantarum as a probiotic
Randomized Trials in Critically Ill Patients
Lactobacillus plantarum–related trials for irritable bowel syndrome
Metaanalysis of clinical trials
Cardiovascular diseases, pancreatic diseases, and respiratory tract infections
Gynecological and iron absorption influences
Lactobacillus plantarum–induced influences on inflammation
Lactobacillus plantarum–induced influences on metabolism
Lactobacillus plantarum–induced influences on dermatological health
Lactobacillus plantarum in Synbiotic Formulations
Conclusions
References
Chapter 11 - Use of Bacillus in Human Intestinal Probiotic Applications
Introduction
Use of Bacillus in food
Advantages of forming endospores
The rise in respectability of Bacillus probiotics
Transient or inhabitant?
Can an endospore former be metabolically active and be an effective probiotic?
Therapeutic outcomes associated with Bacillus probiotics
Future intestinal uses
References
Chapter 12 - Bifidobacteria as Probiotic Organisms: An Introduction
References
Chapter 13 - Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis
Human studies
References
Chapter 14 - Bifidobacterium bifidum
Characterization and laboratory studies
Clinical studies
Safety
References
Chapter 15 - Bifidobacterium breve
Characterization and laboratory studies
Clinical studies
Safety
References
Chapter 16 - Bifidobacterium longum
Characterization and laboratory studies
Clinical studies
Safety
References
Chapter 17 - Bifidobacterium longum spp. infantis
Immunological and physiological effects
Human studies
Conclusions
References
Chapter 18 - Common Organisms and Probiotics: Saccharomyces boulardii
Introduction
History
Taxonomy
Mechanisms of action
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii
Treatment of acute pediatric diarrhea
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
Helicobacter pylori infections
Other diseases
Inflammatory bowel disease
Irritable bowel syndrome
Acute adult diarrheas
Traveler’s diarrhea
Enteral nutrition-related diarrhea
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Clostridium difficile infections
Giardiasis
Human immunodeficiency virus diarrhea
Sepsis
Acne
Hepatic function
Safety of Saccharomyces boulardii
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19 - Common Organisms and Probiotics: Streptococcus thermophilus (Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus)
Introduction
Taxonomy
The shaping of a species by life in milk
The ancestors of Streptococcus thermophilus
Probiotic benefits
The promise of in vitro and animal studies
References
Chapter 20 - Complexities and Pitfalls in the Production of Multispecies Probiotics: The Paradigmatic Case of VSL#3 Formula...
Claims for probiotics are product specific
Composition of probiotic products and characterization of their beneficial effects are crucial
Biosimilars—how similar is similar?
Manufacturing changes can alter product characteristics
The lately marketed product versus the original DS formulation of VSL#3—a comparison of selected parameters
Live Versus Dead Bacteria
Cell Division and Apoptosis Analysis
Conclusions
References
Chapter 21 - The Viruses of the Gut Microbiota
The eukaryotic virome, a component of the gut microbiome
Interplay between gut virome and immune system
Pathogenic viruses of the gut virome: enteropathogenic viruses associated with systemic infections
Gut as a major source of neurotropic viruses, when pathogenesis and shedding is favored by humoral immune deficiency
An uncertain status for ­diet-derived animal viruses
References
Part C - Food Substrates Important to the Microbiota
Chapter 22 - Dietary Fiber, Soluble and Insoluble, Carbohydrates, Fructose, and Lipids
Introduction
High fiber plant-based diets and chronic disease risk
Dietary fiber and undigested carbohydrates
Dietary fiber and carbohydrate fermentation
Gut microbiota and diet link
Plant-based diets and gut microbiota
Gut microbiota and diet-related chronic diseases
TMAO
Type 2 Diabetes
Antibiotics, blood lipids, and gut microbiota
Fructose and the gut
Hyposucrasia
Conclusions
Funding statement
Competing interests
References
Chapter 23 - Prebiotics: Inulin and Other Oligosaccharides
Introduction
Definitions
Measurements
Types
Fructans
Galactooligosaccharides
Candidate Prebiotics
Other Oligosaccharides
β-Glucans
Polyphenols
Conclusions
References
Chapter 24 - The Benefits of Yogurt, Cultures, and Fermentation
General considerations about yogurt, fermented dairy products, and probiotics
Definitions of Yogurt, Fermented Dairy Products, Cultures, and Probiotics
Safety and Survival of LAB Through the Gastrointestinal Tract
Benefits of yogurt and fermented dairy products
Yogurt and nutrient density
Potassium
Calcium and Vitamin D
Protein
Yogurt and a balanced diet
Yogurt and lactose intolerance
Yogurt and weight management
Yogurt, diabetes, and metabolic health
Yogurt, heart health, blood pressure, and hypertension
Yogurt and immune function
Yogurt and digestive function
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
References
Part D - Basic Physiologic Effects of Microbiota
Chapter 25 - Dysbiosis
Introduction
Dysbiosis
Causes of dysbiosis (Table 25.2)
Perinatal causes of dysbiosis
Genetic Causes
Dietary Causes
Disease Causes
Stress Causes
How do we approach dysbiosis in the context of disease?
Summary and conclusions
References
Chapter 26 - Immunologic Response in the Host
Intestinal epithelial cells
Toll-like receptors and intestinal epithelial cells
NOD receptors and intestinal epithelial cells
Immunoregulatory role of intestinal epithelial cells
Transcytosis of immunoglobulin A by intestinal epithelial cells
Antigen presentation in the gut
Role of dendritic cells
Innate lymphoid cells
T cells
Microbial modulation of immune function
Conclusions
References
Chapter 27 - Gastrointestinal Microbiota and the Neural System
Intestinal microbiota
Microbiota and the brain
Enteric nervous system
Microbiota and the ENS
References
Chapter 28 - Effect on the Host Metabolism
Introduction
Gut microbiota functions in host integrity
Gut microbiota dysbiosis impact on host metabolism
Conclusions
References
Chapter 29 - Relationship Between Gut Microbiota, Energy Metabolism, and Obesity
Introduction
The gut microbiota extracts energy from the diet
Regulation of fat storage through production of short-chain fatty acids
Bacterial translocation contributes to obesity and associated disorders through low-grade inflammation
The ANGPTL4 and AMPK pathways are involved in fat storage in germ-free mice
The gut microbiota presents an important hope for future treatment options in obesity
References
Chapter 30 - Taxonomic and Metagenomic Alterations of Microbiota in Bariatric Surgery
Introduction
Technology
Obesity and microbiota
Studies On bariatric surgery and the microbiome
Microbiota and Bariatric Surgery
Animal Studies on Bariatric Surgery
Human Studies
References
Chapter 31 - The Influence of Microbiota on Mechanisms of Bariatric Surgery
The anatomic and physiologic changes that occur after bariatric surgery and how they alter the gut microbiome
Taxonomic And Metagenomic Differences Between “Restriction” And “Malabsorption”
Reduced Gastric Volume and Caloric Restriction
Diet alteration, Choice, and Fermentation
Gastric and Colonic pH
Gut Hormones
Bile Acids
Bariatric Surgery Improves Metabolic Disease and Inflammation by Altering Microbiota Abundances
Akkermansia
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
Post-RYGB Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
VSG and Inflammation
White Adipose Fat
Energy harvest and FXR signaling hypotheses
Lessons learned from Bariatric surgery to create nonsurgical weight loss and metabolic treatments
References
Part E - Management of Disease and Disorders by Prebiotics and Probiotic Therapy
Chapter 32 - Allergic and Immunologic Disorders
Introduction
Gut microbiota
Gut Microbiota and Allergy
Hygiene Hypothesis
Differences in Gut Colonization
Mode of Delivery
Use of Antibiotics
Mode of Feeding
Other Factors
Gut Microbiota and Other Immune-Related Disorders
Microbiota modulation strategies
Probiotics
Prebiotics
Synbiotics
Other Therapies
Clinical efficacy of probiotics/prebiotics
Methodological Issues
Prevention of allergic diseases
Probiotics
Prebiotics
Synbiotics
Current Guidelines
Treatment of allergic diseases
Eczema
Allergic Rhinitis
Asthma
Cow’s Milk Allergy
Synbiotics
Eczema
Type 1 diabetes
Celiac disease
Conclusions
References
Chapter 33 - Probiotics Use in Infectious Disease (Respiratory, Diarrhea, and Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea)
Introduction
Acute respiratory infections
Mechanisms of action
Clinical impact
Prevention
Treatment
Acute infectious diarrhea
Prevention
Healthy Infants and Children in Day Care Centers
Hospital-Acquired Diarrhea
Treatment
Antibiotic-associated and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Conclusions
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 34 - FMT in Clostridium difficile and Other Potential Uses
Introduction
Clostridium difficile
Fecal microbiota transplantation
Donor selection and testing
Preparation of fecal material and delivery
Efficacy of FMT
Mechanism of FMT
Safety of FMT
FMT for other conditions
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Metabolic Disease
Potential Future Indications of FMT for Chronic Illnesses
Conclusions
References
Chapter 35 - Probiotics in the Treatment of Pouchitis
Introduction
Probiotics in pouchitis
Primary Prevention of Pouchitis
Treatment of Active Pouchitis
Maintenance Treatment
Conclusions
References
Chapter 36 - Probiotic Treatment in Crohn’s Disease
Introduction
Rationale for using probiotics in Crohn’s disease
The Microbial-Related Pathogenesis of Crohn’s Disease
Probiotics and Animal Models of IBD
Probiotic agents in the treatment of Crohn’s disease
Induction of Crohn’s Disease Remission
Maintenance of Crohn’s Disease Remission
Maintenance of Medically Induced Remission
Maintenance of Surgically Induced Remission
Conclusions
References
Chapter 37 - Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Ulcerative Colitis
Introduction
Probiotics
Active ulcerative colitis
Escherichia coli Nissle 1917
VSL#3
BIO-THREE
Saccharomyces boulardii
BIFICO (Bifid Triple Viable Capsule)
Lactobacillus reuteri
Maintenance of ulcerative colitis
VSL#3
Escherichia coli (Nissle 1917)
Lactobacillus GG
Dual Probiotic Therapies
Prebiotics
Synbiotics
Fecal Microbiota Therapy
Conclusions
References
Chapter 38 - Treatment of Functional Bowel Disorders With Prebiotics and Probiotics
Functional bowel disorders—definitions, epidemiology, and clinical conditions
The Intestinal Microbiota in Functional Bowel Disorders
Prebiotics in Functional Bowel Disorders
Probiotics in Functional Bowel Disorders
Clinical Effects of Probiotics in IBS
Clinical Effect of Probiotics in Other (Non-IBS) FBDs
Conclusions and clinical implications of current data
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 39 - Celiac Disease, the Microbiome, and Probiotics
Introduction
Microbiota and celiac disease
Gluten-free diet and microbiome
CD genetics and microbiome
Prebiotics and CD
Probiotics and CD
Conclusions
References
Chapter 40 - Probiotics for the Treatment of Liver Disease
Dysbiosis and liver disease
Cirrhosis
Alcohol
NASH
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
PSC
Probiotics and liver disease
NAFLD
Alcoholic Liver Disease
Cirrhosis
Bacterial Translocation
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Postliver Transplant
Other
Conclusion and probiotics in clinical practice
References
Chapter 41 - The Prevention and Treatment of Radiation and Chemotherapy-Induced Intestinal Mucositis
Mucositis pathophysiology and the clinical problem
Rationale for using probiotics
Probiotics and intestinal cytoprotection in humans
Limitations of available clinical data and proposals for future studies
Prebiotics and the prevention of GI toxicity in radiotherapy
Chemotherapy and gut microbiota
Influence on probiotics on cancer therapeutics
Summary
References
Chapter 42 - The Role of the Brain–Gut–Microbiome in Mental Health and Mental Disorders
Components of the brain–gut axis
Examples of microbiome actions on the superorganism
Examples of human brain effects on the microbiome
Role of the gut–brain axis in specific disease states
Mood disorders
Autism
Schizophrenia
The behavioral effects of toxoplasmosis
References
Chapter 43 - Management of Disease and Disorders by Prebiotics and Probiotic Therapy: Probiotics in Bacterial Vaginosis
Introduction
Bacterial vaginosis
Rationale for using probiotics in bacterial vaginosis
Clinical trials on probiotics use in bacterial vaginosis
Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis Using Only Probiotics
Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis Using Probiotics as Adjuvant Therapy
Formulations of probiotic bacteria for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis
Conclusions
References
Index
Back cover
Copyright
Title Page
Dedication
Contents
Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you?
Chapter 2: Renegade perception
Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting
Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe
Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’
Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit
Chapter 7: War on your mind
Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity
Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it?
Chapter 10: Human 2.0
Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult?
Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko
Postscript
Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation
Bibliography
Index