دانلود کتاب My Revision Notes: OCR as Biology a

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Cover......Page 1
Book title......Page 2
Contents......Page 5
What are practical skills?......Page 8
Practical skills assessed in a written examination......Page 9
Microscopes and images......Page 17
Cells......Page 18
Water......Page 24
Monomers and polymers......Page 25
The chemical elements that make up biological molecules......Page 26
The key inorganic ions involved in biological processes......Page 33
Testing for the presence of biological molecules......Page 34
The structure of nucleotides and nucleic acids......Page 37
The nature of the genetic code......Page 39
The synthesis of polypeptides......Page 40
The mechanism of enzyme action......Page 43
Effects of conditions on enzymes......Page 45
Practical investigations......Page 46
Enzyme-controlled reactions......Page 47
Roles of membranes in cells......Page 50
The movement of molecules across membranes......Page 52
Water potential and osmosis......Page 54
Mitosis......Page 56
Meiosis......Page 57
Cell specialisation in multicellular organisms......Page 60
Tissues, organs and organ systems......Page 61
The features and differentiation of stem cells......Page 62
The need for specialised exchange surfaces......Page 65
Efficient exchange surfaces......Page 66
Ventilation and gaseous exchange in mammals......Page 67
Ventilation and gaseous exchange in bony fish and insects......Page 70
Different types of circulatory systems......Page 73
The structure and functions of blood vessels......Page 74
Blood, tissue fluid and lymph......Page 75
The mammalian heart......Page 77
The role of haemoglobin in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide......Page 81
The structure and function of the vascular system......Page 84
The process of transpiration......Page 86
The transport of water......Page 87
Adaptations of plants to the availability of water......Page 89
The mechanism of translocation......Page 90
Pathogens and their transmission......Page 92
The structure and general functions of antibodies......Page 97
The principles of vaccination......Page 98
Benefits and risks of antibiotics......Page 99
The levels of biodiversity......Page 101
Species richness and species evenness......Page 102
Simpson’s Index of Diversity......Page 103
Genetic biodiversity......Page 104
Maintaining biodiversity......Page 105
The features used to classify organisms......Page 109
The evidence for the theory of evolution by natural selection......Page 111
Different types of variation......Page 112
Adaptations of organisms to their environment......Page 114
The implications of evolution for humans......Page 115
Now test yourself answers......Page 117