دانلود کتاب Orthopedic Nuclear Medicine

فهرست مطالب :

Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the Third Edition
Acknowledgment
Contents
1: Basic Sciences of Bone and Joint Diseases
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Anatomy and Physiology of Bone
1.2.1 Bone Development
1.2.1.1 Growth Plate Development
1.2.2 Bone Anatomy
1.2.2.1 General Structural Features
Gross Level
Tissue Level
Cellular Level
Molecular Level
1.2.2.2 Blood Supply of Bone
1.2.2.3 Features of Individual Bones
1.2.3 Bone Physiology
1.2.3.1 Bone Function
1.2.3.2 Bone Metabolism
1.3 Anatomy and Physiology of Bone Marrow
1.4 Anatomy and Physiology of Joints
1.5 Spectrum of Bone and Joint Disease
1.6 Modalities for Imaging Bone and Joint Diseases
1.7 Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Diseases by Nuclear Medicine Techniques
1.8 Technical Considerations
1.8.1 Pre-imaging Considerations
1.8.1.1 Bone Imaging Radiopharmaceuticals
Common Diphosphonate Radiopharmaceuticals
Proper Utilization of Tc-99 m Diphosphonates
Amount of Administered Activity
F-18 Sodium Fluoride
1.8.1.2 Patient Preparation
1.8.1.3 Patient History and Examination
1.8.1.4 Time of Imaging After Injection of Bone-Seeking Radiopharmaceuticals
Tc99m Diphosphonates
Fluorine-18 Sodium
1.8.2 Imaging Considerations
1.8.2.1 Instrumentation
1.8.2.2 Positioning
1.8.2.3 Acquisition
Tc99m Diphosphonates
1.8.3 Post-imaging Considerations
1.8.4 Sources of Diagnostic Errors
1.8.4.1 Factors Related to History and Physical Examination
1.8.4.2 Factors Related to the Patient
1.8.4.3 Factors Related to Radiopharmaceuticals
1.8.4.4 Factors Related to Technique
1.8.4.5 Factors Related to Interpretation
References
2: Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bone Diseases
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Pathophysiology
2.2.1 Inflammation
2.2.1.1 Definition
2.2.1.2 Classification
2.2.1.3 General Pathophysiological Features
Vascular Changes
Cellular Changes
2.2.1.4 Healing
2.2.1.5 Inflammation in Cancer Patients
2.2.2 Skeletal Infections
2.2.2.1 Definitions
2.2.2.2 Classification
2.2.2.3 General Pathophysiological Features
2.2.2.4 Pathophysiological Features of Specific Forms
Chronic Osteomyelitis
Vertebral Osteomyelitis (Spondylodiscitis)
Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis
Sickle Cell Disease Osteomyelitis
Periprosthetic Infections
Post-traumatic Osteomyelitis
Pathophysiology of Infectious Arthritis
2.3 Imaging Skeletal Infections
2.3.1 The Need for Diagnostic Imaging
2.3.2 Imaging Modalities for Skeletal Infections
2.4 Diagnosis of Skeletal Infection by Imaging
2.4.1 Diagnosis Using Morphologic Imaging Modalities
2.4.1.1 Standard Radiographs
2.4.1.2 Ultrasonography
2.4.1.3 Computed Tomography
2.4.1.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
2.4.2 Diagnosis by Scintigraphic Methods
2.4.2.1 Radiopharmaceuticals for Infection Imaging
2.4.2.2 Bone Scanning
2.4.2.3 Gallium-67 Citrate Imaging
2.4.2.4 Labeled Leukocyte Imaging
2.4.2.5 Immunoscintigraphy
2.4.2.6 Positron Emission Tomography Imaging
2.4.3 Imaging Using Combined Modalities
2.5 Diagnosis of Specific Forms of Skeletal Infections
2.5.1 Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis
2.5.2 Vertebral Osteomyelitis (Spondylodiscitis)
2.5.3 Chronic Active Osteomyelitis
2.5.4 Periprosthetic Infection
2.5.5 Imaging of Posttraumatic Osteomyelitis
2.5.6 Osteomyelitis in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease
2.5.7 Neonatal Osteomyelitis
2.5.8 Osteomyelitis After Intraosseous Cannulation
2.5.9 Emphysematous osteomyelitis
2.5.10 Epiphyseal Osteomyelitis
2.5.11 Imaging of Infectious Arthritis
2.5.12 Imaging of Malignant Otitis Externa
2.6 Follow-Up of Response to Therapy
2.7 Differentiating Infection from Tumors
2.8 Imaging of Noninfectious Skeletal Inflammation and Inflammatory-Like Conditions
2.8.1 Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis
2.8.1.1 Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis
2.8.1.2 Chronic Sclerosing Osteomyelitis
2.8.2 Osteitis Condensans Ilii
2.8.3 Osteitis Pubis
2.8.4 Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis (Caffey–Silverman Disease) (See also Chap. 3)
2.8.5 Plantar Fasciosis (Plantar fasciitis)
2.8.6 Transient Synovitis
2.8.7 Sternoclavicular Hyperostosis
2.9 Osteitis Condensans of the Clavicle
2.9.1 Scintigraphic Patterns of Skeletal Manifestations of Poliomyelitis
References
3: Diagnosis of Metabolic, Endocrine, and Congenital Bone Disease
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Paget’s Disease (Osteitis Deformans)
3.3 Osteoporosis
3.4 Osteomalacia and Rickets
3.5 Hyperparathyroidism
3.6 Renal Osteodystrophy
3.7 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome I (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy)
3.8 Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy
3.9 Fibrous Dysplasia
3.10 Other Metabolic and Endocrine Conditions
3.10.1 Hypothyroidism
3.10.2 Hyperthyroidism
3.10.3 Fluoride Toxicity
3.10.4 Aluminum Toxicity
3.10.5 Hypervitaminosis A
3.11 Osteopetrosis
3.12 Medullary Diaphyseal Sclerosis (Medullary Diaphyseal Stenosis or Hardcastle Syndrome)
3.13 Gorlin’s Syndrome
3.14 Progressive Diaphyseal Dysplasia (Camurati–Engelmann Disease)
3.15 Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis (Caffey–Silverman Syndrome)
3.16 Mandibular Condylar Hyperplasia
3.17 Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna
References
4: Diagnosis of Traumatic Disorders
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Pathophysiology
4.2.1 Acute Fractures
4.2.2 Overuse Injuries
4.2.2.1 Stress Fractures
4.2.2.2 Load Stress
4.2.2.3 Spondylolysis
4.2.2.4 Spondylolisthesis
4.3 Fracture Healing
4.4 Trauma to Bone-Adjacent Structures
4.5 Scintigraphic Diagnosis of Acute Fractures
4.5.1 Role of Scintigraphy in Acute Fracture
4.5.2 Scintigraphic Appearance of Acute Fractures
4.5.3 Scintigraphic Imaging of Specific Fractures
4.5.3.1 Rib and Sternal Fractures
4.5.3.2 Scaphoid Bone Fractures
4.5.3.3 Lisfranc Fracture and Other Feet Fractures
4.5.3.4 Pediatric Fractures and Traumatic Injuries
Growth Plate Injuries
Toddler’s Fracture
Tarsal Coalition
Battered Child Syndrome
Scheuermann’s Disease
Osteochondritis Dissecans (Transchondral Fractures)
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Osgood–Schlatter Disease (Tibial Tuberosity Avulsion Injury) (See Also Chap. 5)
4.6 Scintigraphic Diagnosis of Stress Fractures
4.6.1 Role of Scintigraphy in Stress Fractures
4.6.2 Scintigraphic Appearance of Stress Fractures
4.6.3 Scintigraphic Diagnosis of Specific Stress Fractures
4.6.3.1 Stress Fractures of the Feet
4.6.3.2 Stress Fractures of the Ribs
4.6.3.3 Stress Fractures of the Tibia
4.6.3.4 Stress Fractures of the Femur
4.6.3.5 Pelvic Fractures
4.6.3.6 Vertebral Fractures
4.6.3.7 Schmorl’s Node
4.6.3.8 Patellofemoral Stress Syndrome
4.7 Scintigraphic Evaluation of Fracture and Bone Graft Healing
4.7.1 Evaluation of Fracture Healing
4.7.2 Evaluation of Bone Graft Viability
4.7.3 Evaluation of Metallic Implants for Removal
4.8 Scintigraphic Diagnosis of Injuries to Bone-Adjacent Structures
4.8.1 Avulsion Injury
4.8.2 Skeletal Muscle Injury
4.8.3 Post-Traumatic Soft Tissue Calcification
4.8.4 Meniscal and Ligament Tears
4.8.5 Enthesopathies (See Also Chap. 7)
4.8.6 Impingement Syndromes
References
5: Diagnosis of Circulatory Disorders
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Pathophysiology
5.3 General Scintigraphic Features and Staging
5.4 Distinctive Forms of Osteonecrosis
5.4.1 Post-Traumatic Osteonecrosis
5.4.2 Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head in Children (Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease)
5.4.3 Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head in Adults
5.4.3.1 Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head in Adults
5.4.4 Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Knee
5.4.4.1 Stage I
5.4.4.2 Stage II
5.4.4.3 Stage III
5.4.4.4 Stage IV
5.4.5 Multifocal Osteonecrosis
5.4.6 Sickle Cell Disease Osteonecrosis
5.4.7 Dysbaric Osteonecrosis
5.4.8 Osteochondroses Featuring Osteonecrosis
5.4.8.1 Freiberg’s Disease
5.4.8.2 Kohler’s Disease
5.4.8.3 Osgood-Schlatter Disease (See Also Chap. 4)
References
6: Neoplastic Bone Diseases
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Pathophysiology
6.2.1 Primary Bone Tumors
6.2.1.1 Osteogenic Tumors
6.2.1.2 Chondrogenic Tumors
6.2.1.3 Collagenic Tumors
6.2.1.4 Myelogenic Tumors
6.2.1.5 Other Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
6.2.2 Metastatic Bone Disease
6.2.2.1 Definition
6.2.2.2 Methods of Tumor Cell Transport
Lymphatic Spread
Hematogenous Spread
Intraspinal Spread
6.2.2.3 Bone Response to Metastases
6.2.2.4 Distribution of Bone Metastasis
6.2.2.5 Classification of Bone Metastases
6.2.2.6 Sources of Bone Metastases
6.2.2.7 Sequelae of Skeletal Metastases
Local Consequences
Bone Destruction
Pathological Fractures
Periosteal New Bone Formation
Soft Tissue Extension
Bone Expansion
Generalized or Metabolic Consequences
Malignant Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Oncogenic Osteomalacia
6.3 Imaging of Primary Bone Tumors
6.3.1 General Role of Imaging
6.3.2 Imaging of Major Specific Primary Tumors
6.3.2.1 Osteoid Osteoma
6.3.2.2 Osteoblastoma
6.3.2.3 Osteochondroma
6.3.2.4 Osteogenic Sarcoma
6.3.2.5 Myeloma
6.3.2.6 Ewing’s Sarcoma
6.3.2.7 Bone Hemangiomas
6.4 Scintigraphy and Correlative Imaging of Metastatic Bone Disease
6.4.1 Scintigraphic Patterns of Bone Metastases on Bone Scans
6.4.1.1 Typical Pattern
6.4.1.2 Atypical Patterns
Solitary Lesion
Cold Lesions
Flare Pattern
Diffuse Pattern
Symmetrical Pattern
Imaging Metastases with Other Modalities
6.4.2 Scintigraphic Evaluation of Metastases of Certain Tumors
6.4.2.1 Metastases of Breast Cancer
6.4.2.2 Metastases of Prostate Cancer
6.4.2.3 Metastases of Lung Cancer
6.4.2.4 Metastases of Renal Cell Carcinoma
6.4.2.5 Metastases of Thyroid Cancer
6.4.2.6 Metastases of Other Tumors
Gynecological Tumors
Lymphomas
Gastrointestinal Tumors
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Neuroblastoma
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Carcinoid Tumor
6.5 Follow-Up of Malignant Bone Disease
References
7: Diagnosis of Joint Disorders
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Classification
7.3 Rheumatoid Arthritis
7.4 Crystal Deposition Arthropathies
7.4.1 Gouty Arthritis
7.4.2 Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition Disease
7.5 Infectious Arthritis (See Also Chap. 2)
7.6 Osteoarthritis
7.7 Sacroiliitis
7.8 Neuroarthropathy (See Also Chap. 2)
7.9 Spondyloarthropathies
7.9.1 Ankylosing Spondylitis
7.9.2 Psoriatic Arthritis
7.9.3 Reactive Arthritis (Reiter’s Disease)
7.9.4 Enteropathic Spondylitis
7.10 Other Arthropathies and Related Conditions
7.10.1 Behçet’s Syndrome
7.10.2 Costochondritis (Tietze’s Syndrome)
7.10.3 SAPHO Syndrome
7.10.4 Synovitis
7.10.4.1 Transient Synovitis (See Also Chap. 4)
7.10.4.2 Synovitis in Renal Transplantation
7.10.4.3 Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
7.11 Periarticular Soft Tissue Syndromes
7.11.1 Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH)
7.11.2 Septic Bursitis
7.11.3 Septic Tenosynovitis
7.11.4 Plantar Fasciosis (Plantar Fasciitis) (See Chap. 2)
References
8: Bone Marrow Imaging
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Development and Structure of Bone Marrow
8.3 Conversion and Reconversion
8.4 Alterations to Bone Marrow
8.5 Imaging of Bone Marrow
8.6 Bone Marrow Scintigraphy
8.7 Clinical Uses of Bone Marrow Scintigraphy
8.7.1 Diagnosis of Skeletal Infections
8.7.1.1 Diagnosis of Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis
8.7.1.2 Diagnosis of Prosthetic Joint Infection
8.7.1.3 Differentiation Between Bone Infarction and Acute Osteomyelitis in Children with Sickle Cell Disease
8.7.2 Assessment and Follow-Up of Gaucher’s Disease
8.7.3 Treatment Planning in Cancer Patients
8.7.4 Paget’s Disease
8.7.5 Bone Marrow Tumors and Bone Marrow Extension
8.7.6 Other Uses
References
9: Diagnosis of Soft Tissue Calcification
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Dystrophic Calcification
9.3 Metastatic Calcification
9.4 Heterotopic Bone Formation
9.4.1 Pathophysiology
9.4.2 Scintigraphic Evaluation
9.4.3 Correlative Imaging
9.4.4 Special Forms of Heterotopic Bone Formation
9.4.4.1 Myositis Ossificans Progressiva
9.4.4.2 Tumoral Calcinosis
9.4.4.3 Progressive Osseous Heteroplasia
9.4.4.4 Tumoral Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal Deposition Disease
9.4.4.5 Syndesmophytes
9.5 Calcinosis Cutis
9.5.1 Calcinosis Cutis Universalis
9.5.2 Calcinosis Cutis Circumscripta
9.6 Rhabdomyolysis
References
10: Hybrid Imaging in the Diagnosis of Bone Diseases
10.1 Introduction
10.2 SPECT/CT
10.2.1 Uses of SPECT/CT in Neoplastic Bone Diseases
10.2.1.1 Skeletal Metastases
10.2.1.2 Benign Bone Tumors
10.2.2 Uses of SPECT/CT in Nonneoplastic Diseases
10.2.2.1 Trauma
Fractures
Spine Conditions
Compression Fractures
Spondylolysis
Spinal Fusion
Ankle and Foot Trauma
Osteochondritis Dissecans
Tarsal Coalition
Wrist and Hand Trauma
10.2.2.2 Musculoskeletal Infections
10.2.2.3 Other Nonneoplastic Diseases
Osteoarthritis
Sacroiliitis
Osteonecrosis
10.2.2.4 Extraosseous Conditions
Heterotopic Bone Formation
Frostbite
10.3 Pet/CT
10.3.1 F-18 FDG Pet/Ct
10.3.1.1 Detection of Metastatic Bone Disease (See Also Chap. 6)
10.3.1.2 Follow-Up of Primary and Metastatic Tumors
10.3.1.3 Skeletal Infections (See Also Chap. 2)
Chronic Active Osteomyelitis
Spondylodiscitis (Vertebral Osteomyelitis)
Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis
Post-Arthroplastic Infections
10.3.2 F-18 Sodium Fluoride PET/CT
10.3.3 Combined F-18 NaF and F-18 FDG PET/CT
10.3.4 Ga-68-Citrate PET/CT
10.3.5 Ga-68 PSMA PET/CT
10.4 Pet/MR
References
11: Therapeutic Use of Radionuclides in Bone and Joint Disease
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Treatment of Cancer-Related Bone Pain
11.2.1 Rationale
11.2.2 Radiopharmaceuticals
11.2.2.1 Strontium-89 Chloride
11.2.2.2 Phosphorus-32 Orthophosphate
11.2.2.3 Samarium-153 Ethylenediaminetetramethylene Phosphonate
11.2.2.4 Rhenium-186 Ethylene Hydroxy Diphosphonate
11.2.2.5 Tin-117 M Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid
11.2.2.6 Rhenium-188-Labeled Dimercaptosuccinic Acid Complex (DMSA) and Hydroxyethylidine Diphosphonate (HEDP)
11.2.2.7 Lutetium-177 Ethylenediaminetetramethylene Phosphonic Acid (EDTMP)
11.2.2.8 Radium-223 Dichloride
11.2.3 Mechanism of Action
11.2.4 Choice of Radiopharmaceutical
11.2.5 Clinical Use
11.2.5.1 Current Indications
11.2.5.2 Contraindications
11.2.5.3 Clinical Response
11.2.5.4 Precautions and Radiation Safety
11.3 Radionuclide Synovectomy
11.3.1 Rationale
11.3.2 Radiopharmaceuticals
11.3.2.1 Yttrium-90 Colloid
11.3.2.2 Rhenium-186 Sulfide (re-186 Colloid)
11.3.2.3 Erbium-169 Citrate (Er-169 Colloid)
11.3.2.4 Phosphorus-32 Chromic Sulfate
11.3.2.5 Radioactive Gold
11.3.2.6 Rhenium-188 Colloid
11.3.2.7 Dysprosium-165
11.3.2.8 Holmium-166 Ferric Hydroxide
11.3.2.9 Samarium-153 Hydroxyapatite
11.3.2.10 Mechanism of Action
11.3.3 Choice of Radiopharmaceutical
11.3.4 Clinical Uses
11.3.4.1 Indications
11.3.4.2 Contraindications
11.3.4.3 Patient Preparation
11.3.4.4 Treatment Protocol and Clinical Outcome
Hemophilia
Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Other Arthropathies
11.3.4.5 Side Effects of Radiosynovectomy
Radiopharmaceutical Leakage
Post-Therapeutic Regional Inflammatory Reaction
Somatic and Genetic Effects
Radiation Sickness
11.4 Other Radionuclide Therapies
11.4.1 Treatment of Multiple Myeloma
11.4.2 Metastatic Prostate Carcinoma
11.4.3 Treatment of Osteogenic Sarcoma
11.4.4 Treatment of Neuroblastoma Metastases
11.5 Bone Marrow Ablation
11.6 Combined Therapeutic Approach
References
Glossary
Index