دانلود کتاب Physical science ( international Ed)

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Cover Title Page Copyright Page Brief Contents Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1 What Is Science? 1.1 Objects and Properties 1.2 Quantifying Properties 1.3 Measurement Systems 1.4 Standard Units for the Metric System Length Mass Time 1.5 Metric Prefixes 1.6 Understandings from Measurements Data Ratios and Generalizations The Density Ratio Symbols and Equations How to Solve Problems 1.7 The Nature of Science The Scientific Method Explanations and Investigations Science and Society: Basic and Applied Research Laws and Principles Models and Theories Summary People Behind the Science: Florence Bascom (1862–1945) Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises PHYSICS 2 Motion 2.1 Describing Motion 2.2 Measuring Motion Speed Velocity Acceleration Science and Society: Transportation and the Environment Forces 2.3 Horizontal Motion on Land 2.4 Falling Objects A Closer Look: A Bicycle Racer’s Edge A Closer Look: Free Fall 2.5 Compound Motion Vertical Projectiles Horizontal Projectiles 2.6 Three Laws of Motion Newton’s First Law of Motion Newton’s Second Law of Motion Weight and Mass Newton’s Third Law of Motion 2.7 Momentum Conservation of Momentum Impulse 2.8 Forces and Circular Motion 2.9 Newton’s Law of Gravitation Earth Satellites A Closer Look: Gravity Problems Weightlessness People Behind the Science: Isaac Newton (1642–1727) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises 3 Energy 3.1 Work Units of Work Power A Closer Look: Simple Machines 3.2 Motion, Position, and Energy Potential Energy Kinetic Energy 3.3 Energy Flow Work and Energy Energy Forms Energy Conversion Energy Conservation Energy Transfer 3.4 Energy Sources Today Petroleum Science and Society: Grow Your Own Fuel? Coal Moving Water Nuclear People Behind the Science: James Prescott Joule (1818–1889) Conserving Energy 3.5 Energy Sources Tomorrow Solar Technologies Geothermal Energy Hydrogen Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises 4 Heat and Temperature 4.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theory Molecules Molecules Interact Phases of Matter Molecules Move 4.2 Temperature Thermometers Temperature Scales A Closer Look: Goose Bumps and Shivering 4.3 Heat Heat as Energy Transfer Measures of Heat Specific Heat Heat Flow Science and Society: Require Insulation? 4.4 Energy, Heat, and Molecular Theory Phase Change A Closer Look: Passive Solar Design Evaporation and Condensation 4.5 Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics The Second Law of Thermodynamics The Second Law and Natural Processes People Behind the Science: Count Rumford (Benjamin Thompson) (1753–1814) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises 5 Wave Motions and Sound 5.1 Forces and Elastic Materials Forces and Vibrations Describing Vibrations 5.2 Waves Kinds of Mechanical Waves Waves in Air 5.3 Describing Waves 5.4 Sound Waves Sound Waves in Air and Hearing Medium Required A Closer Look: Hearing Problems Velocity of Sound in Air Refraction and Reflection Interference 5.5 Energy of Waves How Loud Is That Sound? Resonance 5.6 Sources of Sounds Vibrating Strings Science and Society: Laser Bug Sounds from Moving Sources People Behind the Science: Johann Christian Doppler (1803–1853) Case Study: Doppler Radar Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises 6 Electricity 6.1 Concepts of Electricity Electron Theory of Charge Measuring Electrical Charges Electrostatic Forces Force Fields Electric Potential 6.2 Electric Current The Electric Circuit The Nature of Current Electrical Resistance Electrical Power and Electrical Work People Behind the Science: Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) 6.3 Magnetism Magnetic Poles Magnetic Fields The Source of Magnetic Fields 6.4 Electric Currents and Magnetism Current Loops Applications of Electromagnets 6.5 Electromagnetic Induction A Closer Look: Current War Generators Transformers 6.6 Circuit Connections Voltage Sources in Circuits Science and Society: Blackout Reveals Pollution Resistances in Circuits A Closer Look: Solar Cells Household Circuits Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises 7 Light 7.1 Sources of Light Case Study: Bioluminous 7.2 Properties of Light Light Interacts with Matter Reflection Refraction A Closer Look: Optics Dispersion and Color A Closer Look: The Rainbow 7.3 Evidence for Waves Interference Polarization A Closer Look: Optic Fibers A Closer Look: Lasers A Closer Look: Why Is the Sky Blue? 7.4 Evidence for Particles Photoelectric Effect Quantization of Energy 7.5 The Present Theory 7.6 Relativity Special Relativity People Behind the Science: James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) General Theory Relativity Theory Applied Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises CHEMISTRY 8 Atoms and Periodic Properties 8.1 Atomic Structure Discovered Discovery of the Electron Case Study: Discovery of the Electron The Nucleus Case Study: Oil Drop Experiment 8.2 The Bohr Model The Quantum Concept Atomic Spectra Bohr’s Theory 8.3 Quantum Mechanics Matter Waves Wave Mechanics The Quantum Mechanics Model Science and Society: Atomic Research 8.4 Electron Configuration 8.5 The Periodic Table 8.6 Metals, Nonmetals, and Semiconductors A Closer Look: The Rare Earths People Behind the Science: Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev (1834–1907) A Closer Look: Semiconductors Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises 9 Chemical Bonds 9.1 Compounds and Chemical Change 9.2 Valence Electrons and Ions 9.3 Chemical Bonds Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds 9.4 Bond Polarity Case Study: Electronegativity 9.5 Composition of Compounds Ionic Compound Names Ionic Compound Formulas Covalent Compound Names Science and Society: Microwave Ovens and Molecular Bonds Covalent Compound Formulas People Behind the Science: Linus Carl Pauling (1901–1994) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises 10 Chemical Reactions 10.1 Chemical Formulas Molecular and Formula Weights Percent Composition of Compounds 10.2 Chemical Equations Balancing Equations Case Study: Conservation of Mass Generalizing Equations 10.3 Types of Chemical Reactions Combination Reactions Decomposition Reactions Replacement Reactions Ion Exchange Reactions 10.4 Information from Chemical Equations Units of Measurement used with Equations Science and Society: The Catalytic Converter Quantitative Uses of Equations People Behind the Science: Emma Perry Carr (1880–1972) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises 11 Water and Solutions 11.1 Household Water Science and Society: Who Has the Right? 11.2 Properties of Water Structure of Water Molecules The Dissolving Process Concentration of Solutions A Closer Look: Decompression Sickness Solubility Science and Society: What Is BPA? 11.3 Properties of Water Solutions Electrolytes Boiling Point Freezing Point 11.4 Acids, Bases, and Salts Properties of Acids and Bases Explaining Acid-Base Properties Strong and Weak Acids and Bases The pH Scale Properties of Salts Hard and Soft Water A Closer Look: Acid Rain People Behind the Science: Johannes Nicolaus Brönsted (1879–1947) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises 12 Organic Chemistry 12.1 Organic Compounds 12.2 Hydrocarbons Alkenes and Alkynes Cycloalkanes and Aromatic Hydrocarbons 12.3 Petroleum 12.4 Hydrocarbon Derivatives Alcohols Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones Organic Acids and Esters Science and Society: Aspirin, a Common Organic Compound 12.5 Organic Compounds of Life Proteins Carbohydrates Fats and Oils Synthetic Polymers A Closer Look: How to Sort Plastic Bottles for Recycling People Behind the Science: Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833–1896) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises 13 Nuclear Reactions 13.1 Natural Radioactivity Nuclear Equations The Nature of the Nucleus Types of Radioactive Decay Radioactive Decay Series 13.2 Measurement of Radiation Measurement Methods A Closer Look: How Is Half-Life Determined? Radiation Units A Closer Look: Carbon Dating Radiation Exposure 13.3 Nuclear Energy A Closer Look: Radiation and Food Preservation Nuclear Fission A Closer Look: Nuclear Medicine Nuclear Power Plants Nuclear Fusion A Closer Look: Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima I A Closer Look: Nuclear Waste Science and Society: High-Level Nuclear Waste The Source of Nuclear Energy People Behind the Science: Marie Curie (1867–1934) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises ASTRONOMY 14 The Universe 14.1 The Night Sky 14.2 Stars Origin of Stars Brightness of Stars Star Temperature Star Types The Life of a Star A Closer Look: Observing with New Technology Science and Society: Light Pollution 14.3 Galaxies A Closer Look: Extraterrestrials? The Milky Way Galaxy People Behind the Science: Jocelyn (Susan) Bell Burnell (1943– ) Other Galaxies 14.4 The Universe A Closer Look: Dark Energy A Closer Look: Dark Matter Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises 15 The Solar System 15.1 Planets Near the Sun Mercury Venus Mars Case Study: Worth the Cost? 15.2 Planets Far from the Sun Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune 15.3 Small Bodies of the Solar System Comets Asteroids Meteors and Meteorites 15.4 Origin of the Solar System Stage A Stage B Stage C 15.5 Ideas About the Solar System The Geocentric Model The Heliocentric Model People Behind the Science: Gerard Peter Kuiper (1905–1973) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises 16 Earth in Space 16.1 Shape and Size of Earth 16.2 Motions of Earth Orbit Rotation Precession 16.3 Place and Time Identifying Place Measuring Time Science and Society: Saving Time? 16.4 The Moon Composition and Features History of the Moon 16.5 The Earth-Moon System Phases of the Moon Eclipses of the Sun and Moon Tides People Behind the Science: Carl Edward Sagan (1934–1996) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises EARTH SCIENCE 17 Rocks and Minerals 17.1 Solid Earth Materials 17.2 Minerals Crystal Structures Silicates and Nonsilicates Physical Properties of Minerals 17.3 Mineral-Forming Processes 17.4 Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks A Closer Look: Asbestos Science and Society: Using Mineral Resources People Behind the Science: Victor Moritz Goldschmidt (1888–1947) Metamorphic Rocks 17.5 The Rock Cycle Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises 18 Plate Tectonics 18.1 History of Earth’s Interior 18.2 Earth’s Internal Structure Body Waves Surface Waves The Crust The Mantle The Core A More Detailed Structure A Closer Look: Seismic Tomography 18.3 Theory of Plate Tectonics Evidence from Earth’s Magnetic Field Evidence from the Ocean Lithosphere Plates and Boundaries A Closer Look: Measuring Plate Movement Present-Day Understandings People Behind the Science: Harry Hammond Hess (1906–1969) Science and Society: Geothermal Energy Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises 19 Building Earth’s Surface 19.1 Interpreting Earth’s Surface 19.2 Earth’s Changing Features Stress and Strain Folding Joints and Faults 19.3 Earthquakes Causes of Earthquakes Locating and Measuring Earthquakes Measuring Earthquake Strength A Closer Look: Earthquake Safety 19.4 Origin of Mountains Folded and Faulted Mountains Volcanic Mountains A Closer Look: Volcanoes Change the World People Behind the Science: James Hutton (1726–1797) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises 20 Shaping Earth’s Surface 20.1 Weathering, Erosion, and Transportation 20.2 Weathering 20.3 Soils 20.4 Erosion Mass Movement Running Water Glaciers Wind Science and Society: Acid Rain People Behind the Science: John Wesley Powell (1834–1902) 20.5 Development of Landscapes Rock Structure Weathering and Erosion Processes Stage of Development Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises 21 Geologic Time 21.1 Fossils Early Ideas about Fossils Types of Fossilization 21.2 Reading Rocks Arranging Events in Order Correlation 21.3 Geologic Time Early Attempts at Earth Dating Modern Techniques The Geologic Time Scale Geologic Periods and Typical Fossils People Behind the Science: Eduard Suess (1831–1914) Mass Extinctions Interpreting Geologic History—A Summary Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises 22 The Atmosphere of Earth 22.1 The Atmosphere Composition of the Atmosphere Atmospheric Pressure Warming the Atmosphere A Closer Look: Hole in the Ozone Layer? Structure of the Atmosphere 22.2 The Winds A Closer Look: The Windchill Factor Local Wind Patterns Science and Society: Use Wind Energy? Global Wind Patterns 22.3 Water and the Atmosphere Evaporation and Condensation People Behind the Science: James Ephraim Lovelock (1919– ) Fog and Clouds Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises 23 Weather and Climate 23.1 Clouds and Precipitation Cloud-Forming Processes Origin of Precipitation 23.2 Weather Producers Air Masses Weather Fronts Science and Society: Urban Heat Islands Waves and Cyclones Major Storms 23.3 Weather Forecasting Climate Major Climate Groups Regional Climatic Influence Describing Climates 23.4 Climate Change Causes of Global Climate Change Case Study: El Niño Global Warming People Behind the Science: Vilhelm Firman Koren Bjerknes (1862–1951) Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises 24 Earth’s Waters 24.1 Water on Earth Freshwater Science and Society: Water Quality Surface Water Groundwater Freshwater as a Resource A Closer Look: Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment 24.2 Seawater Oceans and Seas The Nature of Seawater Movement of Seawater A Closer Look: Estuary Pollution A Closer Look: Rogue Waves People Behind the Science: Rachel Louise Carson (1907–1964) 24.3 The Ocean Floor Summary Key Terms Applying the Concepts Questions for Thought For Further Analysis Invitation to Inquiry Parallel Exercises Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Index