دانلود کتاب Radiation Technologies and Applications in Materials Science

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Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
About the Editor
Contributors
Foreword
Acknowledgement
Editor\'s preface
1. Cross-linking of polymers by various radiations: Mechanisms and parameters
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Insights on the radiation sources
1.3 Various mechanisms involved in radiation cross-linking of polymers
1.3.1 Overview of the cross-linking mechanism by peroxide and silane method
1.3.2 Cross-linking mechanism of UV irradiation
1.3.2.1 Cross-linking in polymeric solutions (water as asolvent)
1.3.2.2 Cross-linking through the radical formation
1.3.2.3 Cross-linking through anionic- and cationic-radical species
1.3.3 Cross-linking mechanism of EB irradiation
1.3.4 Cross-linking mechanism of X-ray irradiation
1.3.5 Cross-linking mechanism of γ-ray irradiation
1.4 Parameters involved in radiation cross-linking of polymers
1.4.1 Glass transition temperature (Tg) and crystallinity
1.4.2 Bond dissociation energy
1.4.3 Pendant groups and unsaturation in polyolefins
1.4.4 Molecular weight of polymers
1.4.5 Isomerism
1.4.6 Type of polyols (polyesters or polyethers)
1.4.7 Type of copolymers
1.4.8 Fluoropolymers (FPs)
1.4.9 Silicon-containing polymers
1.4.10 Branched polymers
1.5 Conclusion
References
2. Tuning desired properties by tailoring radiation grafted polymeric materials: Preparation and characterization
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Preparation of radiation-grafted polymeric materials
2.2.1 Type of polymeric material
2.2.2 Monomer
2.2.3 Type of radiation
2.2.4 Experimental conditions
2.2.5 Type of solvent and additives
2.3 Characterization of the grafted polymeric materials
2.3.1 Morphology
2.3.2 Thermal stability
2.3.3 Mechanical stability
2.3.4 Chemical composition
2.3.5 Crystallinity
2.4 Future prospect for potential application in Malaysia
2.5 Summary
References
3. Microwave-assisted conversion of coal and biomass to activated carbon
3.1 Introduction
3.2 General aspects of activated carbon
3.2.1 Production of activated carbon by conventional pyrolysis
3.2.2 Types, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon
3.2.2.1 Types
3.2.2.1.1 Powdered activated carbon (PAC)
3.2.2.1.2 Granulated activated carbon (GAC)
3.2.2.1.3 Specialized activated carbon
3.2.2.1.4 Extruded activated carbons (EAC)
3.2.2.1.5 Activated carbon fiber
3.2.2.2 Physicochemical properties
3.2.2.3 Applications
3.2.3 The key consideration for developing functional properties of activated carbon
3.3 Microwave radiation-induced preparation of activated carbon
3.3.1 Microwave radiation
3.3.2 Comparison of conventional heating and microwave radiation technology
3.3.3 Fundamental working principles of microwave heating technology and their implication in the processing of carbon feedstocks
3.3.3.1 Polarization loss mechanism
3.3.3.2 Conductive loss
3.3.4 Safety in microwave radiation technology
3.3.5 Molecular mechanism of microwave-induced processing of coal and biomass
3.3.5.1 Dielectric properties of the feedstock and reactants
3.3.5.2 Heat transfer in microwaves
3.3.5.3 Penetration depth of microwave field
3.3.6 Influencing factors governing the microwave processing
3.3.7 Microwave-induced processing of coal for the preparation of activated carbon
3.3.7.1 Microwave-induced physical activation of coal
3.3.7.2 Microwave-induced chemical activation of coal
3.3.8 Microwave-induced processing of biomass for the preparation of activated carbon
3.3.8.1 Microwave-induced physical activation of coconut shells
3.3.8.2 Microwave-induced chemical activation of coconut husk
3.3.9 Microwave reactor design for production up-scaling
3.3.9.1 Generators
3.3.9.2 Waveguides
3.3.9.3 Applicators
3.3.9.4 Case study 1: Pilot-scale production of activated carbon by chemical activation at batch scale using microwave technology
3.3.9.5 Case study 2: Pilot-scale production of activated carbon by physical activation in continuous mode of operation using microwave technology
3.4 Future perspectives
3.5 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
4. Radiation-induced polymer modification and polymerization
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Different types of radiation
4.1.2 Ionizing radiation
4.1.2.1 EB radiation
4.1.2.2 Gamma rays
4.1.2.3 X-rays
4.1.2.4 UV radiation
4.1.3 Laser beam radiation
4.1.4 Ion beam radiation
4.1.5 Microwave radiation
4.1.6 Basics of radiation effects on polymers
4.1.7 Advantages and disadvantages of radiation in polymers
4.2 Polymer modification using radiation
4.2.1 Radiation cross-linking
4.2.2 Radiation degradation
4.2.3 Radiation curing
4.2.4 Radiation grafting
4.2.4.1 Surface modification using radiation
4.2.4.1.1 γ-irradiation
4.2.4.1.2 UV irradiation
4.2.4.1.3 Laser treatment
4.2.4.1.4 Plasma treatment
4.2.4.1.5 Microwave treatment
4.2.5 Radiation-induced graft polymerization
4.2.5.1 Free-radical grafting
4.2.5.2 Ionic grafting
4.2.5.3 Photochemical grafting
4.2.5.4 Plasma radiation grafting
4.2.5.5 Enzymatic grafting
4.3 Radiation-induced polymerization
4.3.1 Gamma radiation
4.3.2 Electron beam (EB) radiation
4.3.3 X-ray irradiation
4.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
5. Radiation-induced graft copolymerization - A facile technology for polymer surface modification and applications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Classification of radiation-grafted copolymers
5.3 Classification of the radiation-induced grafting methods
5.3.1 Mutual or simultaneous irradiation method
5.3.2 Pre-irradiation method
5.4 RAFT-mediated grafting
5.5 Factors controlling the radiation-induced grafting
5.5.1 Nature of monomer
5.5.1.1 Monomers for radiation-grafted membrane
5.5.2 Nature of polymers
5.5.3 Nature of solvent
5.5.4 Nature of radiation
5.5.5 Temperature
5.5.6 Temperature for irradiation
5.5.7 Temperature of grafting
5.6 Resisting the formation of homo-polymers
5.7 Role of additives
5.8 Characterization of the graft copolymers
5.9 Classification of radiation-induced graft copolymers
5.9.1 Grafted synthetic adsorbents
5.9.2 Grafted bioadsorbents
5.9.3 Hydrogels
5.10 Separation systems
5.11 Application of radiation-induced graft copolymers
5.12 Treatment of wastewater with bio-based flocculating agent
References
6. Irradiation-induced effect on polymer: From mechanism to biomedical applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types and sources of radiation with their biological impacts
6.2.1 Non-ionizing radiation
6.2.1.1 Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
6.2.1.2 Optical and infrared (IR) radiation
6.2.1.3 Radio frequency (RF) radiation
6.2.2 Ionizing radiation
6.2.2.1 Nuclear origin
6.2.2.2 Atomic origin
6.2.2.2.1 Electronic energy loss
6.2.3 Density correction
6.2.3.1 Shell correction
6.2.3.2 Other corrections
6.2.3.3 Nuclear energy loss
6.2.3.3.1 Relative comparison of electronic and nuclear energy loss
6.3 Radiation interaction mechanism
6.4 Overview of polymers
6.5 Properties of polymers required for biological system
6.6 Radiation-induced effects in polymers for biological and biomedical application
6.6.1 Non-ionizing radiation-induced effects
6.6.1.1 UV irradiation
6.6.1.2 Thermal radiation
6.6.2 Ionizing irradiation induced effects
6.6.2.1 Gamma radiations
6.6.2.2 Charge particle radiations
6.7 Summary
Dedication
References
7. Radiation-induced degradation and grafting of cellulosic substrates
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Cellulosic fibers and their classification
7.3 Radiation-induced graft copolymerization
7.3.1 Mechanism of grafting under UV radiation
7.3.2 Mechanism of gamma radiation-induced grafting
7.3.3 Gamma radiation-induced graft copolymerization
7.3.4 Microwave radiation-induced graft copolymerization
7.3.5 UV radiation-induced graft copolymerization
7.3.6 Electron beam-initiated graft copolymerization onto cellulose
7.3.7 Radiation-initiated RAFT-mediated graft copolymerization
7.4 Degradation/dissolution of cellulose into nano-cellulose through irradiation
7.5 Radiation-induced graft copolymerization onto nano-cellullose/nano-crystals
7.6 Outlook
References
8. Radiation-initiated tailored membranes for ready fit
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Different techniques
8.3 Grafting parameters
8.4 Grafting approaches
8.5 Membrane and grafting
8.6 Applications
8.6.1 Metal ion absorption/adsorption
8.6.2 In the biological fields
8.6.3 In electrochemical applications
8.6.4 In separation arenas
8.7 Future trends
8.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
9. Radiation-grafted ion exchange membranes (RGIEMs) for fuel cell applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Radiation-grafted ion exchange membranes (RGIEMs)
9.3 Selection of base materials (polymeric backbone, grafted monomeric moiety with cationic pendant group)
9.3.1 Types of polymeric backbones used for fabrication of IEMs
9.3.1.1 Fully fluorinated polymer-based RGPEMs and RGAEMs
9.3.1.2 Partially fluorinated polymer-based RGAEMs and RGPEMs
9.3.1.3 Non-fluorinated polymer-based RGAEMs and RGPEMs
9.3.2 Modification of polymeric backbone to RGPEMs and RGAEMs (Introducing ionic groups)
9.3.2.1 Introducing anionic pendant groups as cation exchange sites on the PEMs
9.3.2.1.1 Sulfonation
9.3.2.1.2 Carboxylation
9.3.2.1.3 Phosphorylation
9.3.2.2 Introducing cation pendant groups as anion exchange sites on the AEMs
9.3.2.2.1 Quaternary ammonium group
9.3.2.2.2 Imidazolium moieties
9.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
10. High-temperature thermoplastic elastomeric materials by electron beam treatment - Challenges and opportunities
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Basic principles of electron beam treatment
10.2.1 Characteristic features associated with reactive electron processing
10.2.2 Essential stages of interaction of polymer through EBT
10.2.2.1 Ionization and excitation stage
10.2.2.2 The free radical formation stage
10.2.2.3 Chemical stage
10.3 Thermoplastic elastomeric materials
10.3.1 High-temperature thermoplastic elastomeric material
10.4 Development of high-temperature TPEs using electron beam treatment
10.5 Factors affecting reactive electron treatment for the development of TPEs
10.5.1 Significance of absorbed dose
10.5.2 Significance of premixing time
10.5.3 Significance of different blend ratios of TPEs
10.5.4 Significance of cross-linking by electron beam treatment
10.6 Applications
10.6.1 Electron beam treatment in biomedical sectors
10.6.2 Electron beam treatment in wires and cable applications
10.7 Summary and future perspectives
References
11. Selective laser melting of CoCr alloys in biomedical application: A review
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Selective laser melting process
11.2.1 Advantages of selective laser melting process
11.3 Biocompatible metals
11.3.1 Stainless steel alloy
11.3.2 Titanium and its alloy
11.3.3 Cobalt-chromium alloy
11.4 Applications of CoCr alloy in medical field
11.4.1 Dentistry
11.4.2 Orthopaedics
11.4.3 Stents
11.5 Conclusions
References
12. Radiation curing of epoxy composites and coatings
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The chemistry behind radiation curing of epoxy
12.3 Radiation sources used to cure epoxy
12.3.1 Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
12.3.2 Electron beam (EB)
12.3.3 Gamma and X-rays
12.3.4 Microwave radiation
12.4 Radiation curing of epoxy based systems
12.4.1 Fiber-reinforced epoxy composites
12.4.2 Epoxy nanocomposites
12.4.3 Epoxy-based coatings
12.5 Advantages of radiation-cured epoxy materials
12.6 Conclusions
References
13. Microwave-assisted activated carbon: A promising class of materials for a wide range of applications
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Why activated carbon?
13.3 Types of activated carbon
13.3.1 Granular-activated carbon
13.3.2 Powder-activated carbon
13.3.3 Extruded/pelletized activated carbon
13.4 Activated carbon through microwave method
13.4.1 Preparation of activated carbon
13.4.2 Morphology of activated carbon
13.4.3 BET analysis
13.4.4 Characterization of the activated carbons
13.4.5 Factors deciding the properties of activated carbon
13.5 Properties of activated carbon
13.5.1 Pore structure
13.5.2 Hardness/abrasion
13.5.3 Adsorptive properties
13.5.4 Apparent density
13.5.5 Moisture
13.5.6 Ash content
13.5.7 pH value
13.5.8 Particle size
13.5.9 Iodine number
13.5.10 Pore, porosity, pore volume, pore diameter
13.5.11 Surface area
13.6 Issues and challenges in microwave-assisted activated carbon
13.6.1 Temperature measurement system
13.6.2 Dielectric property data
13.6.3 Temperature control and thermal runaway
13.7 Application of activated carbon
13.7.1 Energy storage
13.7.2 Metals recovery
13.7.3 Food and beverage
13.7.4 Medicinal
13.7.5 Air emission purification
13.7.6 Biogas purification
13.7.7 Remediation
13.7.8 Chemicals (purification with mobile activated carbon filters)
13.7.9 Wastewater (purification with activated carbon)
13.8 Summary
References
14. Synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles by using ionizing radiation, their characterization, and applications
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Nucleation and growth
14.3 Optical properties
14.4 Superparamagnetism
14.5 Synthesis of metal nanoparticles by using ionizing radiation
14.6 Stabilization of nanoparticles
14.7 Characterization
14.7.1 Absorbance spectroscopy
14.7.2 Dynamic light scattering
14.7.3 X-Ray diffraction
14.7.4 Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy
14.7.5 Atomic force microscopy
14.7.6 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis
14.7.7 Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
14.7.8 Small angle X-ray scattering
14.7.9 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
14.7.10 Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry
14.7.11 Mossbauer spectroscopy
14.8 Applications
14.8.1 Biomedical applications
14.8.1.1 Antimicrobial applications
14.8.1.2 Imaging
14.8.1.3 Drug delivery and cancer therapy
14.8.2 Electronics and solar cell
14.8.3 Catalyst
14.8.4 Hydrogen generation and storage
14.8.5 Sensor
14.8.6 Antiwear additive in automobile oil lubricants
14.9 Conclusions
References
Index