دانلود کتاب Taurine 12: A Conditionally Essential Amino Acid

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Preface
Contents
Part I: Covid 19 and Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Taurine
The Disease-Modifying Role of Taurine and Its Therapeutic Potential in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
1 Introduction
2 SARS-COV-2 Life Cycle and the Antiviral Actions of Taurine
2.1 Animals
2.2 Viral Replication
3 Age-Related Mitochondrial Dysfunction in COVID-19 and the Indirect Antioxidant Actions of Taurine
4 COVID-19 Immune Response and the Immune-Related Actions of Taurine
5 COVID-19 Vascular Pathology and the Vascular-Related Actions of Taurine
5.1 Prothrombotic State
5.2 Vasoconstriction
6 Taurine as Putative Supplementary Therapy for COVID-19
7 Conclusion
References
Examination of Taurine Chloramine and Taurine on LPS-Induced Acute Pulmonary Inflammatory in Mice
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 TauCl Synthesis
2.2 Animal Experiment
2.3 RNA Isolation and Real-Time Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR)
2.4 Plasma IL-6 Assay
2.5 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Effect of TauCl and Taurine on LPS-Induced Pneumonia in Mice
3.2 Effect of TauCl and Taurine on the LPS-Induced Cytokine Expression
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Synergism Between Taurine and Dexamethasone in Anti-inflammatory Response in LPS-Activated Macrophages
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Pre-treatment and Activation of Macrophages
2.2 Cell Culture
2.3 Western Blot
2.4 RT-qPCR Analysis of ERS Markers
2.5 ELISA
2.6 Statistical Analyses
3 Results
3.1 LPS Treatment-Induced ERS and Pro-inflammatory Responses
3.2 DEX Attenuates ERS and Pro-inflammatory Responses
3.3 Taurine Alleviates ERS and Pro-inflammatory Responses
3.4 DEX and TAU Synergistically Ameliorate ERS and Pro-inflammatory Response
3.5 Transcriptional Effects of DEX and TAU on ERS and Inflammation
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
6 Acknowledgement
References
Regulation of CXCR4 Expression by Taurine in Macrophage-Like Cells
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Cell Culture
2.2 Real-Time PCR
2.3 Western Blot Analysis
2.4 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Effect of Taurine on Immune-Related mRNA Expression in Macrophage-Like J774.1 Cell Line
3.2 Effect of Taurine on mRNA Expression Level of CXCR Family in Macrophage-Like J774.1 Cell Line
3.3 Time- and Dose-Dependent Increase in CXCR4 mRNA Levels in Macrophage-Like J774.1 Cell Line
3.4 Effect of Taurine on Protein Expression Level of CXCR4 in Macrophage-Like J774.1 Cell Line
3.5 Effect of Taurine on mRNA Expression of CXCR4 in Macrophage-Like RAW264.7 Cells
3.6 Effect of Taurine-Related Compounds on mRNA Expression of CXCR4 in Macrophage-Like J774.1 Cells
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Taurine Chloramine Inhibits Leukocyte Migration by Suppressing Actin Polymerization and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Tau-Cl Synthesis
2.2 Preparation of Peritoneal Exudate Cells from Mice
2.3 Preparation of Bone Marrow Neutrophils
2.4 RAW 264.7 Cell Culture
2.5 Transwell Migration Assay
2.6 Fluorescence Staining of F-Actin
2.7 Western Blotting
2.8 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Tau-Cl Inhibited Leukocyte Migration into Peritoneum
3.2 Tau-Cl Inhibited Leukocyte Migration In Vitro
3.3 Tau-Cl Inhibited Actin Polymerization and Adhesion of RAW 264.7 Cells
3.4 Pharmacological Actions of Taurine on Metabolic Flux and ATP Biosynthesis
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Taurine Alleviates LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Suppressing TLR-4/NF-κB Pathway
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Reagent
2.2 Fauna
2.3 ALI Modeling and Experiment Grouping/Protocols
2.4 HE
2.5 Inflammatory Cytokines/Taurine Serum/Lung Homogenate Level Analysis
2.6 Measurement of Lung W/D Ratio
2.7 Bronchoalveolar Lavage and Anticoagulant Test
2.8 Immunohistochemical Staining of TLR-4/NF-κ B Pathway-Related Proteins Within Lung Tissue
2.9 Expression of Key Proteins of TLR-4/NF-κ B Pathway in Lung Tissue
2.10 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Taurine Can Reduce Acute Lung Injury in Rats
3.2 Taurine Can Inhibit the Infiltration of Inflammatory Cells Within ALI Lung Tissue of Rats
3.3 Taurine Reduces Pro-inflammation Factors and Increases Inflammation-Inhibiting Factors Within Serum and Lung Tissue of ALI Rats
3.4 Taurine Inhibits ALI in  Rats by Inhibiting the  TLR4-NF κ B Signaling Pathway
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Intervention Effect of Taurine on LPS-Induced Intestinal Mechanical Barrier Injury in Piglets
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Animal Model
3 Results
3.1 Effect of Dietary Taurine on Intestinal Morphology of LPS-Stimulated Piglets
3.2 Effect of Taurine on Intestinal Permeability of LPS-Stimulated Piglets
3.3 Effect of Taurine on Tight Junction Protein Expression in LPS-Stimulated Piglets
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Part II: Therapeutic Potential of Taurine and Its Derivatives
Current Opinion on the Therapeutic Capacity of Taurine-Containing Halogen Derivatives in Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases
1 Introduction
1.1 Generation of Endogenous Taurine Derivatives (Taurine Haloamines)
1.2 A Role of Taurine Derivatives at a Site of Inflammation
1.2.1 Effects of NCT on Efferocytosis and Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET)
1.3 A Hypothetical Role of NCT in Inhibition of the Cytokine Storm
2 Taurine Derivatives and Infectious Diseases
2.1 Taurine Derivatives and Bacterial Infections
2.2 Taurine Derivatives and Fungal Infections
2.3 Taurine Derivatives and Viral Infections (COVID-19)
2.3.1 Mechanism of Action Against Viruses
2.3.2 In Vitro Activity Against Viruses
2.3.3 In Vivo Activity Against Viruses
2.3.4 Perspectives
3 Taurine Derivatives and Skin Inflammatory Diseases
3.1 The Clinical Use of Taurine Active Halogen Derivatives: From Inflammatory Disorders and Infections to Cancer
4 Conclusions
References
Taurine and N-Bromotaurine in Topical Treatment of Psoriasis
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 N-Bromotaurine and Taurine Solutions and Emulsions with Stable Produced Olive Oil
2.1.1 1% (49 mM) N-Bromotaurine Solution
2.1.2 40 mM NaOBR Solution
2.1.3 1% (49 mM) N-Bromotaurine Plus Taurine (400 mM) Plus 50% Stable Produced Olive Oil (SPOO)
3 Results
3.1 The Localized Psoriasis Case
3.1.1 Left Arm: Treatment with 1% TauNH-Br Solution
3.1.2 Right Arm: Treatment with 1% TauNH-Br, Surplus of Taurine Emulsion with SPOO
3.2 The Generalized Psoriasis Case
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Taurine Deficiency in Tissues Aggravates Radiation-Induced Gastrointestinal Syndrome
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Animals
2.2 X-Irradiation of Mice
2.3 Survival Studies
2.4 Immunohistochemical Studies
2.5 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Tissue Depletion of Taurine Decreased the Survival Rate of Mice After X-Irradiation
3.2 Tissue Depletion of Taurine Aggravates Radiation-Induced Gastrointestinal Syndrome
3.3 Tissue Depletion of Taurine Decrease the Number of Proliferating Cells in Crypts After X-Irradiation
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Taurine and Its Anticancer Functions: In Vivo and In Vitro Study
1 Introduction
2 Taurine as a Metabolomic Marker of Malignant Tumorigenesis
3 Antitumor Effect of Taurine
3.1 Taurine Mitigates Side Effects on Cancer Chemotherapy
3.2 Taurine Inhibits Tumor Growth by Improving Antioxidant Capacity
3.3 Taurine Exerts Antitumor Effect by Regulating Immunity
3.4 Taurine Induces Apoptosis in Tumor Cells
4 Conclusion
References
Taurine Supplementation Inhibits the Expression of Atrogin-1 and MURF-1, Protein Degradation Marker Genes, in Skeletal Muscle of C26-Induced Cachexia Mouse Model
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Animal Model
2.2 Histopathological Characterization
2.3 Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
2.4 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Effect of Taurine Supplementation on Organ Mass in C26-Induced Cachexia Mouse Model
3.2 Effect of Taurine Supplementation on the Histological Structure of Muscle Tissue in C26-Induced Cachexia Mice
3.3 Effect of Taurine Supplementation on Transcriptional Expression of Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 in Muscle Tissues of C26-Induced Cachexia Mice
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Bioavailability of Tauropine After Oral Ingestion in Mouse
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Synthesis of Tauropine
2.2 HPLC Determination of Tauropine by Phenyl Isothiocyanate Derivatization
2.3 Animal Experiment
2.4 Blood Sample Preparation for HPLC Analysis
2.5 HPLC Determination of Tauropine-PITC in Blood Samples
3 Results
3.1 Detection of Tauropine by HPLC Method
3.2 Pharmacokinetics Study of Tauropine After Oral Injection in Mouse
4 Conclusion
References
Part III: Taurine-Mediated Protection Against Temperature Stress in Farm Animals
Taurine Prevents Liver Injury by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Cytochrome C-Mediated Apoptosis in Broilers Under Low Temperature
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Animal Treatment
2.2 Detection of Antioxidant Capacity of Liver in Broilers
2.3 Total RNA of Liver Extraction and Quantitative Real-Time PCR
2.4 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 The Effect of Taurine on the Antioxidant Capacity of Liver in Broilers Under Low Temperature
3.2 The Effect of Taurine on mRNA Expression Levels of Hepatic Proapoptotic Factors Related with Cytochrome c-Mediated Apoptosis Pathway in Broilers
3.3 The Effect of Taurine on the mRNA Expression Levels of Hepatic Antiapoptotic Proteins Related with Cytochrome c-Mediated Apoptosis Pathway in Broilers
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Effects of Taurine on Serum Indexes of Broilers with Chronic Heat Stress
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Experimental Design
2.2 Experimental Material
2.3 Sample Collection
2.4 Testing Indicators and Method
2.4.1 Determination of Protein Metabolism-Related Indexes in Serum
2.4.2 Determination of the Related Indexes of Basic Metabolism in Serum
2.4.3 Determination of Tissue Injury-Related Indexes in Serum
2.5 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Effects of Taurine on Serum Protein Metabolism in Broilers with Chronic Heat Stress
3.2 Effects of Taurine on Serum Basic Metabolic Indices in Broilers with Chronic Heat Stress
3.3 Effects of Taurine on Serum Tissue Injury-Related Indexes in Broilers with Chronic Heat Stress
4 Discussion
4.1 Effects of Taurine on Serum Protein Metabolism in Broilers with Chronic Heat Stress
4.2 Effects of Taurine on Serum Basic Metabolic Indexes in Broilers with Chronic Heat Stress
4.3 Effects of Taurine on Serum Tissue Injury-Related Indexes in Broilers with Chronic Heat Stress
5 Conclusion
References
Antioxidant Effect of Taurine on Chronic Heat-Stressed Broilers
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Experimental Design
2.2 Experimental Material
2.3 Sample Collection
2.4 Testing Indicators and Methods
2.4.1 Determination of Serum Heat Shock Protein
2.4.2 Determination of Serum Antioxidant Capacity
2.5 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Effect of Taurine on Serum Heat Shock Proteins of Chronic Heat Stress Broilers
3.2 The Effect of Taurine on Serum Antioxidant Capacity of Chronic Heat-Stress Broilers
4 Discussion
4.1 Effect of Taurine on Serum Heat Shock Protein of Chronic Heat Stress Broilers
4.2 The Effect of Taurine on the Blood Antioxidant Capacity of Chronic Heat-Stressed Broilers
5 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Nutritional Value of Taurine and Consequences of Taurine Deficiency
Grading of Japanese Diet Intakes by 24-Hour Urine Analysis of Taurine and Soy Isoflavones in Relation to Cardiovascular Risks
1 Introduction
2 Methods
3 Results
3.1 Salt and Stroke
3.2 Soy Isoflavones and Coronary Heart Diseases (CHD)
3.3 Taurine and CHD
3.4 Features of Japanese Diets and the Grading
3.5 Merits of Japanese Diet
3.6 Demerits of Japanese Diet
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Perinatal Taurine Supplementation Preserves the Benefits of Dynamic Exercise Training on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Functions and Prevents Organ Damage in Adult Male Exercised Rats
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Animal Preparation
2.2 Exercise Training Procedure
2.3 Cardiovascular Parameter Measurement
2.4 Blood Chemistry Measurement
2.5 Visceral Adipocyte Size Measurement
2.6 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Weights
3.2 Blood Chemistry and Visceral Adipocytes
3.3 Cardiovascular Parameters
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Impaired Bile Acid Synthesis in a Taurine-Deficient Cat Model
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Taurine-Deficient Model Cats
2.2 Taurine Analysis
2.3 Bile Acids and Oxysterol Analysis
2.4 Western Blot Analysis
2.5 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Taurine Concentration in Serum and Liver
3.2 Bile Acid Composition in the Bile
3.3 Metabolites and Key Enzymes in the Bile Acid Synthetic Pathway in the Liver
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Characterization of Bone Tissue and Bone Morphology in Taurine Transporter Knockout Mice
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Animals and Chemicals
2.2 Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Studies
2.3 Measurement of Bone Mineral Density
2.4 Micro-computed Tomography Bone Analysis
2.5 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 External Appearance, Histopathology, and Immunohistochemistry of the TauT−/− Mouse Femurs
3.2 Analysis of Bone Mineral Density in TauT−/− Mice
3.3 Structural Analysis of Femoral Trabeculae in TauT−/− Mice Using Micro-computed Tomography
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Blood Taurine Dynamics in Captive Lions: Relationship with Feed and Bile Acid Composition
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Subject Animals and Management
2.2 Feeding Schedule and Amounts and Types of Feed
2.3 Blood Collection
2.4 Taurine Assays in Feed and Blood Samples
2.5 Bile Acid Analysis in Blood Samples
2.6 Statistical Analyses
3 Results
3.1 Taurine Content in Feeds and the Relation to Taurine Concentration in Blood (Study 1)
3.2 Blood Taurine Levels in the Lions (Study 2)
3.3 Bile Acid Composition (Study 2)
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Part V: Role of Taurine in Diabetes and Obesity
Taurine Ameliorates Apoptosis via AKT Pathway in the Kidney of Diabetic Rats
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Establishment of Animal Model
2.2 Real-Time PCR
2.3 Determination of Caspase-3 Activity
2.4 Western Blot Analysis
2.5 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Taurine Treatment Downregulated Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 Gene Expression in the Kidney of DM Rats
3.2 Taurine Treatment Elevated Caspase-3 Activity in the Kidney of DM Rats
3.3 Taurine Treatment Reversed the Bcl-2 and Bax Protein Level in the Kidney of DM Rats
3.4 Taurine Treatment Elevated the p-Akt Level in the Kidney of DM Rats
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Taurine Ameliorates Oxidative Stress in Spinal Cords of Diabetic Rats via Keap1-Nrf2 Signaling
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Animal Model
2.2 Weight Gain
2.3 Blood Glucose
2.4 Western Blot
2.5 MDA Concentrations
2.6 SOD Activity
2.7 Real-Time PCR
2.8 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Taurine Treatment Improved Weight Gain and Lowered Blood Glucose in Diabetic Rats
3.2 Taurine Treatment Increased Gap-43 and MBP Levels in Spinal Cords of Diabetic Rats
3.3 Taurine Treatment Inhibited Oxidative Stress in Spinal Cords of Diabetic Rats
3.4 Taurine Treatment Activated Keap1-Nrf2 Signaling in Spinal Cords of Diabetic Rats
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Assessment of In Vitro Tests as Predictors of the Antioxidant Effects of Insulin, Metformin, and Taurine in the Brain of Diabetic Rats
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 In Vitro Studies
2.2 In Vivo Studies
2.2.1 Animals and Treatments
2.2.2 Samples and Assays
2.3 Statistical Analysis of the Data
3 Results
3.1 In Vitro Tests
3.2 In Vivo Tests
3.2.1 Blood Glucose
3.2.2 Plasma INS
3.2.3 Brain MDA
3.2.4 Brain NO
3.2.5 Brain GSH, GSSG, and GSH/GSSG Ratio
3.2.6 Brain Activities of GPx, GR, and GST
3.2.7 Brain Activities of Brain CAT and SOD
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Potential Binding Sites for Taurine on the Insulin Receptor: A Molecular Docking Study
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Identification of Potential IR ECD Pockets for Ligand Binding
2.2 Taurine and Receptor Preparations for Molecular Docking
2.3 Molecular Docking of Taurine on the IR ECD
3 Results
3.1 Potential Major Binding Sites for Taurine on the IR ECD
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Dietary Protein Modulates the Efficacy of Taurine Supplementation on Adaptive Islet Function and Morphology in Obesity
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Animals and Diets
2.2 Pancreatic Islets Isolation
2.3 Static Insulin Secretion
2.4 Insulin Immunohistochemistry
2.5 DNA Fragmentation
2.6 Western Blot
2.7 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Model Characterization
3.2 Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion
3.3 Pancreatic Islet Morphology
3.4 DNA Fragmentation and Proliferation Markers
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Taurine and Exercise: Synergistic Effects on Adipose Tissue Metabolism and Inflammatory Process in Obesity
1 Introduction
1.1 Taurine Anti-inflammatory Effects in Adipose Tissue
1.2 Taurine Effects in the Regulation of Energy Metabolism in the Adipose Tissue
1.3 Benefits of the Association Between Taurine Supplementation and Exercise
2 Limitations in Studies with Taurine
3 Final Considerations
References
Part VI: Metabolic Effects of Taurine
The Taurine-Conjugated Bile Acid (TUDCA) Normalizes Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic β-Cells Exposed to Fatty Acids: The Role of Mitochondrial Metabolism
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Cell Culture
2.2 Experimental Groups
2.3 Static Insulin Secretion
2.4 RT-PCR
2.5 Western Blot
2.6 Mitochondrial Content by MitoTracker and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential by TMRM
2.7 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production and Cell Viability
2.8 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 TUDCA Normalizes Insulin Secretion in INS1-E Cells Treated with Fatty Acids
3.2 TUDCA Normalizes Mitochondrial Metabolism in INS1-E Cells Treated with Fatty Acids
3.3 TUDCA Reduces Mitochondrial Superoxide Production and JNK Phosphorylation of INS1-E Cells Treated with Fatty Acids
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Effect of Taurine on the Regulation of Glucose Uptake in the Skeletal Muscle
1 Introduction
2 Effects of Taurine on Hyperglycemia
3 Impacts of Taurine on Insulin Signaling and GLUT4 Expression in the Skeletal Muscle
4 Taurine May Increase Skeletal Muscle Glucose Uptake
5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Differences Between Physiological and Pharmacological Actions of Taurine
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Model for the Physiological Actions of Taurine
2.2 Model for the Pharmacological Actions of Taurine
2.3 Calculation of Metabolic Rates of Taurine-Deficient and Control Hearts
3 Results
3.1 Pharmacological Actions of Taurine on Contractile Function
3.2 Pharmacological Actions of Taurine on Metabolic Flux and ATP Biosynthesis
3.3 Physiological Actions of Taurine on Contractile Function
3.4 Physiological Actions of Taurine on Metabolic Flux and ATP Biosynthesis
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Part VII: Role of Taurine in the Brain
Taurine and the Brain
1 Taurine in Development
2 Trophic Actions of Taurine
3 Cell Volume Regulation
4 Taurine and Amino Acid Receptors
5 Taurine as a Drug
References
Electrophysiological Evidence for Anti-epileptic Property of Taurine
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Animals
2.2 Drug Administration
2.3 Intracerebral Recordings of Local Field Potentials
2.4 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Pharmacology of Isoniazid- and KA-Induced Epileptiform Discharge
3.2 Taurine Suppresses Epileptiform Discharges and Ripple Oscillations
3.3 Taurine Suppresses KA-Induced Epileptiform Activity and HFO Brain Waves
3.4 Taurine Suppresses Ripple Events in Mice Post-Seizure Induction
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Observation of Acupuncture Effects on the Expression of Taurine Transporter and Taurine in the Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Brain: A Pilot Study
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Experimental Animals
2.2 Acupuncture Stimulation
2.3 Sample Collections
2.4 Analysis of mRNA Extraction by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
2.5 Immunohistochemical Methods
2.5.1 Preparation of Mice Brain Samples for Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
2.5.2 Immunofluorescent Staining Procedure
2.6 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Comparison of Body Weight
3.2 Acupuncture Stimulation Increases the mRNA Expression of TauT in SAMP8 Mice
3.3 Effects of Acupuncture on TauT and Taurine Expression in the Cerebella of SAMP8 Mice
3.4 Effects of Acupuncture on the Expression of TauT and Taurine Immunoreactivities in the Hippocampi of SAMP8 Mice
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
The Regulatory Effects of Taurine on Neurogenesis and Apoptosis of Neural Stem Cells in the Hippocampus of Rats
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Animals
2.2 Experimental Procedure
2.3 Preparation of CUMS
2.4 Immunohistochemistry of Ki67
2.5 TdT-Mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL)
2.6 Primary Cell Culture
2.7 Drug Treatment
2.8 Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) Assay
2.9 Immunocytochemistry
2.10 Determination of Cell Apoptosis
2.11 Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Assay
2.12 Western Blotting
2.13 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Effect of Taurine on Proliferation and Apoptosis of Neurons in the DG of the Hippocampus
3.2 Identification of NSCs
3.3 Protective Effect of Taurine on NSCs from Injury by Glutamate
3.4 Effects of Taurine on the Proliferation of NSCs
3.5 Effects of Taurine on Differentiation of NSCs
3.6 Effects of Taurine on Oxidative Stress in NSCs Induced by Glutamate
3.7 Effects of Taurine on Apoptosis of NSCs Induced by Glutamate
3.8 Effects of Taurine on Protein Expression of Key Factors Involved in BDNF/ERK/CREB Pathway in NSCs
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Potentiates Entorhinal-Dentate but not Hippocampus CA1 Pathway in Adult Male Rats: A Mechanism of Taurine-Modulated BDNF on Learning and Memory
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Animals
2.2 Experimental Protocol
2.3 Peak fEPSP Analysis
2.4 Power Spectral Analysis of Field Potential
2.5 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Peak fEPSP Slopes
3.2 Power Spectral Density and Pattern of Field Potentials
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Influences of Taurine Pharmacodynamics and Sex on Active Avoidance Learning and Memory
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Subjects
2.2 Taurine Administration
2.3 Active Avoidance Testing
2.4 Data Analyses
2.5 Statistical Analyses
3 Results
3.1 Control Rat’s Sex-Dependent Effects on Active Avoidance Behaviors
3.2 Effects of Taurine Pre- and Post-training on Male’s Active Avoidance Behaviors
3.3 Effects of Taurine Pre- and Post-training on Female’s Active Avoidance Behaviors
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
The Effects of Dietary Taurine-Containing Jelly Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Memory Ability of the Elderly with Subjective Cognitive Decline
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Design of the Study
2.2 Subjects and Taurine-Containing Jelly Supplementation
2.3 Data Collection
2.4 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 General Characteristics of the Subjects
3.2 Anthropometric Data, Blood Pressure, and Blood Glucose Level of the Subjects
3.3 The Changes in Cognitive Function of the Subjects
3.4 The Changes in Memory Ability of the Subjects
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Effects of Dietary Taurine-Containing Jelly Supplementation on Academic-Related Characteristics and Academic Achievement in Korean College Entrance Examinees: A Pilot Study
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Study Design
2.2 Subjects
2.3 Academic-Related Characteristics
2.4 Academic Achievement
2.5 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 General Characteristics of Subjects
3.2 Homogeneity Test Between the TSG and PG Before Intake of Jelly
3.3 Difference Between the TSG and PG After Intake of Jelly
3.4 Differences in Changes Before and After Intake of Taurine-Containing Jelly in TSG
3.5 Correlation Between Academic-Related Characteristics and Academic Achievement for Differences in Post- and Pre-scores
3.6 Effect of Self-Regulated Learning Score on Academic Achievement in the TSG
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Improvement in Willingness to Purchase Taurine-Containing Jelly Needs High Degrees of Interest and Preference: Focused on Korean College Students
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Subjects
2.2 General Characteristics and Interest in Taurine-Containing Jelly
2.3 Consideration in Buying Taurine-Containing Jelly
2.4 Recognition of Taurine-Containing B Jelly
2.5 Evaluation of Consumer Preference for Taurine-Containing B Jelly
2.6 Acceptability to Purchase Product After Tasting Taurine-Containing B Jelly
2.7 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 General Characteristics and Interest in Taurine-Containing Jelly of the Subjects
3.2 Considering the Purchase of Taurine-Containing Jelly
3.3 Recognition of Taurine-Containing B Jelly
3.4 Evaluation of Consumer Preference for Taurine-Containing B Jelly
3.5 Acceptability to Purchase Taurine-Containing B Jelly After Tasting
3.6 Effects on Willingness to Purchase Taurine-Containing B Jelly
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Positive Eusocial Impacts on Ants by Taurine Derivatives
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Taurine Content Measurement
2.2 Maintenance of Ant Farms
2.3 Monitoring Newly Formed Chamber Units
2.4 Growing Under Stressful Conditions
2.5 Evaluation of Cooperative Defense Efforts
2.6 Comparison of Population Mass
3 Results
3.1 Taurine Content Measurement
3.2 Number of Chamber Units Formed
3.3 Survival at Severe Conditions
3.4 Cooperative Defense Index (CDI)
3.5 Population Size and Composition
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Part VIII: Effect of Taurine Against Toxic Agents
Taurine Prevents AFB1-Induced Renal Injury by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Animal Treatment
2.2 Measurement of Renal Index and Histological Observation
2.3 Detection of Renal Injury-Related Indicators
2.4 Antioxidant Indexes Analysis
2.5 Total RNA Extraction and Quantitative RT-PCR
2.6 Cell Apoptosis Analysis
2.7 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Taurine Inhibits AFB1-Induced Renal Injury in Rats
3.2 Taurine Improves the Antioxidant Capacity of Renal Cells
3.3 Taurine Inhibits Renal Cell Apoptosis Induced by AFB1
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Taurine-Derived Compounds Produce Anxiolytic Effects in Rats Following Developmental Lead Exposure
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Subjects
2.2 Blood Pb2+-Level Analyses
2.3 The Open Field Test
2.4 Taurine and Taurine Derivative Drug Preparations and the Elevated Plus Maze Test
2.5 Data Analyses
2.6 Statistical Analyses
3 Results
3.1 BLLs as a Function of Sex and Pb2+ Exposure Prior to Behavioral Testing
3.2 Developmental Pb2+ Exposure-Induced Sex-Based Differences in Locomotor Activity
3.3 Developmental Pb2+ Exposure-Induced Sex-Based Differences in Anxiogenic Behaviors that Were Recovered by Taurine and Taurine Derivative Anxiolytic Drug Treatments
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Developmental Lead Exposure in Rats Causes Sex-Dependent Changes in Neurobiological and Anxiety-Like Behaviors that Are Improved by Taurine Co-treatment
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Subjects
2.2 Blood Pb2+-Level Analyses
2.3 The Open Field Test
2.4 The Elevated Plus Maze Test
2.5 The Encephalization Quotient
2.6 Isotropic Fractionation
2.7 Statistical Analyses
3 Results
3.1 BLLs as a Function of Pb2+-Dose and Pb2+-Exposure Cessation Prior to Behavioral Testing
3.2 Neurodevelopmental Pb2+ Exposure Induced Sex-Dependent Differences in Anxiogenic Behaviors
3.3 Neurodevelopmental Pb2+ Exposure Induced Sex-Dependent Differences in Anxiogenic Behaviors
3.4 Neurodevelopmental Pb2+ Exposure Induced Sex-Dependent Differences in Encephalization Quotients and Taurine Influences
3.5 Neurodevelopmental Pb2+ Exposure and Taurine Did Not Influence Total Nuclei Counts Examined by Isotropic Fractionation Methods
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
In Vivo Sex-Dependent Effects of Perinatal Pb2+ Exposure on Pilocarpine-Induced Seizure Susceptibility and Taurine Neuropharmacology
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Subjects
2.2 Blood Pb2+-Level Analyses
2.3 Stereotaxic Surgery for Inducing In Vivo Hippocampal CA1 Seizures
2.4 Stereotaxic Surgery for Inducing In Vivo Hippocampal CA1 Seizures
2.5 Stereotaxic Surgery for Inducing In Vivo Hippocampal CA1 Seizures
2.6 Statistical Analyses
3 Results
3.1 BLLs as a Function of Sex and Pb2+ Exposure
3.2 Gender-Specific Susceptibility to Pilocarpine-Induced Seizures
3.3 Pilocarpine-Induced Seizures in Rats Exposed to Pb2+
3.4 The Developmental Pb2+-Exposure Sex-Dependent Effects in Brain Excitability Were Recovered by Taurine in Males But Not Females
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Taurine Prevents LPS-Induced Liver Injury in Weaned Piglets
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Animal Models
2.2 Sample Collection
2.3 HE
2.4 qPCR
2.5 Western Blot Analysis
2.6 Data Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Taurine Has Protective Effects on LPS-Induced Hepatic Injury in Piglets
3.2 Taurine Possibly Increases SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px Activity in LPS-Induced Piglet Liver and Reduced MDA Activity
3.3 Taurine Can Reduce LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress
3.4 Taurine Can Reduce Liver Cell Apoptosis
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Index