دانلود کتاب The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Futures

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Preface Acknowledgments List of Topics About the Editor Contributors A 15-Minute City 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Accessible Homes Active Living Active Transport Adaptation Adapting Cities to Climate Change Definition Introduction Urban Climate Adaptation Plans Guidelines Development of Urban Adaptation Plans for Cities with Population over 100,000 in Poland (MPA) Climate Risk Assessment Including Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)/Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Guide Climate-Friendly Cities Future Actions Summary/Conclusions References Adapting to a Changing Climate Through Nature-Based Solutions Synonyms Definition Introduction Nature-Based Solutions and Climate Negotiations Building India´s Resilience Through NbS Hazard-Specific Implementable Solutions Flood-Specific Interventions Cyclone-Specific Interventions Drought-Specific Interventions Implementing NbS-at-Scale Cross-References Acknowledgment References Adaptive Governance Adequate Housing Administration Advanced Environmental Practices Adversity Affordable Housing Affordable Shelter Age-Friendly Community Age-Friendly Future Cities Synonyms Definition Introduction Demographic Drivers WHO Age-Friendly City Model Principles of Age-Friendly Cities Building Co-design and Co-creation with Older Adults Co-operation with Diverse Stakeholders and Cross-Cutting Sectors Top-Down Political Commitment and Resources Age-Friendly Future Cities All-Age-Friendly Cities Age-Friendly Cities Promoting Equal Aging Age-Friendly City Development in the Global South Conclusion Cross-References References Further Reading Agency Agenda Post-2015 Agricultural Production Agroforestry Allotment Alternative Agriculture Alternative Compliance Tools Alternative Protein Amsterdam Amsterdam´s Pathway to Climate Neutrality: Creating an Enabling Environment Synonyms Definition Introduction Setting the Ambition Understanding the Challenge Amsterdam Going (Dough)nuts?! Spotlight on Mobility Sector Focus on the Built Environment The Many Roles of a (the) Municipality Quo Vadis Amsterdam? (Conclusions) Cross-References Acknowledgment Further Reading Anticipatory Cities Applying Smart Frameworks to Arctic Cities Definition Definition and Dimensions of a Smart Sustainable City Measuring an Arctic Smart City: Metrics and Standardization Conclusion Cross-References References Approach Appropriate Technology Area Artificial Urban Wetlands Synonyms Definition Introduction Contributing to Water Management and Habitat Development Positioning in Urban Sustainability Debate Expanding Future Use, Extending Benefits Summary and Conclusion Cross-References References At the Intersection and Looking Ahead Synonyms Definition Introduction The Conceptual Framework Theories Underpinning the Study Research Methodology The Urban Realities of Africa and Asia Under the New Normal of COVID-19 Urban Africa Johannesburg, South Africa Harare, Zimbabwe Urban Asia Kaesong, North Korea Mumbai, India Conclusion and Policy Options References Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Reduction Attributes Augmented Reality: Robotics, Urbanism, and the Digital Turn Synonyms Definitions Introduction VR from Militarization to the Public Extended Realities (XR) XR Applications in the Built Environment Technological Fusion: Eye Tracking, AR, and Machine Learning Trajectories Cross-References References Autarkic City Automated City Automobile Dependence Awareness and Education B Bag-of-Words Model: Sustainability Lacks Influencers Cross-References Behavioral Science Informed Governance for Urban and Regional Futures Synonyms Definition Why Is Behavioral Science Relevant for Governance at all? A Selected Overview of ``Irrational Behaviors´´ Conclusion Cross-References References Benefit Benefits Beyond Knowledge: Learning to Cope with Climate Change in Cities Synonyms Definition Introduction: Cities in Times of Climate Change From Knowledge to Learning Where and How Learning Takes Place Summary Cross-References References Big Data for Smart Cities and Inclusive Growth Introduction Current Advancement in Big Data-Driven Smart City and Inclusive Growth Big Data for SDG Monitoring and Inclusive Growth in Smart Cities Challenges and Technical Limitations of Big Data Conclusion Reference Biodiversity Biodiversity Conservation Biophilic City Bioregionalism Synonyms Definition Introduction History of the Term Indigenous ``Bioregional´´ Practices Reinhabitation Conclusion Cross-References References Further Reading Blue/Green Infrastructure Blue-Green Cities: Achieving Urban Flood Resilience, Water Security, and Biodiversity Definition Terminology Recent Research and Knowledge Gaps Hydrodynamic Modelling Stormwater as a Resource Biodiversity and Provision of Ecosystem Services Interoperability Water Quality Benefits Stakeholder Involvement and the Social Dimension Summary and Conclusions References Boundaries Building Community Resilience Introduction Community Resilience Design A Design Lens for Community Resilience References Building Energy Systems Building Energy: How Building Efficiency Can Be Improved in Government Facilities Synonyms Definition Building Energy Introduction Energy Efficiency in the Built Environment Framework of Building Energy Strategies Summary/Conclusion Cross-References References Building Resilient Communities Over Time Conceptualizing the Resilient Communities Building Resilient Communities Over Time Cross-References References Building-Integrated Agriculture Buildings Built Environment Built Environment Energy Bushfire Busing Butterfly Gardening Butterfly Gardening in Colombo, Sri Lanka: Approach to Biodiversity Conservation, Monitoring, Education, and Awareness in Urba... Synonyms Definition Introduction Butterfly Gardening Urban Parks and Butterfly Gardening in Colombo, Sri Lanka The Importance of Butterfly Gardens, Urban Parks, and Urban Home Gardens for Butterfly Conservation Awareness Creation on Butterflies in Sri Lanka Status of Butterfly Gardening/Awareness in the World and Initiatives That Could Be Taken to Improve Butterfly Gardening in Col... Conclusion Cross-References Acknowledgment References C Capabilities Capacities Capacity-Building Carbon Capture and Storage Carbon Dioxide Removal Carbon Emissions Carbon Neutral Adelaide Synonyms Definition Introduction Urban Climate Governance The Carbon Neutral City: A Roadmap Towards Sustainability? Carbon Neutral Adelaide Carbon Neutral Adelaide´s Roadblocks to Sustainability Conclusion: Carbon Neutral Adelaide - Roadworks in Urban Sustainability Cross-References References Carbon Neutrality Carbon Sequestration Through Building-Integrated Vegetation Synonyms Definition Introduction Urban Ecosystems and Climate Change Background Carbon Sequestration in the Urban Built Environment Carbon Sequestration Strategies Through Building Design Carbon Sequestration Dynamics Conclusions Cross-References References Carbon Sink Carbon Uptake Care Ethics Care-full Cities CBD - Convention on Biological Diversity CEEW - Council on Energy, Environment and Water Cellular Agriculture CEM - Commission on Ecosystem Management The Centrality of Ellensburg Introduction Native Occupancy of the Valley Pioneer Days, the Coming of the Railroads, and Road Improvement Expansion of the Highway System The University Legacy Contemporary Trends Internet Highway Summary Cross-References Further Reading Centralization The Challenges for Wildland-Urban Interfaces (WUI) in Metropolitan Areas: Reducing Fire Risk, Providing Employment Opportuniti... Synonyms Definition Introduction: The Problem with the Boundaries Between Nature and Humankind The First WUI Challenge in Metropolitan Areas: Reducing Fire Risk The Second WUI Challenge in Metropolitan Areas: Providing Work in Agriculture, Small-Scale Forestry, and Tourism The Third WUI Challenge in Metropolitan Areas: Preserving Natural Habitats Through Technology Summary/Conclusion Cross-References Acknowledgment References Challenges of Delivering Regional and Remote Human Services and Supports Synonyms Definitions Introduction Geography and Infrastructure Workforce Shortages and Retention Cultural Security Appropriateness of Timelines and Outcomes Evidenced and Emerging Alternatives Summary References Changing Paradigms in Urban Planning 2000-2020 Introduction The World Between 2000 and 2020: General Context Political, Economic, and Urban Context in Barcelona in 2000 Principles and Objectives of Urban Planning in the Year 2000 in Barcelona Principles and Objectives of the 22 @ Innovation District in 2000 Context and Urban Background Urban Development of the 22 @ District from 2000 to 2020 Current Situation Principles and Objectives of Urban Planning in Barcelona in 2020 Current Urban Context: Environmental, Social and Economic Crises Principles and Objectives of the 22 @ Innovation District in 2022 Objectives Urban Proposals of the 22 @ 2022 Master Plan The new Land use regulations, the Buildability, and the IDEEU Index Economic Activity Green and Circular Economy and the IDEEU index Social and Solidarity Economy Industry 4.0 and Makers Creative Activities Inclusive Urban Planning Conclusions Child-Friendly Cities Children - Minors, Infants Children, Urban Vulnerability, and Resilience Synonyms Definition Introduction Putting into Perspective the Issues and Context Children, Urban Vulnerability, and Resilience: A Review Analysis and Emerging Issues Conclusion and Options for the Future Cross-References References Church Gardens Circular Cities Synonyms Definition Introduction The Circular Economy Applying Circularity at Multiple Levels of the Built Environment From Metabolic to Circular Cities Circular Cities: Existing Perspectives Bibliometrics An Outlook of Circular Cities: Barriers and Challenges Conclusion Cross-References References Circular Economy Circular Economy and the Water-Food Nexus Synonyms Introduction Water-Food Nexus Pressures Circular Economy Circular Economy Reducing Water-Food Nexus Pressures Reduce Reuse and Recycle Recover Restore Conclusion Cross-References References Circular Economy Cities Synonyms Introduction The Linear Economy The Circular Economy The Role of Cities in Developing a Circular Economy The 5Rs Case Study of Reduce: Singapore´s Building Retrofit Energy Efficiency Financing Scheme Case Study of Reuse: San Francisco´s Onsite Water Reuse Grant Program Case Study of Recycle: City of Toronto´s Electronic Waste Programme Case Study of Restore: City West Water´s Stormwater Harvesting Partnering Fund Case Study of Recover: Berliner Wasserbetriebe Recovering Resources from Wastewater Conclusion Cross-References References Circular Lifestyle Circular Water Economy Synonyms Introduction Circular Economy Circular Water Economy Reduce Pricing of Water Water Meters Regulations Consumer Education and Awareness Reuse Gray Water Blackwater Rainwater Harvesting Stormwater Harvesting Recycle Non-potable Use Potable Use Recover Biogas from Anaerobic Digestion Biogas for Combined Heat and Power Thermal Conversion of Wastewater and Biosolids Recovery of Nutrients from Wastewater Restore Riparian Buffers Wetlands Cross-References References Cities Cities in Low-and-Middle Income Countries Cities in Nature Evolution of City Concepts Singapore´s Urban Transformation: From Mudflats to Metropolis The 1971 Concept Plan: A Radical Plan for a Modern City (Garden City) The 1991 Concept Plan and the Reformed Urban Planning System (City in a Garden) The 2001 Concept Plan: A City with Identity (City in a Garden) The 2011 Concept Plan (City of Gardens and Waters) 2021 and Beyond (City in Nature) Liveable and Sustainable Cities Framework by the Centre for Liveable Cities (CLC) Liveability and Density: The Journey from Garden City to a City in Nature Garden City City in a Garden City of Garden and Waters The ABC Waters Journey ABC Waters´ Contributions to City in Nature City in Nature The Implementation Strategy Strategy 1: Extend Singapore´s Natural Capital Growing the Nature Park Network Strategy 2: Intensify Nature in Our Gardens and Parks Implementation of More Therapeutic Landscapes Implementation of Nature Playgardens Naturalize Waterways and Conservation of Mangrove Areas Species Recovery and Habitat Restoration Strategy 3: Restore Nature into the Urban Landscape Industrial Estates: Bringing Nature Back Residential Estates: Incorporating Nature into HDB New and Existing Towns More Parks in the Heartland Strategy 4: Strengthening Connectivity Between Green Spaces Growing the Network of Nature Ways Expanding the Park Connector Network (PCN) Building Expertise, an Industry, and Living with Nature Build Science and Technology and Industry Capacity Inspire Communities to Cocreate and Be Stewards of Nature What Does the Future Holds? Epilogue Acknowledgment References Citizens City City Digital Twin City Financing and Social Urbanism in Latin America: The Importance of Good Fiscal Management Challenges of Municipal Governments Fiscal Management Measures to Increase Municipal Resources The Importance of Land Policy and LVC Tools References City Vision City Visions: Toward Smart and Sustainable Urban Futures Definition Introduction Urbanization and Urban Challenges Urban Futures, City Foresight and City Visioning City Visions and City Visioning Discourses about the Future: Smart Cities and Sustainable Cities Case Study Example: Smart and Sustainable Reading 2050 City Vision Futures Thinking for Cities: What Lies Beyond COVID-19? Summary/Conclusions Cross-References References Further Reading City-to-City Learning Civic Society Clean Water Climate Adaptation Climate Change Climate Change Adaptation Climate Change Adjustment Climate Change and Surface Water Resources in Sri Lanka Synonyms Definition Introduction Climatic Change Effects Impacting Water Resources Effects of Climate Change to Surface Water Resources Water Level Evapotranspiration Soil Moisture Deficit Zonal Water Dynamics Current Status of Sri Lankan Water Resources Vulnerability of Various Sectors Current Status of Demand for Water Required Management Responses Conclusion Cross-References References Climate Change Mitigation Climate Change Resilience Climate deviations and surface water resources in Sri Lanka Climate Disaster Preparedness Climate Displaced Persons Climate Gentrification Introduction The Evolving Concept of Gentrification A Tri-disciplinary Research Paradigm A Global Survey of Potential Case Studies Northern America Europe Oceania Asia Latin America Africa Conclusion Appendix: (See Table 2) References Climate Migration Climate Neutrality Climate Refugees Climate Resilience in Informal Settlements: The Role of Natural Infrastructure Introduction Defining Climate Resilience and Informality Resilience in Informal Settlements Upgrading Informal Settlements for Climate Resilience Natural Infrastructure as Climate Adaptation Strategy in Informal Settlements Natural Infrastructure for Climate Adaptation Challenges and Opportunities for Implementation in Informal Settlements Opportunities Challenges Case Studies of Natural Infrastructure Implementation in Informal Settlements Moravia: Natural Infrastructure in the Management of Landslides and Contamination RISE Program: Citizen Science to Support the Design of Natural Infrastructure in Flood-Prone Areas References Climate Risk Atlas (CRA) Climate Risks Climate Security Climate Smart Agriculture Climate Vulnerability Climate-Adaptive Urban Areas Climate-Induced Relocation Synonyms Definition Introduction Climate Migration Managed Retreat Summary/Conclusion Climate-Neutral City Climate-Resilient City Climate-Resilient Technologies and Innovations for Sustainable Agriculture, Improved Landscape, and Food Security Definition Introduction Vulnerabilities of Degraded Landscapes in Bangladesh Promising Technologies and Innovations for Sustainable Agriculture, Improved Landscape, and Food Security HBT of Northwestern Bangladesh Saline-Prone Area of Southwest Bangladesh Waterlogging-Prone Areas of Southwest Bangladesh CHT of Southeastern Bangladesh Conclusion Acknowledgment References Climate-Responsive Urban Areas Climatic Variations and Surface Water Resources in Sri Lanka Closing the Loop on Local Food Access Through Disaster Management Synonyms Definition Introduction Food Insecurity Australian Disaster Risk Management and Shared Responsibility Local Food Procurement Contingency Planning and Local Food: An Emerging Alliance to Enhance Food Access Australian Example Cairns: Regional Perspective Logan City: Growth Corridor Perspective Lockyer Valley: Rural Perspective Conclusion Cross-References References Coastal Management Co-creation Processes Collaborative Collaborative Adaptation Collaborative Climate Action Synonyms Definition Summary Climate Collaboration among Government Levels Why CCA Strengthens Climate Policy? How to Achieve ``Better´´ CCA? Starting Points and Initiatives for CCA Cross-References References Collective Climate Adaptation Collective Emotions and Resilient Regional Communities Synonyms Definition Introduction Significance of Collective Emotions Current Framings of Community Resilience Conclusion Cross-References References Collectively Adapting to Sea-Level Rise Through Disaster Response, Commons Management, and Social Mobilization Synonyms Definition Introduction Types of Community-Led Collective Adaptation to Sea-Level Rise Disaster Response Sea-Level Rise Adaptation Planning Sea-Level Rise Adaptation Implementation Factors That Enable Collective Adaptation Social Capital Sharing Information Collective Adaptation and the Role of the State Conclusion Cross-References References Colombia Energy Transformation Combined Green and Grey Infrastructure Commons-Based Adaptation Communicable Diseases (Infectious Diseases, Contagious Diseases) Community Community Development Community Engagement and Climate Change: The Value of Social Networks and Community-Based Organizations Synonyms Definition Introduction From Economic Theory to the Psychology of the Individual: Why We Act From the Individual to Social Networks: A Potential to Change the Way We Act Using the Role of Community-Based Organizations as Trusted Messengers Cambridge Carbon Footprint Conclusion Cross-References References Community Engagement for Urban and Regional Futures Synonyms Definitions Introduction What Is Community Engagement? Regulating Community Engagement Digital Era Community Engagement Key Concepts that Relate to and Influence Community Engagement Community Engagement as Practice Case Study: Community Engagement in Australia Background to Australia´s Infrastructure Sector The Infrastructure Engagement Excellence Standards Summary and Conclusion: Future Considerations for Community Engagement in Urban and Regional Futures Cross-References References Community Foundations Community Garden Community Impact Community in a Changing Climate: Shaping Urban and Regional Futures Definition Introduction Settlements in a Changing Climate Examining and Redefining the Construct of Community Community Within Urban and Regional Environments Reframing Community in Conditions of Climate Change Conclusion Cross-References References Further Reading Community Leadership Community Resilience Community Resources Community Support Community Vulnerability to Extractive Industry Disasters Introduction Shifting Definition of Disasters Natural and Human-Induced Disasters Extractive Disasters Hybrid Disasters Communities and Social Vulnerability What Makes Communities Vulnerable to Disasters? Biophysical Social Economic Political Legal Community Responses to Extractive Disasters Defining Community Resilience Factors Inhibiting Community Resilience Community Polarization Psychological Impacts Community Knowledge Mobilization Strategies Among Resilient Communities Local Protests Case: Aberfan Disaster, Wales Transnational Connections Case: Uranium Mining in Kakadu National Park, Australia Shareholder Activism Case: Mariana Dam Disaster, Brazil Legal Tools Case: Ok Tedi Mine Disaster, Papua New Guinea Conclusion References Community-Led Interventions Community-Supported Agriculture Company Town Competitiveness of Cities Competitiveness of Regions Composing an Urban Sphere Computation Computational Urban Planning Synonyms Definitions Introduction Background and Context Computational Urban Planning: A Review Application of Computational Planning: International Cases Redesigning of Rochor District, Singapore Creation of a New Mixed-Use District: Hangzhou, China Master Planning of the Toronto Sidewalk Project, Canada Computational Urban Planning Attempts in Africa Empower Shack Project: Cape Town South Africa (Case Study) Discussion Conclusion and Recommendations Cross-References References Computer Applications Concepts, Approaches, and Methodologies for Ecological Flood Resilience Assessment: A Review Synonyms Definitions Resilience Adaptive Capacity Transformability Ecological Flood Resilience Introduction Concept of Resilience Assessing Resilience Concept of Ecological Resilience Ecological Resilience and Adaptive Cycle Assessing Ecological Resilience Concept of Ecological Flood Resilience Assessing Flood Resilience Based on Complex Adaptive System Thinking The Concept of Complex Adaptive Systems Assessing Complex Adaptive System Resilience: Ecological Systems Assessing Complex Adaptive System Resilience: Sociopolitical Systems Assessing Complex Adaptive System Resilience: Urban Infrastructure Systems Assessing Complex Adaptive System Resilience: Community Resilience Methodologies and Approaches for Assessment Approaches Toward Ecological Flood Resilience Measurement Case Studies Making Room for the River: Nijmegen, the Netherlands Adaption Measures Natural Water Retention (NWR) in River Ecosystems Assessing Natural Water Retention by Restoration and Rehabilitation Improvement of Dikes and Dams for Better Adaptation Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Resilience: Case of Sustainable Urban Development in Utrecht, the Netherlands Assessment of Natural Water Retention Through Spatial Planning Conclusion Cross-References References Conceptualizing the Urban Commons Urban Governance: Definition, Introduction, Theoretical Framework Concluding Notes: Governing the Urban Commons Cross-References References Conflict Connecting Urban and Regional Innovation Ecosystems to Enhance Competitiveness Synonyms Definition Introduction Conceptual Framework for Connected Urban and Regional Innovation Ecosystems Distance and Proximity Cluster Emergence Transforming Regions Combining Industrial and Science-Based Innovation to Create New Paths of Development Institutional Challenges and Their Solutions Conclusion Cross-References References Connectivity Conservation Constructed Urban Wetlands Consultation Contribute Coordinate Coordinated Adaptation Countryside County Coupled Green and Grey Infrastructure Systems Crops and Panels: A Farm Model with Trade-offs in the Water-Energy-Food Nexus Abbreviations Definitions Introduction The Water-Energy-Food Nexus in the Middle East Implementation of the Nexus Concept Farm Modeling As a Contribution to Analyze the Nexus Plan of the Remainder of the Entry General Structure Farm Model Premises and Formulation Optimal Allocation Targeted Use Reflecting the Nexus in a Farm Model WEF Modeling Needs Resources Land Labor Water Cropping Activities Classification and Planting Options Crop Yields New and Existing Trees Energy Electricity Supply and Demand Yield of Solar Panels Farmer Optimization Two-Stage Decisions Precautionary Constraints Schematic Illustration Mathematical Representation of the Model Exogenous Resources and Ex Ante Calculations Resources Ex Ante Crop Yields and Water Requirements Endogenous Activities Resource Constraints Yield and Output Input Needs Electricity Balance Precautionary Constraints Objective Summarizing the Model Model Application Cross-References References Cross-cultural Adaptation Crowding Cultural Ecosystem Services Curated Emergence D Decarbonization Decentralization Decentralized Concentration Decentralized Cooperation and Political Strategy Decline Delivery Bots Delivery Robots Demand Management Democratic Processes Demography Density Design Design Thinking Developing Countries Developing World Cities - Cities of the Global South Development Development - Expansion/Growth Development Goals Digital City Modeling and Emerging Directions in Public Participation in Planning Introduction/Definition Digital Participation Models Driven by the Need for Improved Public Participation in Complex Planning Issues Digital Participation Models Can Improve Public Understanding of the Trade-Offs Involved in Complex Planning Decisions The Significance of Improved Public Understanding of Trade-Offs Via Digital Participation Models The Role for Design in Effective Digital Participation Models Future Challenges for Digital Participation Models Conclusion Cross-References References Digital Nature Digital Turn Digital Twin and Cities Synonyms Definition Introduction Digital Twin Versions and Variations 3D Data 3D Models and Simulations Digital Thread Physical Internet Digital Shadow Digital Twin for City and Spatial Planning Ecosystem Data Management Governance, Standards, and Regulations Summary and Conclusions Cross-References References Further Reading Digitalization Digitalization, Urbanization, and Urban-Rural Divide Introduction Extent of Urbanization Extent of Digitalization Concluding Remarks Cross-References References Dimension/Size Direction Directive Disaster Disaster Management Disaster Preparedness Disaster Relief Disaster Risk in Informal Settlements and Opportunities for Resilience Synonyms Definition Introduction Institutional Approaches Relocation and Disaster Risk Reduction Opportunities for Resilience Through In Situ Upgrading Conclusion Cross-References References Discipline/Practice Discrimination Displaced Dispossessed Disruptive Innovation Disruptive Mobility: Sharing Electric Autonomous Vehicles (SEAVs) Reshape Our Future Cities Introduction What is the Disruptive Technology? Three Disruptive Mobility Technologies Electric Vehicles (EVs) Smart Shared Mobility Platforms Automated Vehicles (AVs) Disruptive Mobility and Future Cities Conclusion References Distribute Distributed Energy District Drinking Water Standards Driver Policy E EbA - Ecosystem-Based Adaptation Eco-city Eco-DRR - Ecosystem-Led Disaster Risk Reduction Eco-efficient City Eco-industrial Network Ecological Corridor Ecological Engineering Ecological Restoration Ecological Security Economic Sustainability Economical Security Ecoregion Ecosystem Based Adaptation Ecosystem Services Ecosystem-Based Adaptation Ecosystem-Based Approach Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction or Building with Nature Ecosystem-Based Management Ecosystems Restoration and Habitats Enhancement Introduction Weir Pool Manipulation in South Australia A Brief History Rationale and Expected Ecological Benefits Case Study of the 2014 Spring WPR Event at Locks 1 and 2 Objectives A Coordinated Multi-agency Trial A Two-Staged Strategy in Raising Risk Assessment Discussion Concluding Remarks References Ecotourism is responsible tourism Ecovillages Education for Inclusive and Transformative Urban Development Introduction The Meaning of Development The Menu of Inclusive and Transformative Urban Development The Relationship Between Education and Development Conclusion and Future Direction Cross-References References El Nino South Oscillation (ENSO) Elder-Friendly Community The Elusive Quest for Affordable Housing: Five Principles of a Comprehensive Approach Introduction: The Affordable Housing Challenge The Need for a Comprehensive Approach Tackling Supply-Side Issues, Demand-Side Issues, and Subsidies in a Sequenced Manner Combining the Curative and the Preventive Working Across the Entire Housing Value Chain Developing Segmented Solutions Tailored to Different Income Groups Offering Different Housing Solutions Across a Range of Tenure Options Conclusions Cross-References Acknowledgment References Embedding Justice in Resilient Climate Change Action Definitions, Conceptualisation and Synonyms Toward a Resilient Climate Action Cross-References References Emergency Emerging Concepts Exploring the Role of Nature for Health and Well-Being Synonyms Definition Introduction Establishing What Is Meant by Nature A Relationship with Nature Health and Well-Being Benefits The Emerging Role of Digital Nature The Current State of Knowledge Future Questions, Concerns, and Developments Conclusion Cross-References Acknowledgment References Endowments Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency in Buildings Energy Transition Engineered Urban Wetlands ENSO - El Nino South Oscillation Environment Environmental Education and Non-governmental Organizations Environmental Education Non-governmental Organization Roles of NGOs in Promoting Environmental Education Environmental Awareness and Campaigning Animal Products Religion Reporting Monitoring and Geographic Information System (GIS) Training and Capacity Building Government Partnership Conclusion References Environmental Literacy Environmental Movement Environmental Psychology Environmental Sustainability Epidemiological Shifts in Urban Bangladesh Synonyms Definitions Introduction Urban Bangladesh and Increasing Health Risks Communicable and Non-communicable Diseases: Risk Factors Methodology Concurrent Disease Trends Communicable Diseases in Urban Bangladesh VPDs and Diarrheal Diseases Vector-Borne Diseases Emerging Diseases and COVID-19 Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) in Urban Areas Analysis of Changing Trends Discussions Future Research Conclusion Cross-References References Equal Cities Equitable Transitions Equity ESG in Real Estate Investment Introduction Definition of ESG and Relevance to Real Estate Areas of Extant Research Issues for the Future References Ethical Finance Ethics European Green Deal and Development Perspectives for the Mediterranean Region Synonyms Definitions Introduction The Mediterranean Region in Transition: European Green Deal, Sustainability, and Energy Perspectives Labor Policies for Just and Inclusive Energy Transition Implications and Policy Recommendations for the South-Med Region Acknowledgment References Evidence-Based Research Extended Reality Extended Urbanization F Faith Communities Faith Communities as Hubs for Climate Resilience Synonyms Definition Introduction Faith Community Lands Cultural Ecosystem Services: Spiritual and Recreational Food Justice Regulating Services Faith Communities and Disaster Preparedness Conclusion Cross-References References Feminism Feminist Planning and Urbanism: Understanding the Past for an Inclusive Future Synonyms Definitions Introduction Theoretical Foundations Feminism and Intersectional Feminism Feminist Geography Ecofeminism Influence of Feminist Theoretical Foundations on Planning Theory Policymaking Global Policymaking Canada Vienna, Austria Iceland Women-Led Planning Networks and Organizations Global Commonwealth Women in Planning Network Slum Dwellers International Urbanistas Global Urbanists Rotterdam, Netherlands National Women in Urbanism Aotearoa, New Zealand Women in Planning UK The Association of Women in Property, UK Safetipin, India Tanzania Women Architects for Humanity, Tanzania TAO-Pilipinas, The Philippines Women in Real Estate, Kenya Women in Planning South Africa (WiPSA) Local Women Transforming Cities, Vancouver, Canada Women in Cities International, Montréal, Canada The Women-Led Cities Initiative, Philadelphia, USA Women in Urbanism YYC, Calgary, Canada Promising Practices and the Barriers to Achieve Them Europe Sweden Barcelona, Spain Women Design Service, UK The Royal Town Planning Institute´s Gender Mainstreaming Toolkit Women and Planning Conference Women-Friendly Leeds North America Canada Vancouver, British Columbia: A City for All Women Montréal, Conseil des Montréalaises, Quebec The USA Feminist Economic Recovery Plan, the USA Stalled, the USA Asia South Asia India Bangladesh Nepal Southeast Asia Singapore The Philippines South and Central America Brazil Mexico Africa East Africa Reflections Reflexivity Statement Cross-References Acknowledgment Appendix References Finance Financing: Fiscal Tools to Enhance Regional Sustainable Development Synonyms Definition Introduction Globalization, Finance, and Regional Development Finance and Regional Sustainable Development: Ethics and Green Finance Conclusion: The Futures of Regions and Regional Development Cross-References References Further Readings Fiscal Tools Fisheries Crime and Ocean Resilience Definition International Perspective Corruption in Fisheries Case Study: Indonesian Corruption Scandal Case Study: ``Fishrot´´ Corruption Scandal Realigning Consumer Demand for Legal and Sustainable Fish Case Study: Seafood Fraud Innovative Control of Fisheries Crimes to Build Ocean Resilience Public Data Sharing Innovative Market Regulation Emerging Technology to Close Policing Gaps and Build Resilience Cross-References References Food Governance Food Justice Food Loss Food Losses and Waste Food Security Food Security - Food Governance Forest Forest Fire Formulating Sustainable Foodways for the Future: Tradition and Innovation Synonyms Definition Introduction Sustainable Foodways, Old and New Production Distribution Consumption Summary: Foodways for the Future References Further Reading Foundations From Vulnerability to Urban Resilience to Climate Change Synonyms Definition Introduction Context of Climate Change Concepts and Terminology How to Improve Urban Resilience? Conclusion Cross-References References Furthering the Sustainable Development Agenda by Putting Urban Heritage and Value Extraction at the Center Synonyms Definitions Introduction Conceptual Framework Scholarship and Experiences in Urban Heritage and Value Extraction Emerging Issues and Synthesis Conclusion and Future Direction Cross-References References Future Future - Prospects Future - The Prospective Future Cities Future Foods for Urban Food Production Synonyms Definition Evolution of Food Production, Food Provision, and Urbanization Risks to Food Supply Chains and Urban Food Security Future Foods and Their Production Systems Macroalgae and Mussels in Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture Microalgae in Photobioreactors Mycoprotein in Fermenters Insect Larvae in Breeding Systems Cultured Meat in Bioreactors Future Foods Production Systems in Urban Landscapes Realizing the Potential of Future Foods for Urban Food Production Cross-References References The Future of Reducing Urban Vulnerability with Perspectives of Child Development in Zimbabwe Introduction Literature Review Methodology Results The Case of Harare The Case of Bulawayo The Case of Mutare The Case of Chitungwiza Discussion Conclusion and Recommendations Cross-References References Future of the City-Region Concept and Reality Definition Introduction Theoretical Perspectives on the City-Region Concept and the Infrastructure-Community Nexus The City-Region, Sustainable Infrastructure, and Community Linkages: Experiences and Cases City-Regions in the European Periphery: The Case of Norway City-Regions in Latin America: The Case of Fortaleza City-Regions in Southern Africa: The Case of Gauteng City-Region Conclusion and Future Direction Cross-References References Future of Urban Governance and Citizen Participation Definition Introduction Conceptualizing Urban Governance and Citizen Participation Urban Governance and Citizen Participation Synthesis Gender Mainstreaming Equality and Equity Climate Change Unplanned Settlements Urban Resilience Management Conclusion and Future Direction Cross-References References Future of Urban Land-use Planning in the Quest for Local Economic Development Synonyms Definition Introduction Background and Context Research Methodology Literature Review Results Europe/North America Discussion Conclusion and Policy Options References G Garden City Gemstones Gender Gender Blind Urban Planning and Design Gender Equality Gender Inclusive Planning Gender Inequalities in Cities: Inclusive Cities Synonyms Definition Cross-References Acknowledgment References Gender Mainstreaming Gender Responsive Planning and Design Gender-Neutral Cities Geographic Geographic Information System (GIS) Geography Getting Our Built Environments Ready for an Aging Population Implications of an Aging Population Are Our Built Environments Ready for an Aging Population? What Needs to Be Done? References GGI Ghost Estates and New Ruins Global Goals Global Homelessness: Neoliberalism, Violence, and Precarious Urban Futures Synonyms Definition Cross-References References Global Pandemic Fallout Global Partnership Global Social Contract Global Survey of Food Waste Policies Synonyms Definition of Food Waste Introduction Global Food Waste Policies Europe Asia Oceania Middle East and Africa South America North America Summary Cross-References References Globalization and Financialization Governance The Governance of Smart Cities Synonyms Definition Governance and Smart Cities A Design Approach into the Governance of Smart Cities How to Design Policy for the Governance of Smart Cities Conclusion: Implementation of the Design Model Cross-References Acknowledgment References Governing for Food Security: A Cultural Perspective Synonyms Terms Definition: Key Concepts Introduction The Complex Character of Food Security The Meaning of Governance Introducing the Grid-Group Model Implications of the Grid-Group Model The COVID-19 Pandemic from the Grid-Group Perspective Conclusion Cross-References References Government Procurement Governments Green and Blue Infrastructure Green and Blue Infrastructure (GBI) in Urban Areas Definition Acronyms Introduction GBI and Ecosystem Services: Benefits and Trade-Offs Typologies of GBI GBI Relevance to Meet Global Targets Summary Acknowledgment References Green and Smart Cities in the Developing World Synonyms Definitions Introduction Urban Futures and City Vision Challenges Facing the Research of Urbanization and Future Development in the Developing World Definitions Construction of Sustainable and Smart Cities in the Developing World: Difficulties and Challenges General Characteristics of Sustainable and Smart Cities in the Developing World Summary Cross-References Green Belts Synonyms Definition Introduction Historical Emergence Planned Green Interventions Green Belts and Green Wedges Critique and Defence For: They Prevent Urban Sprawl For: They Protect the Setting of Historic Towns For: They Provide Amenity and Recreational Space For: They Support the Agricultural Industry For: They Protect the Environment Without Preventing Development Against: They Increase Land Prices and Reduce Housing Affordability Against: They Encourage Less Sustainable Commuting Patterns Against: They Create a ``Leapfrogging´´ of Development Against: They Prevent the Optimum Use of Land Against: They Do Not Benefit the Natural Environment Summary/Conclusion Cross-References References Further Reading Green Blue Infrastructure Green Buffer Green Building Green Cities Synonyms Definition Introduction Fundamental Elements of Green City and Implementation Strategies Quantification and Measurement of the Greenness of the City Urban Ecosystem Europe 2006-2007 (UEE) European Green City Index 2009 (EGCI) Sustainable Development Goal 11, Since 2016 (SDG 11) Summary/Conclusion Cross-References References Green Cities in Theory and Practice Synonyms Definition Introduction The Literature on Green Cities The Reality of Green Cities Assessing Greeness How Do Theory and Practice Relate? Transitioning Towards Greener Cities Conclusions Cross-References References Green Cities: Implementing the Miyawaki Method in Lahore, Pakistan Definition Introduction Conclusion Cross-References References Green Cities: Nature-Based Solutions, Renaturing and Rewilding Cities Introduction Working Definitions The Importance of Applying the Concepts of Regreening and Rewilding of Cities Nature-Based Solutions Conclusion References Green Corridor Green Development Green Economy Green Economy Policies to Achieve Water Security Synonyms Introduction Green Economy Green Economy and Water Security Fiscal Tools Environmental Taxes and Charges Types of Environmental Taxes and Charges Subsidies Tradable Water Rights Tradable Water Abstraction Rights Tradable Water Pollution Rights Considerations when Establishing a Tradable Water Rights System Payment for Ecosystem Services Types of PES Schemes Payment Mechanism for PES Schemes Green Bonds Policy Actions to Increase Green Bond Investment Nonfiscal Tools Regulations Ecolabels Objectives of Ecolabeling Schemes Environmental Awards and Recognition Green Public Procurement Education and Awareness Conclusion Cross-References References Green Finance Green Finger Green Growth Green Infrastructure Definition Green Infrastructure: The Multiple Benefits Ecosystem Services Climate Benefits Air Quality Improvements Thermal Comfort Disaster Risk Reduction Water Management Ecological Benefits Value to Wildlife Biodiversity Social Resilience Structural Benefit Human Health Benefits Community Satisfaction Political/Economic Services Economic Benefits Monetarizing GI Benefits Practical Implementation of Monetarizing GI Benefits Environmental Justice Justice for the Community Justice for Nature Conclusion Cross-References References Green Infrastructure in Metropolis Dimension: Case Study of Llobregat River, Barcelona Metropolitan Area Introduction Frontier Sinergies (Structure) ``Along´´ ``Through´´ ``Ower´´ Integral Vision (Functioning) Method of the Recreational Load Redistribution from the Public Space on the City´s Border Method of the Shared Multi-Scale Use of the Highway-Side Shopping and Entertainment Complex Method of Organizing Zones of Ecological Auto-Regeneration with a Public Access Scenario Public Space on Three Scales (Form and Perception) Method of Information Filling of Spaces - Routes Method of Overlay Scenarios: From Daily Recreation to Vacation Leisure, Park - Transition Method of the Implementation of Specific Functional Programs in Open Access Spaces Method of Access Without Approximation Cross-References References Green Infrastructure Planning Green Justice Green Spaces Green Strip Green Wedge Greenbelts Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) Greenspace Greenspace also known as green spaces or parks Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) Groundwater Growth Growth - Development Growth, De-growth, and Nature-Based Solutions Synonyms Definition Growth, Biophysical Limits and De-growth Nature Based Solutions as ``No Regret´´ Options Way Forward: Making Vulnerable Ecosystems Resilient Cross-References Acknowledgment References Growth, Expansion, and Future of Small Rural Towns Synonyms Definition Introduction Conceptualizing Growth, Expansion, and Sustainability of Small Rural Towns The Growth and Expansion of Small Towns Global and Regional Experiences in the Growth, Expansion, and Sustainability of Small Towns Emerging Issues and Synthesis Conclusion and Future Direction Cross-References References Guerilla Gardening Guidelines Guidelines for Water-Sensitive Informal Settlement Upgrading in the Global South Introduction Reading Urban and Informal Settlement Problems Through Water Water: A Framing Medium for Informal Settlement Upgrade (in the Twenty-First Century) EcoDistricts: From Theory to Aspirational Informal Settlement Attributes Place Prosperity Health and Well-being Connectivity Living Infrastructure Resource Regeneration From Aspirational Objectives to Informal Settlement Upgrading Implementation Rapid Assessment Review (RAC) Phase 1: Application In Phase 2: Project Initiation Phase 3: Implementation Phase 4: Housing Consolidation Conclusion Cross-References References H Habitat Provisioning Synonyms Definition Introduction Core Concepts: Biodiversity, Ecosystems, and Urban Ecosystems Habitat Provisioning Ecosystem Service: Translating to the Built Environment Context Urbanization and Biodiversity: Constraints and Opportunities Habitat Provisioning Strategies in the Urban Built Environment Context Habitat Provisioning Dynamics Conclusions Cross-References References Harare Synonyms Definition Introduction Background to the Harare Master Plan Progress on Implementation of Proposals: A Discussion New Imperatives for the New Harare Master Plan Conclusion and Way Forward Cross-References References Harvesting - Collecting, Harnessing Hazard Health Health and the City: How Cities Impact on Health, Happiness, and Well-Being Synonyms Definition Introduction Urban Health: Mitigating Risks and Harnessing Opportunities Population Density: A Blessing and a Curse Health Services: Better Offer, Unequal Access Urbanization Affects Diets and Lifestyles Air Pollution and Waste: Environmental Influences on Health Abound Urban Health and Inequality: Different Worlds within a City Mental Health: The Underestimated Value of Greenspace Urban Health in a Global Context Healthy Urban Design: How to Make Cities Future Fit Summary/Conclusion Urban Policy and Planning Must Address Health and Equity Head-on Multisectoral and Multi-Stakeholder Actions Are Crucial in Addressing the Determinants of Health Addressing Urban Complexity Requires Unconventional Approaches Acknowledgment References Health and the Role of Nature in Enhancing Mental Health Synonyms Definition Determinants of Health The Benefits of Nature on Mental Health The Importance of Multifunctional Green Spaces Residential Gardens as an Example of Multifunctional Green Spaces Incorporating Gardens into the Public Health Landscape Cross-References References Health Environment Health Promotion Healthy Cities Definition Introduction The Resurgence of Complex Health-Urban Systems Healthy Cities Then, Now, and in the Future The Healthy City: A Work in Progress Cross-References References Healthy Planning Healthy Urban Environment Healthy Urban Life Heritage Cuisines Hidden Enemy for Healthy Urban Life Synonyms Definition Introduction Segregation and Healthy Urban Life Reaching Hard-To-Reach Populations Conclusion: Healthy Living as a Right, Not a Privilege References Hidden Potential of Wastewater Introduction Environmental Crises and the Origins of Denmark´s Approach to Wastewater Wastewater Treatment and the Danish Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment Wastewater as a Source of Clean Energy Resource Recovery from Wastewater in the Circular Economy Wastewater Infrastructure: A Diversified Approach The Danish Regulatory Framework for Wastewater Treatment The 70% Reduction in Denmark´s CO2 Emissions by 2030: The Role of Wastewater Conclusion Cross-References References High Density Holistic Management Holistic Well-Being Home Garden Housing Housing Affordability Synonyms Definition Introduction Housing Stress Budget Standards and Residual Approaches Affordable Homeownership and Rental Barriers Affordable Housing Financial Assistance Ownership and Rental Terms Housing Affordability and Society References Housing and Development Synonyms Introduction Urban Informal Settlements: Definition Proposal Urban Informal Settlements and the ODS11 Agenda The Challenge of the Neighborhood Improvement Strategy Within the Framework of the SD´s Agenda Cross-References References Housing Costs Housing Stress Housing Upgrading How Cities Can Be Resilient Introduction: Rankings and Resilience Resilience and Sustainability Ecological and Engineering Resilience Resilience Has No Ethical Goals Specific Resilience: The Resilience of What, to What, for Whom Resilience and Time: Past, Present, and Future Resilience and Hazards in the Built Environment Methodology and Methods Savills Resilient Cities Index (SRCI) The Resilience of What: Housing Markets, Economy, or Technology? The Resilience to What: Housing Markets, Economy, and Environmental Impacts The Resilience for Whom: Population or Wealthy Population? Case Study 2: Resilience Cities from the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) The Resilience of What: People or Money? The Resilience to What: General or Specific Threats? The Resilience for Whom: People at Risk or Wealthy People? The Resilience of What, to What, for Whom in SRCI and EIU Rankings Discussion: Resilience and Wealth Conclusion: How Cities Can Be Resilient References How Cities Cooperate to Address Transnational Challenges Definitions Introduction: From Undergone Urban Internationalization to City Diplomacy Origin and Evolution of City Diplomacy Geographic Distribution The Instruments of City Diplomacy Bilateral Cooperation Multilateral Cooperation Advocacy Campaigns Conclusions: The Challenges Ahead Cross-References References Human Rights Human Security Hybrid (Green-Grey) Infrastructure Hydrographic Hygiene - Cleanliness I ICT Ideology-Thought IGGI Illegal International Movement IMD - India Meteorological Department Impact of Universities on Urban and Regional Economies Synonyms Definition Introduction Critiquing the Role of Universities in Local Economic Development Measuring the Expanded Value of Universities Universities´ Role in Fostering Innovation The Growth of Entrepreneurial Universities The Expansion of Global Research Centers Universities As Catalysts for High-Tech Clusters Factors Affecting Knowledge Spillovers A Research Gap: Understanding Localized Price Effects Universities´ Global Research Ambitions and Their Localized Price Effects Key Lessons Conclusions Cross-References References Improved Water Sources Improving Social Equity and Community Health and Well-Being in Low-Income Suburbs and Regions Introduction Social Equity and Public Policy Community Health and Well-Being Poverty and the Health Gap Advocacy and Improvement Efforts Conclusion Cross-References References Inclusive Cities Increasing Young People´s Environmental Awareness Introduction A Way of Visualizing Young´s People Thoughts Environment The Role of Education in Increasing Sustainable Environmental Awareness The Role of Social Media in Environmental Awareness Conclusion Cross-References References INDCs - Intended Nationally Determined Contributions Independent Mobility India Meteorological Department (IMD) Indian Summer Monsoons (ISM) Indigenous Cosmologies Industrial Symbiosis Synonyms Definition Introduction Main Characteristics of Industrial Symbiosis Benefits of Symbiotic Industrial Relationships Challenges and Research Perspectives Conclusion Cross-References References Industrial Synergy Industry Self-Regulation Informal Settlements Infrastructure - Utilities/Facilities Inheritance Innovation Innovation Eco-systems Innovation to Bring Nature-Based Solutions to Life: Tales of Two Cities Synonyms Definitions Urban Density Versus Urban Green A Patchwork of Public and Private Areas Private Investors Hesitate to Apply Nature-Based Solutions Conclusions: Lessons Learnt Cross-References References Further Readings Integrated Farming Systems Integrated Green Grey Infrastructure Integrated Green-Grey Infrastructure Integrated Greening of Grey Infrastructure Integrated Planning Integrated Urban Green and Grey Infrastructure Synonyms Definition Introduction Integrated Urban Green and Grey Infrastructure Concepts and Definitions Summary/Conclusion Cross-References References Integrating Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Systems into Urban Planning: A Key Step for Future Resilient and Sustainable Cities Background Barriers and Challenges to the Integration of Green Spaces and Food Systems in Urban Planning From Policy to Practice: Experiences From Cities Kisumu Chengdu Baltimore Ljubljana Quito Lessons Learned Concluding Remarks Cross-References Acknowledgment References Websites Integrating Sustainability into Construction Project Management Definition Background Sustainable Project Management Project Sustainability Maturity Levels (PSML) Recommendations References Integrative Design Process Intermediate Towns Internally Displaced Persons International Law International Partnerships International Relations Internationalization of Cities Synonyms Definitions Introduction Main Text How Is a City Internationalized? International Agendas Are Calling for Cities to Intervene The Syria Program in Argentina: Actions of the Municipality of Córdoba How Do You Implement the New Urban Agenda in the Territories? Conclusion References The Interplay of Intersectionality and Vulnerability Towards Equitable Resilience Introduction Resilience Thinking Intersectional Equity and Community Resilience Vulnerability and Resilience in Practice: Studying Urban Adaptation Projects Conceptual Model Overlapping and Exacerbating Impacts and Vulnerabilities Well-Being as an Applicable Goal in Implementing Equitable Climate Adaptation Proposed Strategies Discussion: From Solutions to Transformative Actions Conclusion References Intersectional Feminism Intersectionality - Complex Interstitial Spaces Involvement IPCC - The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature J Just Energy Transition Justice - Fairness, Equity L Lack of Political Will Land and Buildings Development Land Use - Land Organization Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Land Use Planning Systems in OECD Countries Synonym Definition Introduction Land Use Trends in the OECD Land Use Planning Systems in the OECD National Plans Regional Plans Metropolitan and Inter-municipal Plans Local Plans Innovative Practices and Recent Reforms Conclusion Cross-References References Land Use Regulation Land-Real Estate Landscape Fragmentation Landscaping Land-Use - Land Function Latin America Peripheries Law Law - Legal Instruments Lead Exposure in US Cities Synonyms Definition Current Controversies Other Issues and Social Effects Conclusion Cross-References References Additional Reading Lead Poisoning Lead Risks Learning Ecosystems Learning Outcomes Lifetime Neighborhood Lifewide Learning Linear Economy Link/Relationship Livability Livable Communities Liveable Cities Local Action Plan Local and Regional Development Strategy Definition Introduction Two Big Problems of Development The Ideal Scenario You Need to Reach How to Get This Ideal Situation in Your City/Region? What Else After That? What Are the Next Steps? Summary/Conclusion References Local Content Local Development Local Economic Development Local Food Traditions Local Governance Local Knowledge Localized Price Effects Localizing SDGs Localizing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Through Co-creation of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) Working Definitions Nature-based Solutions Sustainable Development Goals Introduction: NBS, Co-creation and the SDGs, a Possible Triangulation Literature Review: NBS, Co-creation, and SDGs SDGs and How Localized NBS Contribute to Their Attainment Co-creation, ULLs, and SDGs Identifying the Knowledge Gaps Around Co-creation of NBS in Relation to the SDGs A Methodological Approach: Toward Structuring a Co-creation Assessment Framework for Local Governments Related to SDGs CLEVER Cities Co-creation Framework in Five Phases: Methodological Testing and Implementation Why ULLs Are the Field of NBS Implementation in CLEVER Cities Results: A Possible Assessment Framework for the NBS Co-creation Process and to Assess Tangible Outcomes of ``NBS in Place´´ A... Linking Co-creation Phases to the SDGs Discussion: Proposed Co-creation Key Performance Indicators Conclusions: Toward a Co-creation Assessment Framework for Local Governments Connecting NBS and SDGs Recommendations for Future Research Cross-References Acknowledgment References Low Earth Orbit Low-Carbon Transport Introduction Strategies to Encourage Cycling Hardware Build Segregated Bicycle Path Networks and Bicycle-Friendly Intersections Design Weather-Proof Cycling Infrastructure Launch Bikesharing Schemes Encourage the Uptake of Electric Bicycles Provide Secure and Weather-Proof Bicycle Parking Apply Traffic Calming in Residential Neighborhoods Integrate Cycling with Other Transport Modes Software Improve the Image of Cycling Provide Training Programs for Novice Cyclists Offer Road Safety Education Courses for Drivers Orgware Define the Roles of Different Levels of Governments Adopt Pro-cycling Legislation and Regulation Encourage Broad Public Participation Conclusion References M Mainstreaming Blue Green Infrastructure in Cities: Barriers, Blind Spots, and Facilitators Introduction Background: Conceptual and Applied Genealogy of Blue Green Infrastructure Conceptualizing ``Mainstreaming´´ for BGI Barriers and Blind Spots to Mainstreaming Blue Green Infrastructure Limitations in Technical Capacities Financial Impediments Inadequate Regulatory Framework (Not BGI Friendly) Low Political Prioritization and Weak Leadership Governance and Coordination Challenges Facilitators Policy Dimensions Knowledge Sharing and Collaboration Intermediaries and Boundary Organizations Leadership, Champions Conclusions Cross-References Acknowledgment References Maintainability Making of Smart and Intelligent Cities Definition Introduction Smart and Intelligent Cities: A Review Realities in African Cities: Cases and Experiences Kenya Zimbabwe Sudan Rwanda South Africa Conclusion and Future Directions Cross-References References Managed Retreat Management/Guidance Managing Africa´s Urban Flooding Challenges from the Bottom Up: A View from Ghana Rainfall and Its Benefits Floods Reasons for Flooding Urbanization and Flooding Short-Term Solutions Long-Term Solutions Conclusion Cross-References References Managing the Risk of Wildfire Where Urban Meets the Natural Environment Synonyms Introduction The Increasing Number of Wildfires and Their Location The Cause of Wildfires Urban and Land Use Planning Wildfire Prevention Conclusion Cross-References References Mandate Master Plan - Comprehensive Plan Master Planned Estates and the Promises of Suburbia Synonyms Definition Introduction A Brief History of Suburbs The Rise of the Master Planned Community and Its Promise The Lived Experience Could They Be Better? Conclusions Cross-References References The Mediatized City Synonyms Definition Introduction Acceleration and Arrhythmia of Abstractive Fictions Financialization and Double Abstraction of Extractive Enclosures Conclusion: Mediatization and the Formation of Counterforces on Transindividuation Cross-References References Meeting SDG6: Ensuring Safe Drinking Water for All in Rural India Synonyms Definition Introduction Policies and Interventions in Rural Drinking Water Sector: ``Safe Water´´ as a Mirage The Drinking Water Quality Discourse: What Is Safe Water? Conclusion Cross-References References Megacity Region Megaconstellation Mental Health Metabolic City Meteorological conditions´ distortion and surface water resources in Sri Lanka Metropolitan Discipline: Management and Planning Synonyms The Metropolitan Fact Definitions The Metropolitan Discipline The Need for Metropolitan Discipline The Metropolitan Discipline Versus Urban or Regional Disciplines The Physical Dimension From the Großstadt to the Metropolitan Models The Contemporary Metropolitan Models: The Modernity of the Urban Form as a Critique to the Megalopolis The Metro-Matrix Governance Dimension Phenomenology of Metropolitan Contexts: Relationships Between Scales The Peer-to-Peer Dialogue Among Institutions Economy Dimension Social Dimension Human Resources Social Resources Metropolitan Discipline Integrated Approach Interconnection of Projects and Policies The Metropolitan Approach to the Impact of Foreseeable Complexity in World´s Governance Metropolitan Governance Metropolitan Finance Global Governance Metropolitan and National Dialogue Cross-References References Micro Utility Devices Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) Microaggression Microgrids Migration - Movement Millennium Development Goals Mitigation Mixed Land Use Mobility Mobility - Movement Moving Towards Sustainable, Liveable, and Care-Full Urban Environments: Pre-schoolers´ Rights and Visions for Planning Just, S... Synonyms Definition Introduction Why Is It Important to Value Pre-schoolers´ Rights to Participate in Sustainable City Planning Initiatives? What Concepts Can Adults Draw on for Planning Just, Socially, and Ecologically Integrated Cities with Children? How Can Pre-schoolers Experiences in, Thoughts About, and Visions for Care-Full Cities Be Elicited? What Can Adults Learn from Pre-schoolers About Planning and Creating Sustainable, Liveable Urban Environments? Conclusion Cross-References References Further Reading Multidimensional Urban Development Multi-functionality Multi-level Governance Multiple Benefits of Green Infrastructure Synonyms Definition Introduction Green Infrastructure Benefits of Green Infrastructure Conclusion Cross-References References Multi-stakeholder Partnerships to Support Climate Migrants in Fragile Cities Synonyms Definition Introduction Climate Migrants Arrive in Fragile Cities Challenges Climate Migrants May Face When They Arrive in Fragile Cities Multi-stakeholder Partnerships to Support Climate Migrants in Fragile Cities Case Study 1: The Durable Solutions Initiative (DSI) in Somalia Case Study 2: The Protection Return and Monitoring Network (PRMN) in Somalia Challenges and Recommendations Conclusion Cross-References References Municipal Muslim Women N NAPCC - National Action Plan on Climate Change National Disaster Management Authority of India (NDMA) Natural Foodways Nature Nature Connectedness Nature Relatedness Nature-Based Interventions, Planning with Nature, Green/Soft Engineering Nature-Based Solutions Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) Nature-Based Solutions for River Restoration in Metropolitan Areas Synonyms Definition Introduction Nature-Based Solutions for River Restoration in Metropolitan Areas in Latin America Examples for Implementation of Nature-Based Solutions for River Restoration in Costa Rica Summary/Conclusion Cross-References Acknowledgment References NbS - Nature-Based Solutions NDMA - National Disaster Management Authority of India Need for Greenspace in an Urban Setting for Child Development Synonyms Definition Cross-References References Need for Nature Connectedness in Urban Youth for Environmental Sustainability Introduction Environmental Education Overview History Environmental Sustainability, Well-Being, and Health Outcomes Nature Connectedness Examples of Interventions Conclusion References Neighborhood Neighbourhood Neither Rural Nor Urban: A Critical Review of the Fringe Dynamics of Settlements Introduction The Existing Classification of Urban and Rural Areas Country-Specific Urban Definitions Monocentric and Polycentric Development Patterns An Overview of Definitions of Various Forms of Fringe Development Peri-Urban Suburb Desakota Rural-Urban Continuum (RUC) Other Related Terminologies Problems Associated with Dichotomous Classifications Classification Approaches Contrary to the Dichotomous Classification Classifications in Australia Classifications in the USA Regional Classifications by Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Regional Classifications by European Statistical Office (EUROSTAT) Classification by the Degree of Urbanization Conclusion Cross-References References Neoliberalism and Future Urban Planning Synonyms Definitions Introduction Neoliberalism and Urban Planning: A Review Emerging Issues and Synthesis Neoliberalism Is Here Planning Has Been Responding Differently Depending with Context Cities´ Planning in Africa Remains under the State Bureaucracy and Slow Planning Process Informality Is a Sign of Urban Planning Resistance to Neoliberalism What Then Is the Purpose of Planning? Conclusion and Future Direction Urban Planning Liberalization Indigenous Planning Statutes Follow What we Need to Follow Cross-References References Neoliberalism-Capitalism Networked Eco-industrial System Networking Collaborative Communities for Climate-Resilient Cities Submission Twenty-First Century Urban Expansion The Concept of Urban Networks The Urban-Nature Divide Networks are Tools for Communities Too Capitalism Versus Collaboration in the City Conclusion: Building Networks and Re-humanizing the City for Climate Resilience References New Cities Synonyms Definition Overview Early Extra-Urban Settlements The Garden City The Metropolitan Region Purposeful New Cities Speculative New Cities The Future Pace of New Cities Conclusion Cross-References References New Forms of Shared Governance and Local Action Plan in Socially Vulnerable Settlements Synonyms Definition Peripheries in Transition The Context The Case Study Analytical Framework Jardim Lapena Territory Case Study The Urban Context Governance and Institutional Aspects: Analysis Axis 1 The Neighborhood Urban Plan The PJC Organization Social and Participatory Aspects: Analysis Axis 2 Urban and Physical Aspects: Analysis Axis 3 Social Urbanism Local Plan Advances and Limits on New Forms of Shared Governance and Local Action Plan Final Considerations Acknowledgment References The New Leipzig Charter: From Strategy to Implementation Definition Summary Communities as a Driver and a Subject of Global Change Urban Trends and the Advancement the Leipzig Charter of 2007 The New Leipzig Charter Describes the Transformative Power of Cities for the Common Good: Just, Green, and Productive Cities A... From Document to Lived Practice in Germany in the EU and Outside Europe Cross-References References Background Information New Localism: New Regionalism Synonyms Definitions Introduction Localities, Localism, and New Localism Regions, Regionalism, and New Regionalism Conclusion Cross-References References New Orbital Urbanization Synonyms Definition Introduction Extending Urbanization An Increasing Array Remote Capture Beyond the Critical Gaze Into (Not So Much) Darkness Conclusion Cross-References References New Town New Towns Non-communicable Diseases (Non-infectious Diseases) Nonfiscal Tools Non-state Market-Driven (NSDM) Governance Systems Nudging O OECD - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Organic Engineering Systems Organic Waste Organization Organized Crime Overcoming Barriers in Green Infrastructure Implementation Synonyms Definition Introduction Urban Green Infrastructure Implementation: Circumstances and Needs Scarcity of Spatial Recourses and Competing Urban Priorities Jurisdictional Incoordination and Scale Mismatch Lack of Cooperation Between Stakeholders Behind Generating Ecosystem Services Trade-Offs in the Context of Spatial Planning and Provision of Ecosystem Services Designing Adaptive Governance Processes for Establishing Effective UGI Guideline 1: Maintaining the Right Amount of Diversity and Redundancy Among Actors Guideline 2: Optimizing Connectivity Between Social Actors Guideline 3: Identifying Key Slow Variables and Managing Feedbacks in All Scales Guideline 4: Stimulating Experimentation and Learning Processes Guideline 5: Enabling Fair and Continuous Participation Conclusion/Summary Cross-References References An Overview of the Relationship of the Sustainable Development Goals and Urban and Regional Development Synonyms Definitions Urban and Regional Development Sustainable Development Goals Introduction Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals A Territorial Approach to the Sustainable Development Goals Interlinkages Between SDG 11 and Other SDGs Agenda 2030 for Regional and Urban Development: The Case of Mexico City Summary References P Paradigm/Method Paris Agreement Parks Parks and Green Space Participate Participative Participatory Participatory Governance for Adaptable Communities Synonyms Definitions Introduction Framework for Participation Community Action Groups (CAGs): A Model for Local Leadership Origin of the CAG Model Process Building Social Capital Role of the Catalyst Enablers for the Model Barriers to the Model´s Success Conclusion References Participatory Irrigation Management: Barind Model - A New Sustainable Initiative Introduction Participatory Irrigation Management Analysis of PIM Water User Association (WUA) Barind Multipurpose Development Authority (BMDA) BMDA Management Irrigation Development Prepaid Metering System and Smart Cards Mode of Operation of Prepaid Meter and Card Benefits of Prepaid Meter and Smart Card Impact of Prepaid Metering System and Smart Cards Assessment of Irrigation Charges Financial Viability Conclusions with Salient Features Financial Cost Recovery Water Use Efficiency Scheme Size Cropping Backup Power Concluding Remark Appendix A References Participatory Planning: A Useful Tool for the Development of Sustainable Mega-City Regions Synonyms Definition Introduction The Megacity Region: A Brief Introduction Polycentric Megacity Region and Sustainability Participation Planning: A New Future Conclusion Cross-References References Partner Peace-Conflict Security Pedestrian Density Flow Peer Learning Perceived Safety Perception and Reality for Sustainable Irrigation System with Micro-irrigation Introduction Role of Irrigation Water Crop Credit Why Micro-irrigation? Perception Reality Global Scenario Micro-irrigation in Bangladesh Barind Authority Sustainability Conclusion and Recommendation References Peri-urban - City-Edge Peri-urban Regions Synonyms Definition Introduction Protected or Multifunctional Regions Competing Ideologies The Value of Amenity Peri-urban Food Production Biodiversity and Natural Resources The Threat of Urban Development Threats from Small Lot Subdivision and Urban-Related Uses Nonlinear Environmental Threats Governance Threats Conclusion References Peri-urban Spaces Peri-urbanization Synonyms Definition Introduction Extending the Concept Historically Current Controversies Conclusions Cross-References References Personal Delivery Robots are Sometimes Called: Personal Delivery Devices Personal Delivery Robots: How Will Cities Manage Multiple, Automated, Logistics Fleets in Pedestrian Spaces? Synonyms Introduction Robots Operating in Public Spaces Technology Capability Social Impacts Urban Planning Traffic Management A System to Manage Sidewalk Robots Problem Definition Digital Management Layers The Orchestration Layer Orchestration Process Overview Ancillary System Components for a Robot Orchestration Process Conclusion Cross-References References Philanthropy Philanthropy in Sustainable Urban Development: A Systems Perspective Synonyms Definition Introduction Terminology and Conceptual Frames Understanding the Implications of Foundations Applying Systems Approaches in Philanthropy to Foster Sustainable Development Shaping the Political Debate Through Advocacy Acting as Mediators: Networks, Structures, and Field Coordination Influencing Market Dynamics Building Strong Civil Societies Community Philanthropy: System´s Perspectives on Urban Foundation´s Legitimacy Conclusion Cross-References References Publications Weblinks Physical Activity Physical Health PIB - Press Information Bureau Place Places of Worship Planetary Urbanization Planned City Planning Planning - Organization Planning for Food Security in the New Urban Agenda Synonyms Definition Introduction Food Security in the New Urban Agenda: A Review Practical and Reality Aspects of Food Security in the New Urban Agenda Emerging Issues Conclusion and Recommendations References Planning for Health Planning for Peri-urban Futures Synonyms Definition Introduction Containing Urbanization Food and Agriculture Managing Landscapes Planning Futures for Peri-urban Regions Cross-References References Planning Healthy and Livable Cities Synonyms Definition Introduction Housing and Urban Infrastructure Climate Change and Environmental Management Social Inclusion and Equity Urban Resilience Integrated Land-Use Planning Cross-References References Planning Law - Legislative Instruments Guiding Planning Planning/Coordination Plant-Based Protein Plumbism Policies for a Just Transition Synonyms Definition Introduction What Constitutes a Just Transition? There Are Three Main Interpretations: Jobs-Focused, Environment-Focused, or Society-Focused Jobs-Focused Just Transitions Environment-Focused Just Transitions Society-Focused Just Transitions From Concept to Implementation: Knowledge Gaps and Key Considerations What Is the Right Jurisdictional Scale to Manage Just Transitions? Top-Down Versus Bottom-up Approaches What About Community Priorities and Concerns of Rural Places? Not All Are Treated and Affected Equally: How to Include and Address the Needs of Marginalized Groups? Who Is Responsible? Can We Have Green Jobs and Good Work? How Is Power Redistributed? Is There a Robust Social Infrastructure? How Does Community and Worker Identity Matter? Policy Learning Across Sectors? When and for How Long? Comprehensive, Multi-scalar, and Integrated Approaches Are Needed Conclusion Cross-References References Policy - Direction Policy and Practices of Nature-Based Solutions to Build Resilience in Seoul, Korea Synonyms Definition Introduction Roadmap Toward a Carbon Neutral Country Seoul´s Green Space Policy and Status for Adopting NbS Approaches Case Studies of Nature-Based Solution Seolleung and Jeongneung Royal Tombs Tancheon Ecological Landscape Conservation Area Conclusion References Policy Design Policy Learning Political Science and Development Polycentrism Population Studies Poverty Poverty Reduction The Practice of Resilience Building in Urban and Regional Communities Definition Introduction Resilience and the Urban/Regional/Rural Fabric Resilience at Risk The Practice of Resilience Building Conclusion Cross-References References Precedent Pre-schoolers and Sustainable Urban Transport Synonyms Definition Cross-References Further Reading Press Information Bureau (PIB) Private Regulation Private Standards Programming Progression Progression Nexus Proptech: Issues for the Future Introduction Areas of Proptech Applications New and Enhanced Uses of Physical Spaces Facilitating Property Search and Transaction Processes Innovations in Property Finance Market Issues for the Future Concluding Remarks Selected Reading List Prosperity Provincial Provincial Towns Provision Public Public Acquisition Public Administration Public Awareness of and Participation in Municipal Solid Waste Management in Urban Areas of the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam Introduction The Setting Overview of the Domestic Solid Waste Sorting Program The State of Solid Waste Management in the Mekong River Delta Review of the Literature Methodology Survey Instrument Design Collecting Data Data analysis Contingent Valuation Approach Choice Model approach Results and Discussion Descriptive Statistics Analysis of CVM and CM Data for an Improved Management Program CVM Approach Result CM Approach Result Concluding and Policy Implications References Public Buying Public Governance Public Policies Public Policies to Increase Urban Green Spaces Synonyms Introduction Case Study from Belgium Reducing Hardened Surfaces from Public or Private Properties in Ghent Policy Background Proposal and Implementation Policy Evaluation Case Study from Netherlands Multifunctional Green Roofs in Rotterdam Policy Background Proposal and Implementation Policy Evaluation Case Study from Germany Allotment Gardens in Berlin Policy Background Proposal and Implementation Policy Evaluation Conclusion Cross-References References Public Policy Public Private Partnership (PPP) Public Procurement for Regional and Local Development Synonyms Definition Introduction Potential of Public Procurement as Policy Tool Regional and Local Development in the Focus Summary/Conclusions Cross-References References Public Purchasing Public Realm Public Space Synonyms Definition Introduction Defining Public Space Commodification and Social Justice Temporary Use of Public Space for Changing Social Needs Technological Mediations of Public Space Summary/Conclusion Cross-References References Public Sphere Public Tendering Public-Private Partnerships: The Danish Way of Turning Climate Change Measures into Policies and Long-Term Commitments A Partnership Approach with 50 Years of Experience Decoupling Economic Growth from Energy Consumption National Reductions, Global Inspiration Cross-References References Q Quality of Life R Rainwater - Precipitation Rainwater Harvesting for Water Security in Informal Settlements: Techniques, Practices, and Options Synonyms Definition Introduction Theoretical Perspectives Experiences in Rainwater Harvesting for Water Security in Informal Settlements Rainwater Harvesting Typologies and Institutions Behind Them Conclusion and Future Direction References Further Reading Rapidity Readiness Recovery Recreation Recreational Opportunities Recreational Space Redundancy Refuge Regenerative City Regenerative Design Region - Precinct Regional Regional Development Regional Eco-systems of Innovation Regions Regulation of Urban and Regional Futures Synonyms Definition Advantages of Government-Led Regulation for Urban and Regional Futures Disadvantages of Government-Led Regulation for Urban and Regional Futures Regulation for Urban and Regional Futures: Good or Bad? What Future for the Regulation of Urban and Regional Futures? Cross-References References Renaturing Cities Renewable Energy Residential Crowding in Urban Environments Synonyms Definitions Introduction Antecedents to Residential Crowding Loss of Control and Overload of Social Stimuli Behavioral Constraints and Infringement of Personal Space Residential Crowding, and Stress: Personal and Social Consequences Social Withdrawal and Breakdown of Social Ties Overgeneralization of Social-Withdrawal and Social Alienation Learned Helplessness Interventions Through Planning and Design Architectural Mediations Supplementing Residential Space Through Commercial Space Public Parks That Counteracts Social Alienation and Overstimulation Conclusion Cross-References References Resilience Resilience - Absorption Resilience - Absorptive Capacity Resilient Cities Resilient City Resilient Rural Electrification for the Twenty-First Century Definitions Introduction Energy and Poverty Reduction The Current Situation Building More Resilient Communities From Poverty to Resiliency: Setting Goals The First Technology Steps Towards Poverty Reduction and Resilience The Impact of the First Technologies on Poverty Reduction Climbing the Ladder of Energy Access for True Resilience Starting the Journey Towards the Future´s Resilient Poverty-Free Village Completing the Journey Towards a Resilient Poverty-Free Village The Cost of Traditional Power Distribution Spatially Planning Solutions for Resilient Villages Summary/Conclusion References Resilient Urban Climates Resource Resource Effectiveness in and Across Urban Systems Synonyms Definition Introduction Main Approaches to Measurement Material Flow Analysis (MFA) Input-Output Analysis (I/O) Ecological Network Analysis (ENA) Emergy and Exergy Approaches Mathematical Description A Network Model of Urban Systems Overall Resource Effectiveness and Balance Application of Resource Effectiveness in an Urban System Data Requirements A UK Example Cross-References References Resource Efficiency Resource Recovery from Human Excreta in Urban and Regional Settlements Definitions Introduction Sanitation Challenges Human Health Impacts Environmental Impacts Benefits of Resource Recovery Production of Agricultural Inputs Production of Energy Inputs Resource Recovery Processes Conventional Wastewater Treatment Plants Anaerobic Biological Digestion and Biogas Capture Urine Diversion and Composting Sludge Settling, Dewatering, and Drying Biochar Production Insect Bioconversion Case Studies Resource Recovery from Fecal Sludge in Kathmandu, Nepal Resource Recovery Using Black Solider Flies (BSF) in Nairobi, Kenya Current State of Resource Recovery from Human Excreta Challenges in Resource Recovery Conclusion References Resource-Efficient City Resource-Efficient Logistics Response Responsibility to Prepare and Prevent Responsibility to Prepare and Prevent (R2P2): Applying Unprecedented Foresight to Addressing Unprecedented Climate Risks Synonyms Introduction Unprecedented Risks Unprecedented Foresight A Responsibility to Prepare and Prevent Framework (R2P2) Conclusion Cross-References References Responsible and Equitable Responsiveness Restored Urban Wetlands Right to Water Robotics Robustness Role of Disaster Relief Policy in Building Resilient Coastal Regions in the United States Synonyms Definition Introduction Examining the Concept of Fault in Federal Disaster Relief Natural Hazards and Natural Disasters: Similarities and Distinctions The Impacts of Climate Change on Federal Disaster Relief Issues in Attaching Human Responsibility to Natural Disasters A Failed Attempt to Internalize Risk Conclusion: A Path Forward Cross-References References Role of Nature for Ageing Populations Health Benefits Reducing Harm Restoring Capacities Building Capacities Disservices Conclusion Cross-References References Role of Urban Agriculture Policy in Promoting Food Security in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe Synonyms Definition Introduction Urban Food Insecurity in Zimbabwe The Bulawayo Urban Agriculture Policy Case Study Conclusion References Rural Rural Areas Rural Development Rural Transformation - Rural Change Rural-Urban Continuum Settlements: Selected Case Studies Definition Introduction The Polycentric Urban Corridors The Northeast Megalopolis (BosWash Corridor) The Blue Banana Corridor BESETO (Beijing to Tokyo Via Pyongyang and Seoul) Desakota Regions Desakota Type I Desakota Type II Desakota Type III Rural-Urban Continuum Settlements of Kerala Ruralopolis Settlements Central Regions of Bangladesh Punjab and Peshawar Regions of Pakistan Conclusion Cross-References References S Sacred Sites Safe Drinking Water Sanctuary Cities and Its Impact on Quality of Life of Its Citizenry Introduction Basic Reasons Why Sanctuary Cities are Safer Evidence of Increased Quality of Life in Sanctuary Cities A Brief Comment on United States Federal Law Conclusion References Sanitation - Facilities for Cleanliness SAPCC - State Action Plan on Climate Change Satellite City Satellite Infrastructure Satellite Town Scale SDG 6 Secure Security Security - Provisioning Self-Regulation Self-Sustainable City Senegalese Ecovillage Network Synonyms Definition Introduction History of the Network Case Studies Summary References Shantytowns Shaper Share Shared Shared Urban Codes Shared Urban Conventions Shared Urban Practices Shared Urban Resources Shift in Atmospheric Conditions and Surface Water Resources in Sri Lanka Shrinkage Shrinking Towns and Cities Synonyms Definition Introduction Defining Urban Shrinkage How Widespread Is It? Critique Responses to Urban Shrinkage Conclusion Cross-References References Sidewalk Drones Sidewalk Robots Slum - Informal Settlement Slums Slums Upgrading Small Rural Town - Growth Point Small Towns in Asia and Urban Sustainability Synonyms Definition Introduction Typology of Small Towns in Asia Urban Sustainability in Small Towns of Asia Conclusion Cross-References References Small Urban Centers Small Water Retention Measures in Haluzice Gorge Introduction Title of the Project Type of the Project Specific Objective of the Project (Program, Investment) Legal Basis of the Undertaken Measures Connections with Other Programs Organizational and Financial Basis Technical Description Measures Impact Assessment (Tangible and Intangible Benefits) Attachments and References (Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) Smart Agriculture and ICT Synonyms Definitions Introduction Impact on Food Production and Farming Practices Impact on Poor People´s Well-Being Impact on the Environment Conclusions Cross-References References Smart Cities Smart City Smart City: A Universal Approach in Particular Contexts Introduction Universalism and Particularism Smart City: An Evolving Universal Approach A Universal Theory: A Correlation Between Market Failures and Technological Advancement A Classification of Technologies That Makes a City Smart Smart City: Implementations and Characteristics in Particular Contexts Digital Platforms The Sharing Economy: Digital Platforms Communication Platforms Participatory Platforms Social Media Platforms (Participatory Impacts and Social Media Platforms: Facebook, Twitter, TikTok, and Public Opinion) Artificial Intelligence (AI), Algorithms, and Internet of Things (IoT) Blockchain Challenges and Future Opportunities References Smart Densification Synonyms Definition Introduction Existing Density Definitions Physical Densities Occupancy Densities Site and Floor-Area Ratios Practical Applications of Density Context Perception User Experience Smart Densification: Advancing the Definition Application of Smart Density in Planning Policy and Practice Conclusion Cross-References References Smart Density Smart Grids Smart Grids to Lower Energy Usage and Carbon Emissions: Case Study Examples from Colombia and Turkey Synonyms Definition Introduction Smart Grids Architecture Models Available in the Literature Current Situation for Smart Energy in Turkey and Colombia: Turkey Smart Meter Systems An Example Energy Diversity Colombia Smart Meter Systems An Example Energy Diversity Future of the Applications Both in Colombia and Turkey Results and Discussion Proposing a Data Structure Architecture for Smart Grids Smart Grids and Big Data Data Architecture Reference Models for Big Data Architecture Challenges in Designing Big Data Architectures for Smart Grids Conclusion Cross-References References Smart Sustainable City Smart(er) Cities Smart(er) Cities in the Time of Change Introduction Smart(er) Cities in the Time of Change Conclusion Cross-References References Smartness The Social and Solidarity Economy Synonyms Definition Introduction The Social and Solidarity Economy Social Enterprises What Do Social Enterprises Do for the City? Limitations of the SSE Conclusions Cross-References References Social Economy Social Enterprise Social Entrepreneurship Social Finance Social Health Social Impact Social Justice Social Services Social Sustainability Social Urbanism Social Urbanism: Transforming the Built and Social Environment Synonyms Definition of Social Urbanism Introduction Ideological Foundations of Social Urbanism: Where the Idea Comes From Conditions of Possibility for Social Urbanism: Creating Fertile Ground Political Social Cultural Economic Stakeholders: A Joint Effort Multisectorial Collaboration Multilevel Collaboration The Concept of ``Shared Governance´´ Considerations of the Social Urbanism Model Case Studies Medellín Sao Paulo Cape Town Conclusion Cross-References References Further Reading Social-Ecological Systems Socially Vulnerable Neighborhoods Socio-ecological Resilience Socio-ecological Urbanism Socio-environmental Impact Soft-Governance Soft-Law Soft-Regulation Soil Water Erosion Assessment for Conservation Planning in a Data-Pour Contest Synonyms Definition Introduction Background Overview of Approaches Used in Water Erosion Assessment Remote Sensing as a Tool to Identify Erosion Prone Area Quantitative Analysis of Soil Erosion Causative Factors for Susceptibility Assessment Quantitative Assessment of Soil Loss by Water Erosion for Conservation Planning Soil Loss Tolerance Limits Map as a Tool for Conservation Planning Soil Erosion Potential Map as a Tool for Modeling Best Management Practice Qualitative Assessment of Soil Water Erosion for Conservation Planning Summary/Conclusion References Soil Water Erosion Monitoring and Management Solar Energy Communities in the Urban Environment Introduction Theoretical Background A Taxonomy for PV Systems in Urban Environments Opportunities and Challenges for SECUE´s Summary and Conclusions Cross-References References Solar Pumps Solar-Powered Irrigation Systems The Source Waters of Tanga Synonyms Abbreviations Definition Part 1. Applying a Water Fund Approach to Conserve Tanga City´s Source Waters Introduction Part 2. High Endemism and Biodiversity Significance of the Tanga Watershed and East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania Introduction Importance of Biodiversity Endemism and Biodiversity in the East Usambara Mountains Flora Vertebrate Fauna Invertebrate Fauna Aquatic Biodiversity: Fish and Macroinvertebrates Threats to Biodiversity Potential Conservation Interventions Soil and Water Conservation Agroforestry and Woodlots for Carbon Sequestration Riparian Conservation Integrated Watershed Management Plans Livelihood Support Marketing and Value Chain Support Rural Roads, Tracks, and Pathways Conclusion Part 3. Carbon Sequestration and High Climate Impacts of Conserving the East Usambara Mountains, Tanga Introduction Carbon: Natural Compound and Valuable Commodity Climate Change Potential Solution: Conserving Nature, Generating Carbon Credits Saving Carbon in the East Usambara Mountains Vegetation Soil Financial Analysis Enhancing Carbon Sequestration through Sustainable Land Management Soil and Water Conservation Agroforestry and Woodlots for Carbon Sequestration Complementary Activities Conclusion Part 4. Robust Governance and Stakeholders Engagement in Establishing a Lasting Water Fund in Tanga Conclusions References Space Spatial Spatial - Geographic Spatial Demography as the Shaper of Urban and Regional Planning Under the Impact of Rapid Urbanization Synonyms Definition Introduction Urban Spatial Demography: A Review Rationale for Spatial Demography Approaches and Tools in Spatial Demography Cases and Experiences Emerging Issues and Synthesis Conclusion and Future Direction Cross-Referenes References Spatial Digital Twin Spatial Distribution Spatial Equity Spatial Justice and the Design of Future Cities in the Developing World Synonyms Definition Introduction Conceptualizing Spatial Justice and Urban Design Spatial Justice and the Design of Cities in the Developing World: A Review Street Vending, Urban Design, and Spatial Justice Conclusion and Future Direction Cross-References References Spatial Planning Spatial Planning - Land-Use Planning Spatial Planning Under the Impact of Urbanization and Rural Transformation in Zimbabwe: A Review of Theories, Philosophies, an... Synonyms Definition Introduction Philosophies of Transformation Revolution Philosophy Involution Philosophy Evolution Philosophy Theories of Spatial Planning Summary/Conclusion Cross-References References Spatial Resilience Spatial Transformation - Urbanization and Rural Transformation Spices Spiritual Services Sprawl Squatter Settlement - Slum, Informal Settlement Squatter Settlements Stakeholder Consultation Stakeholder Engagement State The State of Extreme Events in India Synonyms Definitions Introduction Methodological Approach Mapping India´s Exposure to Extreme Events Mapping India´s Exposure to Extreme Floods Mapping India´s Exposure to Extreme Droughts Mapping India´s Exposure to Cyclones (Tropical Cyclones) Economic Sectoral Exposure and Loss and Damage to Extreme Climate Events Building India´s Resilience References Statute Stepping-Stone Stewarding Street Trees for a Global Urban Future Synonyms Introduction Paris National and Historical Context Contemporary Paris Taipei National and Historical Context Contemporary Taipei Washington, DC National Context Washington, DC Discussion Cross-References Acknowledgment References Stewardship Stock Strategies for Liveable and Sustainable Cities: The Singapore Experience Introduction Integrated Master Planning and Development Strategy 1: Provide Housing for All Strategy 2: Planning for Mixed-Use Strategy 3: Planning for Polycentricity Strategy 4: Ensuring Connectivity and Walkability Strategy 5: Convenient Access to Green and Blue Strategy 6: Building a City for All Ages Strategy 7: Promoting Healthy Living Strategy 8: Preserving Culture and Heritage Underlying Enablers Technology as an Enabler Resilient Infrastructure as an Enabler Involve the Community as Stakeholders Ensuring Liveability and Sustainability in a Disrupted World Cross-References References Strategies for Taming the City Synonyms Definitions Introduction Conceptual Framework Managing Peri-Urbanization: A Review Results Emerging Issues: Strategies for Taming the City Approaches to Managing Peri-Urbanization The Systems Approach Greening Containment Discussion Conclusion and Future Direction Cross-References References Strategy Strategy - Action Planned Street-Engaged Streets Structural Racism Sub-centers Suburban Suburbanization Suburbia Sustainability Sustainability - Continuity Sustainability Challenges Sustainability Competencies in Higher Education Synonyms Introduction History of Emerging Competencies for Sustainability Defining Competencies for Sustainability in Higher Education Scholarship on Key Competencies for Sustainability Future Scholarship on Sustainability Competencies Consolidating Scholarship on Key Competencies for Sustainability Advancing Key Competencies for Sustainability Assessing Key Competencies for Sustainability Diversifying Perspectives in Key Competencies for Sustainability Supporting Pedagogies to Aid in Competency Development Transitioning from Theory to Practice Conclusion Cross-References References Sustainability Transformation Sustainability Transition and Climate Change Adaption of Logistics Synonyms Definitions Introduction Risk Management and Strategic Transition Location Requirements, Site Selection, and Site Design Communication and Cooperation for Sustainable Logistics Processes Conclusion Cross-References References The Sustainable and the Smart City: Distinguishing Two Contemporary Urban Visions Synonyms Definition Introduction Sustainability and Sustainable Cities Definitions, Notions, and Key Components Origins and Development Criticism Smart Cities Definitions, Notions, and Key Components Origins and Development History Criticism Comparing Both Concepts Urban Sustainability Through Smart Solutions? Different Comprehensiveness and Acceptance of Both Concepts Different Development History and Different Driving Forces Behind Both Concepts Summary References Sustainable Cities Sustainable Cities via Urban Ecosystem Restoration Challenges for Asian Cities Cities sans Resilience New Urban Paradigm Towards Ease of Living Sustainable Opportunities Conclusion References Sustainable City Sustainable Community Masterplan Synonyms Definition Introduction Reflexive Practice: Examples of Socio-Environmental Approach Strategies Integrative Design Process Conclusion Cross-References References Sustainable Development Sustainable Development and Responsible Tourism: The Grijalva-Usumacinta Lower River Basin Synonyms Definition Introduction The Grijalva-Usumacinta Lower River Basin Protected Areas and New Forms of Tourism SDGS and Tourism Summary/Conclusion Cross-References References Further Reading Sustainable Development Goals Synonyms Definition Introduction Timeline of Interventions in Sustainable Development Sustainable Development Goals by the United Nations Urban and Regional Development and SDGs Sustainable Development Goal 11 and Other SDGs´ Interlinkage SDG 1 ``End Poverty´´ + SDG 11 SDG 2 ``Food Security´´ + SDG 11 SDG 3 ``Promote Health´´ + SDG 11 SDG 4 ``Quality Education´´ + SDG 11 SDG 5 ``Gender Equality´´ + SDG 11 SDG 6 ``Clean Water´´ + SDG 11 SDG 7 ``Sustainable Energy´´ + SDG 11 SDG 8 ``Sustainable Economic Growth´´ + SDG 11 SDG 9 ``Resilient Infrastructure, Sustainable Industrialization & Innovation´´ + SDG 11 SDG 10 ``Reduce Inequalities Within and Among Countries´´ + SDG 11 SDG 12 ``Sustainable Consumption & Production´´ + SDG 11 SDG 13 ``Combat Climate Change´´ + SDG 11 SDG 14 ``Conserve & Sustainably Use the Marine´´ + SDG 11 SDG 15 ``Protect & Restore Terrestrial Ecosystems´´ + SDG 11 SDG 16 ``Peace & Efficient Governance´´ + SDG 11 SDG 17 ``Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development´´ + 11 Conclusion Cross-References References Sustainable Development Goals and Urban Policy Innovation Synonyms Introduction Addressing Unsustainability Engaging with the SDGs A Framework for Transformative Action SDG Action at Scale Conclusion References Sustainable Development Goals from an Urban Perspective Synonyms Definition Introduction Relationship Between Cities and SDGs SDGs in the Framework of the Urban Agenda Conclusions Cross-References References Further Reading Sustainable Development Goals in Relation to Urban and Regional Development in Japan National Foundations for Regional SDG Strategies SDGs Awards SDGs Future City Initiative Cross-References Bibliography Sustainable Development is Fair Sustainable Economies Sustainable Food Systems Sustainable Logistics Sustainable Urban Development Sustainable Urban Mobility Transport Sector Decarbonization: Policies, Co-benefits, and Coalitions Trends and Drivers Decarbonizing Transport: Actions and Potential Potential for Co-benefits Coalitions and Institutions The Role of Capacities in the Transformative Change Toward Net-Zero Mobility Discussion Cross-References References Sustainable WaSH Infrastructure Sustainable Watershed Management Sustenance Systemic Innovation Systemic Innovation for Thrivable Cities Synonyms Definition Introduction Terminology and Conceptual Frames Sustainable Cities in the Global Agenda 2030 The City as a Living System Use Cases Summary and Conclusion Cross-References References Publications Weblinks Systems Thinking T Taming - Containing Technology Territorial Competitiveness Territorial Development Territory The Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Theme Cities Networks Synonyms Definition Introduction Why TCNs? What Are TCNs? Which TCNs? Typology Conclusion Cross-References References Further Reading Theme City Network Threat of Lead Exposure Threats Toward a Sustainable City Synonyms Definition Introduction Method Barriers to Urban Children´s Accessibility to Recreational Green Space in Dhaka City Inadequate Provision Lack of Modern Amenities Negative Perceptions Poor Road Connectivity Urban Hectic Life Socioeconomic Inequity A Paradigm Shift in Recreational Opportunities Evolving Café Culture and Commercialization of Recreational Space Growth of Nature Retreats and Resorts in Suburban Areas Increased Dependence on Technology Bringing Nature Indoors: Pets, Rooftop, and Balcony Gardens Incorporate Modern Strategies into Built Environment Conclusion Cross-References References Toward Smart Public Lighting of Future Cities Introduction Public Lighting Smart Lighting and New Opportunities The Future of Digital Twin-Empowered Public Lighting Acknowledgment References Towards a Social Capital Resilience Model in Coping with Floods and Droughts: The Case of Muzarabani, Zimbabwe Definition of Terms Introduction The Role of Social Capital in Disaster Resilience Methods Study Area Research Approach and Design Data Analysis Results Food Provision Through Social Capital Social Capital Enhancing Community Harmony When Selling Assets A Network of Voluntary Community Care-Givers Enhancing the Interaction Among Various Stakeholders in Dealing with Floods and Droughts Neighbor to Neighbor Interaction To What Extent Do Individuals Rely on Social Capital? Discussion Recommendations Conclusion Cross-References Acknowledgment References Town and Regional Planning Real Estate Transformation Transformation - Change Transnational - International Transnational Crimes: Global Impact and Responses Synonyms Introduction Definition: What Is Transnational Organized Crime? Types of Transnational Organized Crime Physical Contraband Movement Across Borders Water-Based Crimes Environmental Crime Virtual and Financial Crime Enabling Crimes The Impact of Transnational Organized Crime on Global Resilience Building Law Enforcement Resilience Conclusion Cross-References References Further Reading Transnational Migrants on the Margin Synonyms Definition Introduction Conceptual Framework Research Methodology Agency, Aspirations, and Perceptions for the Future Among Malawian Migrants in Lydiate Conclusion and Future Direction References Transport Industry Transport Modes Transport Resilience in Urban Regions Synonyms Introduction Origins and Concepts of Resilience Resilience as a Collection of Multi-attribute Properties Transport Resilience-Related Studies Conclusion References Transportation - Circulation Transportation and Land Use Integration: Shaping Transportation Demand and Delivering Transport Supply Introduction Supply Pedestrian Supply Cycling and Micro-Mobility Supply Bus Supply Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Supply Tram LRT Supply Metro Supply Commuter and Interurban Rail Supply High Speed Rail Supply Private Motor Vehicle Supply Conclusion to Supply References Transportation and Mobility Synonyms Definition Introduction Conceptual Framework (Fig. 1) Transport and Mobility: A Review Key Determinants in Urban Transport and Mobility Evidence from Africa Emerging Issues Conclusion and Future Direction Cross-References References Treatment Urban Wetlands Tree-Based Farming Turkey Energy Transformation Typology U Understanding Smart Cities Through a Critical Lens Introduction A Critique of Smart Cities Urban Inequalities and Power Gender and Intersectionality One-Size-Fits-All? Corporate Interests and Urban Entrepreneurialism Technocratic Governance and Neoliberal Governmentality Big Data, Algorithmic Violence, and Cybersecurity The Global South: Colonialism, Imperialism, and Development Resisting: The Emergence of Antismart City Grassroots Engaging with the Messy Futures of Smart Cities: Possible Research Agendas for the Future The Implementation of Smart City Projects Smart Across Different Geographies Rethinking the Smart Citizen Sovereignty in the City Conclusion References Understanding Urban Engineering Synonyms Definition Introduction Why Do We Need Urban Engineering, and What Is It? Is Urban Engineering Smart? A Complex Urban System Conclusion Cross-References Acknowledgment References Understanding Women´s Perspective of Quality of Life in Cities Synonyms Definition Introduction Women´s Perspective of Urban QOL Income, Wealth, and Employment Housing and Services Health Education Safety and Security Transport and Mobility Work-Life Balance and Leisure Environment Working for Better QOL of Urban Women To Improve Income, Wealth, and Employment To Improve Housing Conditions and Services To Improve Health To Improve Education To Improve Safety and Security To Improve Transport and Mobility To Improve Work-Life Balance and Leisure To Improve Environment Participatory Urban Planning and Governance for Improving Women QOL Case Study - Vienna, Austria Conclusion Cross-References References UNDRR - United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Universities Expansion Unpacking Cities as Complex Adaptive Systems Introduction Global Urban Challenges Context of Urban Planning Urban Complex Systems Cities as Complex Adaptive Systems Signature Concepts of Complex Systems Emergent Resilient Self-similar Practical Approaches and Applications to Planning Feedback Loops Lever Points Statistical Trends Concluding Thoughts References Urban Urban - Non-rural Urban Agenda Urban Agriculture Urban and Regional Economies Urban and Regional Leadership Definition Introduction Place Leadership in Urban and Regional Innovation Policy Agendas Impact of Leadership on Motivation and Commitment Conclusion Cross-References References Urban Atmospheric Microbiome Definitions Introduction Microbes in the Air Outdoor Microbial Diversity Indoor Microbial Diversity Microbial Functions and Traits Impact on Human Health Conclusion References Urban Biodiversity Urban Capacity Urban Centers Urban Climate Governance Urban Climate Resilience Synonyms Definition Introduction A Matter of Climate-Adaptive Design A Matter of Ethics Summary/Conclusion Cross-References References Urban Commons Urban Commons as a Bridge Between the Spatial and the Social Synonyms Definition Introduction Commons Versus Commoning: Understanding Urban Commons as Public Space or as Community? Conclusion: ``Collaborative Approaches,´´ ``Co-production,´´ or ``Negotiated Planning?´´? Cross-References References Urban Decarbonization Urban Densification and Its Social Sustainability Introduction ``Densification as Urban Sustainability´´ Historical Overview and Ideals Urban Densification and Social Inclusion Opportunities and Challenges Urban Densification and Housing (Un)Affordability Densification and Gentrification Densification and Segregation Concluding Remarks References Urban Design Urban Development Urban Digital Twin Urban Ecology Urban Ecosystem Services and Sustainable Human Well-Being Introduction Why Urban Ecosystem Services Are Important? Economic Benefits Social Benefits Health Benefits Urban Ecosystem Services and Human Well-Being Challenges and Opportunities of Urban Ecosystem Services Conclusion References Urban Eco-systems of innovation Urban Edge Urban Food Gardens Synonyms Definition Introduction Home and Household Gardens Allotment Gardens Community Gardens Different Levels of Collaboration First Level Allotment-Style Community Gardens Second Level Community Gardens with Individual Plots Third Level Communal and Collective Gardening Subtypes of Community Gardens Political Dimensions of Urban Food Gardens Citizen-Led and Community-Led Gardening Bottom-Up and Grassroots Gardening Political and Radical Gardening Guerilla Gardening Legal Dimensions of Urban Food Gardens Informal and Illegal Gardens Public Garden Spatial Dimensions of Urban Food Gardens Rooftop Food Gardens Street Food Gardens, Footpath, Sidewalk, and Easement Gardens Conclusion Cross-References References Urban Food Production Urban Forestry Urban Forestry in Sidewalks of Bogota, Colombia Synonyms Definition Introduction Urban Forestry in Bogot Local Context Urban Forestry Management The Interference Approach: Trees in the Sidewalks and Silvicultural Treatments Conclusions References Further Reading Urban Forests Urban Futures Urban Futures: Pathways to Tomorrow Synonyms Definitions Introduction Working with the Future Plurality of Futures Pathways to Tomorrow Summary Cross-References References Urban Governance Urban Green Urban Green Infrastructure Urban Greenery Urban Greening Urban Greening and Green Gentrification Introduction Urban Growth and Urban Greening Parks and Gardens Remediation Green Buildings Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Conclusions Cross-References References Urban Greenspace Urban Health Urban Health and Well-Being Urban Health Epistemic Communities Urban Health Ideas Urban Health Paradigms Synonyms Definition Introduction The Need to Understand Urban Health Paradigms Four Types of Urban Health Paradigms Medical-Industrial City Urban Health Science Healthy Built Environment Health Social Movement Conclusion Cross-References References Urban Health Policy Ontologies Urban Heat Islands Introduction Causes Features of Heat Islands Surface Heat Islands Atmospheric Heat Islands Strategies to Reduce the Urban Heat Island Effect Reducing the Effect of Urban Heat Island Energy Consumption Summary Conclusion Cross-References References Urban Hinterland Urban Management in Bangladesh Synonyms Definition Urbanization of Bangladesh and Requirement for Protection Urban Management in Bangladesh Pattern of Urban Climate Change Urban Management and Status of Rules and Regulations Conclusions Cross-References References Urban Nature Urban Open Space Urban Parks Urban Planning The Urban Planning-Real Estate Development Nexus Synonyms Definition Introduction Defining Urban Planning-Real Estate Development Nexus Scholarship and Experiences in Urban Planning and Real Estate Development Emerging Issues and Synthesis Conclusion and Future Direction References Urban Policy Urban Policy and the Future of Urban and Regional Planning in Africa Synonyms Definition Introduction Defining Urban Policy and Planning A Survey of Scholarship and Experiences in Urban Policy and Planning Conclusion and Future Direction Cross-References References Urban Poor Urban Resilience Synonyms Definition Cross-References Urban Resilience: Moving from Idealism to Systems Thinking Definition Understanding the Urban Ecosystem Globalization Makes Resiliency Harder The Uneven Distribution of Green Space Examples of Resilient Planning in the European Union Resilience, the Economy, and Productivity Can You Teach Resilience? References Urban Sprawl Urban Structure Urban Structure and Its Impact on Mobility Patterns: Reducing Automobile Dependence Through Polycentrism Synonyms Definition Introduction Types of Urban Centers and Their Exemplars Urban Design and Preservation of Natural Landscapes in Cities Monocentric, Polycentric, and ``Full-Motorization´´ Models of Urban Development and Their Implications for More Sustainable Tr... Conclusions Cross-References References Urban Sustainability: Multifunctional and Multipurpose Planning of Urban Space Introduction Multifunctional Urban Space Conclusion Cross-References References Urban Sustainable Development Urban Systems Urban Transformation Urban Upgrading Urban Visions Urban Vulnerability - Poverty Urban Well-Being Synonyms Definition Introduction: Defining Urban Well-Being Contributions to the Field Principle Issues and Discourses Physical Environment Ambient Environment Psychological Environment Additional Factors: Social and Economic Factors Additional Factors: Climate Change and Net Zero Conclusion: The Future of Urban Well-Being Cross-References References Urbanism Urbanization Urbanization - Spatial Transformation Urbanization, Planning Law, and the Future of Developing World Cities Synonyms Definition Introduction Defining Cities and Urban Planning Reflections and Experiences in Cities and Urban Planning Law Emerging Issues and Synthesis Conclusion and Future Direction Cross-References References Urban-Rural Fringe Urban-Rural Interface Urban-Rural Interfaces US Urban and Suburban Yardscaping Introduction: The US Urban and Suburban Yardscape The Environmental Impacts of US [sub]urban Yardscaping Impacts Stemming from Nutrient Loss and Pollution Impacts Stemming from Pesticide Use and Pollution Key Forces Driving Conventional Yardscaping Preferences and Practice Emerging Alternatives to Conventional US Yardscaping Increased Mowing Height and Decreased Mowing Frequency Improvements to Pollinator Habitats Pesticide Bans and Restrictions Bans and Restrictions on the Urban Use of Fertilizers Conclusion: Mechanisms and Forces of Change Cross-References References V Vegan Food Justice The Vegan Food Justice Movement Synonyms Definition Introduction Speciesism Race, Class, and Decolonization Vegan Feminism Conclusion Cross-References References Vegan Social Justice Vertical Farming Vertical Integration Virtual City Virtual Reality Voluntary Agreements Voluntary Approaches Voluntary Environmental Governance Arrangements Voluntary Environmental Programs Voluntary Programs Voluntary Programs for Urban and Regional Futures Synonyms Definition Some Examples of Voluntary Programs for Urban and Regional Futures What Are the Main Promises of Voluntary Programs? What Are the Main Challenges for Voluntary Programs? Conclusion Cross-References References Voluntary Regulation Voluntary Regulatory Regimes Vulnerability to Food Insecurity Among the Urban Poor in Sri Lanka: Implications for Policy and Practice References W Wadi Sustainable Agriculture Model, The Synonyms/Related Terms Definition Introduction Sustainable Agriculture Wadi Sustainable Agriculture Model The Genesis of the Wadi Model Concept Description The Wadi Plot Layout Components of a Wadi Plot Key Insights Conclusion References Walkability Walkable Access Walkable Access and Walking Quality of Built Environment Synonyms Definitions Introduction Data and Methods Study Area Data Collection Pedestrian-Based Network Analysis Estimating Residential Building Heights Walking Survey Data Interpretation Walking Environment Indicators Results Walking Access Pedestrian Density Flow and Spatial Distributions of Residential Building Heights Streetscape Walking Qualities Imageability Enclosure Human Scale Transparency Tidiness Safety Discussion and Conclusion References Walking Walking Behavior Wash (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene): Infrastructure as a Measure of Sustainable Development Synonyms Definition Introduction The Components of WaSH Infrastructure and Their Interlinkages WaSH and Sustainable Community Development Sustainable WaSH Infrastructure Case 1: Water Access in Rwanda Case 2: WaSH in Ghana Conclusion Cross-References References Wastewater Processing Wastewater Recycling Water - Hydrologic Resources Water Conservation Water Efficiency Water for All Water Governance Water Policy Water Policy in the State of Tabasco Synonyms Definition Introduction Water Resources in Tabasco Shared River Basins The Grijalva-Usumacinta River Basin Socioeconomic Features of the State of Tabasco Population Housing Healthcare Economy Infrastructure Public Water and SANITATION Education Hydrologic Characterization of the State of Tabasco The Flood Plain and Its Achille´s Heel Priorities of Public Policy Non-exhaustive Review of Public Regulations Civil Protection and Infrastructure Challenges and Opportunities Cross-References References Water Pollution and Advanced Water Treatment Technologies Synonyms Definitions Introduction Water Pollution Water Treatment Technologies Conventional Water Treatment Techniques Adsorption-Based Methods Membrane-Based Technologies Advanced Oxidation Processes Nature-Based Methods Hybrid Methods of Water Treatment Analysis and Comparison of Water Treatment Techniques Challenges and Future Scope Recommendations Cross-References Acknowledgment References Water Purification Water Quality Water Quantity Water Recycling Water Security Water Security and Its Role in Achieving SDG 6 Synonyms Definition Introduction Water Security as a Concept Elements of Water Security Dimensions of Water Security Human Security Ecological Security Peace-Conflict Security Economical Security Water Security, Sustainable Development Goals, and SDG 6 Defining the Right to Water in the Context of Water Security: Challenges and New Developments Conclusion References Water Security and the Green Economy Synonyms Introduction The Green Economy Green Growth Water´s Role in the Green Economy Case: Dallas Water´s Demand Management Initiatives Case: San Francisco´s Water-Efficient Urban Farms Case: Santa Monica Using Green Infrastructure to Turn Stormwater into a Resource Case: Singapore Seeking Energy-Efficient Desalination Solutions Case: Testing Smart Sensing Network Technology in Sydney Conclusion Cross-References References Water Security, Sustainability, and SDG 6 Synonyms Definition Introduction The Evolution of Water Security Water Security and the Sustainable Development Goals Elements of Water Security Conclusion Cross-References References Water Sustainability Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WaSH) Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Question of Future Cities of the Developing World Synonyms Definition Introduction Conceptualizing Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Scholarship and Experiences in WASH Emerging Issues and Synthesis Conclusions and Future Direction Cross-References References Water-Food Nexus Watershed Management on Water Sustainability Watershed Sustainability: An Integrated River Basin Perspective Synonyms Definition Introduction WGP Framework and Study Area The Case of the Duero River Basin Discharge of Wastewater into the River Network Lack of Wastewater Treatment Shortage of Water in the Watershed Localities Aquatic Ecosystems Affected by Environmental Degradation Influence of Human Activity on Water Bodies The Use of the Irrigation District Limitation of Multilevel Governance The DRB Under the WGP Framework (Axis Analysis: The Relationship Between the Vertices) A Threefold Discussion Good and Bad Water Governance Participation in Water Governance The Prism as a New Opportunity for Integration Conclusions Cross-References Acknowledgment References Water-Smart Cities Synonyms Introduction Demand Management Water Pricing Smart Meters Subsidies or Rebates Regulations Water Efficiency Labelling Education and Awareness Conclusion Cross-References References Weak Governance Wealthy Natural Resources Weather pattern turnover and surface water resources in Sri Lanka Weathering Change Introduction Climate Change: Exposure and Vulnerability in Latin America and the Caribbean Cost and Benefits of Adaptation Cities and the Twenty-First Century: Changing Directions BiodiverCities: Biodiversity, Adaptation, and Resilience Adaptive Territorial and City Planning Integrated Resource Management Rural-Urban Connectivity Urban Planning and Design Green Infrastructure Preservation and Greening of Public Space The Building Sector Blue-Green Infrastructure Conclusions Cross-References References Welfare Services Well-Being Wetlands Why Large Cities Won´t Survive the Twenty-First Century Introduction: Setting the Scene Socially Constructed Shared Illusions The Secret Life of Cities Cities and the Basic Laws of Nature Cities per se Are Inherently Unsustainable The Real Urban Human Ecosystem The Existential Threat to Cities The Climate Change - Energy Conundrum Missed Opportunity: Can We Still Achieve ``One-Planet Living´´? Economy as Eco-Niche ``One Planet´´ Eco-Cities and Bioregions Concluding Reflections References Wildfire Wildlife Corridors Introduction Wildlife Corridors Biodiversity Habitat Fragmentation Examples of Wildlife Corridors The Benefits of Urban Wildlife Corridors Conclusion References WMO - World Meteorological Organization Women in Urbanism, Perpetuating the Bias? Synonyms Definition Introduction Intertwined and Invisible Affects Race and Gender, Tensions Inscribed in Public Spaces The Lack of Self-Critique and Cultural Humility Conclusion Cross-References References World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Y Young Children Young People Youth and Public Transport Introduction Background: Choice of Transport Mode and Negative Attitudes Toward PT Loyalty to Public Transportation and the Importance of Youth Engagement Public Transport in Dubai: Peculiarities of the System Shared Mobility: ``Upping´´ the Status of PT in Dubai Methods Results from the First Survey Responses from Riders Responses from Drivers/Nonriders Results from Shared-Mobility Test Reflective Survey Results Focus Group Discussion Summary, Discussion, and Conclusions Cross-References References Z Zero Emissions Zombie Subdivisions Synonyms Definition Introduction Economic Zombies Environmental Zombies Summary/Conclusion Cross-References References Zoning Zoning Regulation Zooming Regions into Perspective Synonyms Definition Introduction Background and Overview Literature Review Results and Analysis Rural Housing Construction in Zimbabwe Discussion Conclusions and Policy Options Cross-References References