دانلود کتاب Toxicology of Fishes

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Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
The Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction
References
Chapter 2 Toxicokinetics in Fishes
Introduction
Basic Concepts
Fish as Wet Vertebrates
The Environment
Chemical Hydrophobicity and the Octanol–Water Partition Coefficient (K[sub(ow)]
Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion
Xenobiotic Absorption
Xenobiotic Distribution
Xenobiotic Excretion
Toxicokinetic Modeling
Clearance Concepts
Compartmental Models for Fish
Physiologically based Toxicokinetic Models
Semi-physiological Modeling Approaches
Noncompartmental Analysis
Bioaccumulation Assessment and Modeling
Estimating an Apparent Whole-Body Biotransformation Rate Constant (k[sub(B)]) For Fish
Reverse Toxicokinetics and Quantitative In Vitro-to-In Vivo Extrapolation
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
Notes
References
Chapter 3 Biotransformation in Fishes
Introduction
Phase I Reactions
Oxidation
Cytochrome P450 Family of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes
Flavin-Containing Monooxygenases
Monoamine Oxidases
Alcohol and Aldehyde Dehydrogenases
Peroxidases
Aldehyde Oxidase
Reductases
NADPH Oxido-reductase
Azo- and Nitroreductases
Aldo-Keto Reductases
Hydrolysis
Epoxide Hydrolase
Carboxylesterases
Phase II Enzymes
UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases
Glutathione Transferases
Sulfotransferase
Acetylation
Amino Acid Conjugation
Toxicological Relevance
Benzo(a)pyrene
Organophosphate Esters and Carbamates
Conclusions
References
Chapter 4 Reactive Oxygen Species and Redox Stress
Introduction
Reactive Oxygen Species and Free Radicals
Endogenous Cellular Sources of Reactive Oxygen Species
Antioxidant Defenses
Antioxidant Enzyme Systems
Low-Molecular-Weight Antioxidants
Reactive Oxygen Species and Gene Expression
Overview of ROS-Mediated Modulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
Effects of ROS on Transcription Factors
Effects of ROS on mRNA Expression
Antioxidant Response Element (ARE)-Mediated Gene Regulation
ROS-Mediated Modulation of Gene Expression: Summary
Deleterious Cellular Effects of Reactive Oxygen Species
Lipid Peroxidation
Protein Oxidations
Oxidative DNA Damage
Redox Status and Energetics
Deleterious Organismal Effects of Reactive Oxygen Species
Health Relevance
Mechanisms of Chemical-Mediated Oxidative Stress
Enhanced ROS Production
Diminished Antioxidant Defense
Studies with Fishes
Basic Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms of Redox Stress in Fish
Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress
Redox Stress and the Health of Wild Fish Populations
Future Directions
References
Chapter 5 Toxic Responses of the Fish Nervous System
Introduction
Overview of Fish Nervous System Development, Structure, and Function
Development of Fish Nervous System
Central Nervous System Anatomy
Peripheral Nervous System Anatomy and Function: The Autonomic Nervous System
Sensory Organ Systems
Basic Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity
Manifestations of Neurotoxicity in Fish
Structural Manifestations of Neurotoxicity in Fish
Physiological Manifestations of Neurotoxicity in Fish
Examples of Major Classes of Neurotoxicants
Neuroactive Pharmaceuticals
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Pyrethroid Insecticides
Organochlorine Insecticides
Ethanol
Metals
Neurotoxins
Summary
References
Chapter 6 The Immune System of Fish: A Target Organ of Toxicity
Immune Cells
Lymphoid Organs and Tissues
Thymus
Anterior Kidney
Spleen
Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissues
Nonspecific Immune Functions
Nonspecific Immune Responses: Soluble Components
Nonspecific Immune Responses: Cellular Responses
Adaptive Immune Responses
Emerging Views of Inflammation in Immunotoxicology
Immunomodulation by Chemicals
Metals
Pesticides
Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Nanoparticles
Importance of Nuclear Receptors in Understanding Chemical Biological Interactions
Nuclear Receptors and Immunotoxicity in Fish
Future Directions
Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Toxicity Resistance: Physiological Acclimations and Evolutionary Adaptations to Chemical Stress
Key Points
Introduction
Defining Tolerance
Genetic Adaptation or Evolved Tolerance
Toxicity Defense Mechanisms
Detoxification
Altered Biological Targets
Toxicity Resistance to Three Major Pollutant Classes
Metal Toxicity Resistance
Pesticide Toxicity Resistance
PAH/PHAH Toxicity Resistance
Costs of Toxicity Resistance
Tolerance and Individual Fitness Components
Selection and Genetic Diversity
Evolutionary and Ecological Impacts of Tolerance
Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgments and Disclaimer
References
Chapter 8 Endocrine Disruption in Teleosts: Mechanisms of Endocrine Toxicity and Experimental Approaches
Introduction
Mechanisms of Endocrine Toxicity in Teleosts
Effects of EDCs on Steroidogenesis and Hormone Metabolism
Effects of EDCs on the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis
Effects of EDC Exposure on Fish Ovarian Physiology
Effects of EDC Exposure on Fish Testis Physiology
Evidence of Endocrine Disruption in Wild Fish Populations
Experimental Approaches for Characterizing the Effects of Endocrine Disruptors Compounds (EDCs) in Fish: New Paths Forward
In Vivo Studies
In Vitro Studies
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Multi- and Transgenerational Health Effects of Exposure to Toxicants in Fish
Introduction
Fish as Model Organisms for Toxicant Exposure
The Challenge of Defining Multi- and Transgenerational Effects
Continuous Exposure Studies
Multi- and Transgenerational Studies
Dioxins, PCBs, & PAHs
PPCPs
Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, & Arsenic
BPA
Hormones & Steroids
Pesticides & Herbicides
PFASs
Radiation & Mutagens
Other Toxicants
Conclusions
Literature Cited
Figure Citation List
Chapter 10 Epigenetics
Introduction
Epigenetic Mechanisms
DNA Methylation
Histone Modifications
Noncoding RNAs
Epigenetics and Energy Metabolism
Known Effects of Epigenetic Mechanisms on Phenotypic Change
Toxicant-Induced Effects on Epigenetic Machinery in Fish
Epigenetics, Adverse Outcome Pathways, and Risk Assessment
Zebra fish Embryonically Exposed to Cadmium
Daphnia Magna and 5-Azacytidine-Mediated DNMT-Inhibition Transgenerational AOP
Research Challenges and Future Directions
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11 Proteomics and Metabolomics in Fish
Omics in Fish Toxicology: An Overview
Proteomics
Proteomics Methods in Fish Toxicology
Labeling Methods: Two-Dimensional Differential Gel Electrophoresis (2D-DIGE)
Labeling Methods: iTRAQ and Tandem Mass Tags
Label-Free Methods
Phosphoproteomics
Proteomics: A Role in Adverse Outcome Pathways
Challenges and Opportunities for Proteomics in Fish Toxicology
Metabolomics and Lipidomics
Metabolomics
NMR
LC/GC Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Lipidomics
Lipidomics Experiments in Fish
Integration of Proteomics and Metabolomics
Future Opportunities
References
Chapter 12 Adverse Outcome Pathways
Introduction to Adverse Outcome Pathways
Principles of AOP Development
AOPs Are not Chemical Specific
AOPs Are Modular
Individual AOPs Are a Pragmatic Unit of Development and Evaluation
AOP Networks Are the Function Unit of Prediction for Most Real-World Scenarios
AOPs Are “Living Documents”
Assembling Evidence for Causality
Qualitative Support
Quantitative Understanding
The State of Fish-Oriented AOPs (ca. 2021)
Opportunities for Fish AOP Development
Application of AOPs
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13 The Potential for Toxicity to Fishes from Micro- and Nanoplastics, and Their Additives
Introduction
Particle Characteristics
Particle Behavior in the Environment
Plastic Additives
Microplastics as Chemical Vectors
Biofilms
Effect of Biofilms on Microplastic Fate and Exposure to Fish
Effect of Biofilms on the Sorption and Desorption of Chemicals
The Plastisphere and Importance of Microplastic Microbial Communities
Exposure
Oral Ingestion
Consumption during Feeding
Consumption during Drinking or Respiring
Egestion
Translocation
Molecular-Level Effects on Fishes
Potential Mechanisms of Toxicity
Molecular and Cellular Alterations
Putative Adverse Outcome Pathways
Microbiome Effects
Epigenetics, Genetic Variation, and Genotoxicity
Organismal-Level Effects on Fishes
Particle Toxicity
Plastic Additive and Sorbed Pollutant Toxicity
Population-level Effects on Fishes
Particle Toxicity
Plastic Additive and Sorbed Pollutant Toxicity
Multivariate Approaches for Addressing Microplastic Toxicity
Conclusion and Future Research Directions
References
Chapter 14 Effects of Pharmaceuticals
Introduction
Analgesics
Concentrations and Fate in the Aquatic Environment
Modes of Action
Effects on Fish
Risk Assessment
Cardiovascular Drugs
Concentrations and Fate in the Aquatic Environment
Modes of Action
Effects on Fish
Risk Assessment
Lipid-Regulating Agents
Concentrations and Fate in the Aquatic Environment
Modes of Action
Effects on Fish
Risk Assessment
Neuroactive Compounds
Concentrations and Fate in the Environment
Modes of Action
Effects
Risk Assessment
Steroid Hormones
Concentrations and Fate in the Environment
Modes of Action
Effects
Mixture Effects
Risk Assessment
Antibiotics
Concentrations and Fate in the Environment
Modes of Action
Effects
Risk Assessment
Azole Fungicides: Imidazoles and Triazoles
Concentrations and Fate in the Aquatic Environment
Modes of Action
Effects on Fish
Risk Assessment
Cytostatics
Concentrations and Fate in the Aquatic Environment
Modes of Action
Effects on Fish
Risk Assessment
Antidiabetics
Concentrations and Fate in the Environment
Modes of Action
Effects
Risk Assessment
Overall Hazard and Risk Assessment and Conclusions
Concepts for Risk Evaluation and Their Limitations
Risk Assessment: Comparison of Chronic Effects with Environmental Concentrations
Conclusions
References
Chapter 15 Oil Spills
Introduction
Global Oil Production and Oil Consumption
Sources of Input of Crude Oil into the Aquatic Environment
Composition of Crude Oil
Fate of Crude Oil in the Aquatic Environment
Standards for the Testing of Crude Oil Toxicity
Description of Toxicity Test Conditions
Preparation of Oil-in-Water Solutions for Toxicity Testing
Exposure Regimes
Preparation of WAF with Different Head Spaces
Influence of Different Oil-to-Water Ratios
Influence of Oil Droplets on Toxicity
Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient of Crude Oil Constituents
Narcosis and the Models based on the Target Lipid Model
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway
Current Understanding of Crude Oil Toxicity in Fish Embryos
Cardiovascular Effects
Other Developmental Effects
Fitness Level Effects
Concluding Remarks
References
Index