دانلود کتاب Tumor Stroma: Biology and Therapeutics

فهرست مطالب :

Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1: The Tumor Stroma: Key Component of Solid Tumors 1.1: Normal Stroma Versus Tumor Stroma 1.2: Cellular Composition of the Tumor Stroma and Its Interactions 1.3: Non-cellular Composition of the Tumor Stroma and Its Interactions 1.4: Tumor Stroma Architecture and Heterogeneity 1.5: Pathological Significance of the Tumor Stroma 1.6: Therapeutic Opportunities in the Tumor Stroma Chapter 2: Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Building Blocks of the Tumor Stroma 2.1: Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts 2.2: Molecular Characteristics of CAFs 2.2.1: Transcriptomic Regulation 2.2.2: Epigenetic Regulation 2.3: Origin and Heterogeneity of CAFs 2.3.1: CAFs in Breast Cancer 2.3.2: CAFs in Lung Cancer 2.3.3: CAFs in Pancreatic Cancer 2.4: Functions of CAFs in Cancer 2.4.1: Role of CAFs in Cancer Progression 2.4.2: Role of CAFs in Cancer Metastasis 2.4.3: Role of CAFs in Chemoresistance 2.4.4: Role of CAFs in Building Stroma and ECM Remodeling 2.4.5: Role of CAFs in Tumor Metabolism 2.4.6: Role of CAFs in Inducing Immunosuppression 2.5: Therapeutic Strategies Against CAFs 2.5.1: Depletion of CAFs 2.5.2: Intervening into CAF Activation 2.5.2.1: Inhibition of TGF-β signaling 2.5.2.2: Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling 2.5.2.3: Inhibition of PDGF signaling 2.5.2.4: Inhibition of JAK/STAT signaling 2.5.3: Reprogramming of CAFs 2.5.3.1: Vitamin D3 receptor agonists 2.5.3.2: CTGF inhibition 2.5.3.3: Integrin inhibitors 2.5.4: Interference with Metabolic Reprogramming of CAFs 2.6: Conclusions and Future Outlook Chapter 3: Tumor-Associated Macrophages: Biological Understanding and Therapeutic Opportunities 3.1: Cancer 3.2: Complex Tumor Microenvironment 3.2.1: Dendritic Cells 3.2.2: Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells 3.2.3: Neutrophils 3.2.4: T Cells 3.3: Tumor-Associated Macrophages 3.3.1: Macrophage Development 3.3.2: Macrophage Heterogeneity 3.3.3: Significance and Roles of TAMs in Cancer 3.3.3.1: TAM roles in tumor growth 3.3.3.2: TAM roles in angiogenesis and invasion/metastasis 3.3.3.3: TAM roles in the immunosuppressive phenotype of TME 3.4: TAM-Targeted Therapy 3.4.1: Interference with TAM Survival 3.4.2: Inhibition of TAM Recruitment 3.4.3: Repolarization of Protumor TAM into Antitumor TAMs 3.5: Conclusion and Future Perspectives Chapter 4: Biomarkers in the Tumor Stroma and Their Clinical Relevance 4.1: Introduction 4.2: Importance of Biomarkers in Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis 4.3: Stromal Biomarkers in Cancers 4.4: Tumor Stroma Evolution 4.5: Composition of the Tumor Stroma and Its Role in Tumor Development, Progression, and Metastasis 4.6: Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Biomarkers 4.6.1: Crosstalk of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts in the Tumor Stroma 4.6.2: CAF Heterogeneity and Role in Tumor Evolution 4.6.3: CAF Biomarkers and Clinical Relevance 4.7: Extracellular Matrix and Biomarkers 4.7.1: Collagens 4.7.2: Proteoglycans 4.7.3: Laminins 4.7.4: Role of ECM in EMT 4.8: ECM Biomarkers and Clinical Relevance 4.9: Matrix Metalloproteinases as Biomarkers 4.10: Immune Cells and Biomarkers 4.11: Stromal Serum Biomarkers 4.12: Physical Features of the Tumor Stroma and Relevance as Biomarkers 4.12.1: Intra-tumoral Pressure as a Biomarker 4.13: Clinical Importance of the Tumor Stromal Biomarkers and Future Implications 4.14: Conclusion Chapter 5: Physical Properties of the Tumor Stroma and Therapeutic Strategies 5.1: Introduction 5.2: Mechanical Stiffness and Solid Stress 5.2.1: Tissue Stiffness 5.2.2: Solid Stress 5.2.2.1: Relation between tissue stiffness and solid stress 5.3: Changes in the Interstitial Fluid Pressure 5.4: Hypoxic Conditions in the Tumor Stroma 5.5: Therapeutic Approaches to Modulate Physical Properties of the Tumor Stroma 5.5.1: Therapeutic Strategies to Target CAFs 5.5.2: Reduction of Stress in the Tumor Stroma Using Anti-hypertensive Agents 5.5.3: Degradation of ECM 5.5.4: Vascular Normalization 5.5.5: Hypoxia Alleviation 5.6: Summary and Future Challenges Chapter 6: TGF-β Signalling in Cancer: Role and Therapeutic Targeting of the Tumour Stroma 6.1: Introduction 6.1.1: Cancer Development: Subversion of Physiological Processes 6.1.2: Oncogenes and Tumour Suppressors 6.1.3: Looking Beyond Cancer Cells 6.2: TGF-β’s Role on Carcinogenesis 6.2.1: TGF-β Secretion and Activation 6.2.2: TGF-β Signalling Pathway 6.2.3: TGF-β: Tumour Suppressor and Tumour Promoter 6.3: TGF-β Mediates the Intricate Crosstalk in the Tumour Stroma 6.3.1: TGF-β Inhibition of Adipocyte Differentiation and Adipogenesis 6.3.2: Angiogenesis and Vascular Integrity Regulated by TGF-β 6.3.3: TGF-β-Induced Immunosuppression 6.3.4: Activation of CAFs by TGF-β 6.4: Anti-TGF-β Therapies in Cancer 6.4.1: Pharmacological and Genetic Disruption of TGF-β Signalling 6.4.2: TGF-β Pharmacological Inhibitors Targeting the Tumour Stroma 6.5: Conclusions and Future Perspectives Chapter 7: Role of Integrins in the Tumor Stroma 7.1: Introduction 7.2: Molecular Biology of Integrins 7.2.1: α and β Subunits 7.2.2: Functions 7.2.3: Signaling Pathways of Integrin Receptors 7.2.4: Integrin Receptors’ Interactions 7.2.5: Interaction of Integrins with Growth Factor Receptors 7.2.5.1: Interaction with VEGFR 7.2.5.2: Interaction with TGFR-β 7.2.5.3: Interaction with FGFR 7.2.5.4: Interaction with PDGFR 7.3: Role of Integrins in the Tumor Stroma 7.3.1: Integrins in CAFs 7.3.2: Integrins in Macrophages 7.3.3: Integrins in Cancer Cells 7.3.4: Integrins in Endothelial Cells 7.4: Integrin-Based Therapeutics 7.4.1: Antibody-Based Therapeutics 7.4.2: Peptide-Based Therapeutics 7.4.3: Integrins as Targeted Receptors 7.4.4: Other Therapeutic Strategies 7.5: Conclusions Chapter 8: MicroRNA in the Tumor Stroma: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications 8.1: Introduction 8.2: MicroRNA in the Tumor Microenvironment 8.2.1: Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts 8.2.2: Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Immune Cells 8.2.3: Tumor Vascular Cells 8.3: MicroRNA in the Circulation and Other Body Fluids 8.3.1: MicroRNA in Blood 8.3.2: MicroRNA in Other Biological Fluids 8.4: MicroRNA Delivery for Cancer Treatment 8.4.1: Strategies for miRNA Delivery 8.4.2: MicroRNA Delivery to the Tumor Stromal Cells 8.5: Clinical Progress of miRNA-Targeted Therapy 8.6: Conclusion Chapter 9: Molecular Imaging of the Tumor Stroma and Beyond 9.1: Introduction 9.2: Tumor Vasculature 9.2.1: Targeted Vascular Imaging 9.2.2: Lymphatic Tumor Vasculature 9.2.3: Functional (Non-targeted) Vascular Imaging 9.2.4: Hypoxia 9.3: Immune Cells 9.3.1: T Cells 9.3.2: Dendritic Cells 9.3.3: Tumor-Associated Macrophages 9.4: Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts 9.5: Mesenchymal Stromal Cells 9.6: Extracellular Matrix 9.6.1: Collagen 9.6.2: Laminins 9.6.3: Fibronectin 9.6.4: Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic Acid) 9.6.5: Other Proteoglycans 9.7: Matrix Metalloproteinases 9.7.1: Hyaluronidase 9.7.2: Transglutaminases 9.8: Metabolic Imaging and Alternative Imaging Methods 9.8.1: Glucose Metabolism 9.8.2: Choline–Phospholipid Metabolism 9.8.3: pH 9.9: Future Perspectives Chapter 10: 3D in vitro Models to Mimic the Tumor Microenvironment 10.1: Introduction 10.2: 2D in vitro Co-cultures and ex vivo Models 10.3: Recent Developments in 3D in vitro Models of the Tumor Microenvironment 10.3.1: Cell-Based Methodology 10.3.1.1: Spheroid-based platforms 10.3.1.2: Organoid-based platforms 10.3.1.3: Intermediate summary on cell-based 3D in vitro models 10.3.2: (Biomedical) Engineering-Based Methodology 10.3.2.1: Scaffold-based platforms 10.3.2.2: 3D bioprinting-based platforms 10.3.2.3: Microfluidic-based platforms 10.3.2.4: Vascularized platforms 10.3.3: Intermediate Summary on Biomedically Engineered 3D in vitro Models 10.4: 4D in vitro Models of the TME 10.5: Computational Models of the TME 10.6: Future Challenges and Outlook Index