دانلود کتاب Understanding Climate Change

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Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
I. WORLD CLIMATE RESEARCH PROGRAMME......Page 11
Strategy and Structure of the WCRP......Page 12
Numerical experimentat$on......Page 13
World Ocean Circulation Experiment - WOCE......Page 14
Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment - GEWEX......Page 15
Greenhouse Gases Programme......Page 16
References......Page 17
II. PALEOCLIMATES AND ICE......Page 18
The Vostok Ice Core......Page 19
The Climatic Record......Page 20
The Aerosol Record......Page 22
References......Page 23
Boundary Conditions......Page 25
The Surface Enerqy Balance of Snow tion and permeable to both air and liquidand Ice......Page 26
Albedo......Page 27
Thermal Insulation by the Snow Cover......Page 28
Stability of Cryospheric Boundary Layers......Page 29
Glacier Mass Balance......Page 30
Topographic Feedbacks Promotinq Ice Sheet Development......Page 31
Reversible and Irreversible Chanqes......Page 32
The Seasonal Cycle......Page 33
Sea Level Chanqes......Page 34
References......Page 35
PETROLOGIC EVIDENCE OF VOLATILE EMISSIONS FROM MAJOR HISTORIC ANDPRE-HISTORIC VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ......Page 38
Section IV BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, LAND HYDROLOGY, LAND SURFACE PROCESSES AND CLIMATE ......Page 61
Introduction......Page 62
Derivation of a Basic Steady State Pattern ofCirculation and Biochemical Processes......Page 64
Derivation of the Time Dependent Mode......Page 67
Data on Tracer Distributions and Their Change......Page 68
Radiocarbon, 14C......Page 69
Experimental Set-up......Page 70
Features of the Steady State Solution x......Page 72
The Suess Effect......Page 74
Uptake of Bombproduced 14C......Page 75
Uptake of During the Period 1760-1983......Page 77
References......Page 82
Paleo and Historical Climates of Africa......Page 84
Temporal and Spatial Variability of Rainfall during the Present Century......Page 86
Tropical Teteconnections to African Rainfal......Page 89
Atmosphere Circulation Changes Associated with Rainfall Fluctuations......Page 95
Land Surface Processes......Page 96
Summary and Conclusions......Page 100
References......Page 101
Global Experiments with PrescribedSoil Moisture......Page 106
Sensitivity of Climate Modelsto Surface Albedo......Page 110
The Dependence on The SpatialScale of The Anomaly......Page 111
References......Page 112
Model of Tree/Grass Equilibrium......Page 114
Importance of Seasonality......Page 116
Stability to Vegetation Perturbations......Page 117
References......Page 118
Section V TROPICAL OCEAN AND GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE ......Page 119
El Nifio-Southern Oscillation Events......Page 120
Relationships with SSTs......Page 122
The Importance of the Warmest Water......Page 126
References......Page 128
Introduction......Page 129
TOGA Real Time Oceanography......Page 130
Discussion......Page 134
References......Page 136
Section VI MODELLING CLIMATE, PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE......Page 138
Introduction......Page 139
Carbon Dioxide and Precambrian Climate......Page 140
The Climatology of the Oxygen-Poor Atmosphere......Page 142
Response of the Precambrian Atmosphereto Solar Cycle Activity......Page 143
Summary......Page 145
STUDIES OF CRETACEOUS CLIMATE......Page 149
Climate Models and Cretaceous Temperatures:The Major Discrepancies......Page 150
The Role of the Oceans in Explaining Cretaceous Temperatures......Page 151
The Role of the Seasonal Cycle in Explaining Cretaceous Temperatures......Page 152
Are Other Climatic Forcing Factors Important......Page 153
Is the Cretaceous Record Correctly Interpreted?......Page 154
Geography as a Forcing Factorfor Climatic Change......Page 155
References......Page 156
Water isotopes......Page 158
Water isotopes......Page 159
References......Page 160
Uses of Climate Models......Page 162
Some Results......Page 163
Future......Page 167
Summary and Conclusions......Page 173
References......Page 174
Introduction......Page 175
Feedback: Concept and Terminology......Page 176
The Feedback f For The Climate System......Page 178
General Circulation Models......Page 181
Methods Of Feedback Analysis For Climate Model Simulations......Page 179
Conclusion......Page 184
References......Page 185