دانلود کتاب Water encyclopedia. Oceanography, meteorology, physics and chemistry

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Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page (Volume 4 of the Encyclopedia)......Page 4
ISBN 0471736848......Page 5
CONTENTS (with page links)......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 9
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 10
AIR–SEA INTERACTION......Page 14
NOAA’S ATLANTIC OCEANOGRAPHIC AND METEOROLOGICAL LABORATORY......Page 17
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS ON BIVALVE EXCRETION RATES OF NUTRIENTS......Page 19
TEMPORAL SCALING OF BENTHIC NUTRIENT REGENERATION IN BIVALVE-DOMINATED TIDAL FLAT......Page 24
BREAKWATERS......Page 27
THE OCEAN IN CLIMATE......Page 34
COASTAL WATERS......Page 36
MARINE COLLOIDS......Page 40
DEEP WATER CORALS......Page 45
MARINE DEBRIS ABATEMENT......Page 51
LARVAE AND SMALL SPECIES OF POLYCHAETES IN MARINE TOXICOLOGICAL TESTING......Page 55
EL NI NO: THE INTERANNUAL PREDICTION PROBLEM......Page 56
RENEWABLE ENERGIES FROM THE OCEAN......Page 57
ESTUARIAN WATERS......Page 62
NOS/NMFS COOPERATIVE RESEARCH ON COASTAL FISHERIES AND HABITATS AT THE BEAUFORT LABORATORY......Page 68
DISTRIBUTION AND DYNAMICS OF GAS HYDRATES IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT......Page 70
OCEANOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT OF GLACIER BAY......Page 74
NOS SANCTUARIES PROTECT NATION’S MARITIME HISTORY......Page 75
QUANTIFICATION OF ANOXIA AND HYPOXIA IN WATER BODIES......Page 77
FLOATING ICE......Page 82
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT: HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT—MARINE INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY (MIL)......Page 83
SEASONAL COUPLING BETWEEN INTERTIDAL MACROFAUNA AND SEDIMENT COLUMN POREWATER NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS......Page 86
MAPPING THE SEA FLOOR OF THE HISTORIC AREA REMEDIATION SITE (HARS) OFFSHORE OF NEW YORK CITY......Page 90
NOAA AND UNIVERSITY SCIENTISTS STUDY METHYL BROMIDE CYCLING IN THE NORTH PACIFIC......Page 93
TIDALLY MEDIATED CHANGES IN NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS......Page 94
THEROLEOFOCEANSINTHEGLOBALCYCLES OF CLIMATICALLY-ACTIVE TRACE-GASES......Page 98
PACIFIC MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY—30 YEARS OF OBSERVING THE OCEAN......Page 102
SEAWATER TEMPERATURE ESTIMATES IN PALEOCEANOGRAPHY......Page 105
PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY......Page 108
COASTAL WATER POLLUTANTS......Page 109
TRACE ELEMENT POLLUTION......Page 122
CORAL REEFS AND YOUR COASTAL WATERSHED......Page 126
SEA LEVEL AND CLIMATE......Page 130
THE PERMANENT SERVICE FOR MEAN SEA LEVEL......Page 131
MARINE AND ESTUARINE MICROALGAL SEDIMENT TOXICITY TESTS......Page 133
MARINE STOCK ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES......Page 137
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL VARIABILITY OF TIDAL STREAMS......Page 141
BLACK WATER TURNS THE TIDE ON FLORIDA CORAL......Page 146
SHALLOW WATER WAVES......Page 148
WATER WAVES......Page 151
WOODS HOLE: THE EARLY YEARS......Page 152
AN ANALYSIS OF THE INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION–LONDON CONVENTION ANNUAL OCEAN DUMPING REPORTS......Page 157
MARINE SOURCES OF HALOCARBONS......Page 162
FOOD CHAIN/FOODWEB/FOOD CYCLE......Page 164
PLANKTON......Page 167
MAJOR IONS IN SEAWATER......Page 172
TSUNAMI......Page 173
BALLOONING AND METEOROLOGY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY......Page 177
BAROMETRIC EFFICIENCY......Page 179
CERES: UNDERSTANDING THE EARTH’S CLOUDS AND CLIMATE......Page 182
CHINOOK......Page 183
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE......Page 184
OBSERVATIONS OF CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE FROM REAL-TIME MEASUREMENTS......Page 185
OVERVIEW: THE CLIMATE SYSTEM......Page 192
CLIMATE AND SOCIETY......Page 196
WHAT IS CLIMATOLOGY?......Page 199
CLOUD SEEDING......Page 200
CONDENSATION......Page 201
COSMIC WATER......Page 202
THE WATER CYCLE......Page 204
CYCLONES......Page 207
WATER CYCLE......Page 209
DEGREE DAY METHOD......Page 210
DESERTIFICATION......Page 212
DEW......Page 213
DEW DESERTS......Page 214
DEW POINT......Page 220
DROUGHTS......Page 221
DROUGHT INDICES......Page 222
THE EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEM: AQUA......Page 227
ENTROPY THEORY FOR HYDROLOGIC MODELING......Page 230
EVAPORATION......Page 236
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION......Page 239
FOG......Page 242
COASTAL FOG ALONG THE NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO......Page 243
RAIN FORESTS......Page 252
FROST......Page 253
FROST DAMAGE......Page 254
THE GLOBAL WATER CYCLE......Page 255
GROUND-BASED GPS METEOROLOGY AT FSL......Page 257
CLIMATE AND WATER BALANCE ON THE ISLAND OF HAWAII......Page 268
HEAT OF VAPORIZATION......Page 276
HYDROLOGIC HISTORY, PROBLEMS, AND PERSPECTIVES......Page 278
HUMIDITY—ABSOLUTE......Page 282
RELATIVE HUMIDITY......Page 283
HURRICANES: MODELING NATURE’S FURY......Page 287
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE......Page 288
HYDROSPHERE......Page 296
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE, WATER RESOURCES, AND SOCIETY......Page 300
ISOHYETAL METHOD......Page 303
WHAT ABOUT METEOROLOGY?......Page 305
BASIC RESEARCH FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS......Page 308
UNCERTAINTIES IN RAINFALL–RUNOFF MODELING......Page 310
AFRICAN MONSOONS......Page 317
PERMANENT FROST......Page 318
RADAR USE IN RAINFALL MEASUREMENTS......Page 319
RAINFALL......Page 322
RAINFALL AND RUNOFF......Page 328
REMOTE SENSING OF APPLICATIONS IN HYDROLOGY......Page 332
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENTISTS......Page 341
RAIN SIMULATORS......Page 343
SNOW DENSITY......Page 346
FLATTOP MOUNTAIN SNOTEL SNOWPACK: WATERYEAR2004......Page 347
SNOW AND SNOWMELT......Page 349
SNOW SURVEYS......Page 350
A STATISTICAL APPROACH TO CRITICAL STORM PERIOD ANALYSIS......Page 351
SUBLIMATION......Page 356
TRANSPIRATION......Page 358
UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAU......Page 360
WEATHER FORECASTING THROUGH THE AGES......Page 361
OVERVIEW OF WEATHER SYSTEMS......Page 365
UNIT HYDROGRAPH THEORY......Page 368
WEATHER AND THE ATMOSPHERE......Page 373
VAPOR PRESSURE......Page 375
ADIABATIC COOLING......Page 379
RAIN AND ROCKS: THE RECIPE FOR RIVER WATER CHEMISTRY......Page 384
ACID RAIN AND SOCIETY......Page 390
ADSORPTION CAPACITY OF ACTIVATED CARBON FOR WATER PURIFICATION......Page 394
ADSORPTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS......Page 397
AGE DATING OLD GROUNDWATER......Page 401
AMMONIA......Page 403
BERYLLIUM IN WATER......Page 407
DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON......Page 412
MECHANISMS OF WATER ADSORPTION ON CARBONS......Page 413
THE EFFECT OF CARBON SURFACE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON THE MECHANISM OF PHENOL ADSORPTION FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS......Page 417
CARBONATE GEOCHEMISTRY......Page 421
CARBONATE IN NATURAL WATERS......Page 426
CHLORINE-36 AND VERY OLD GROUNDWATERS......Page 429
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCs)......Page 433
COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION......Page 437
CONDUCTIVITY-ELECTRIC......Page 442
CONSERVATION AND THE WATER CYCLE......Page 446
DEFLUROIDATION......Page 447
DEUTERIUM......Page 451
DISTILLED WATER......Page 454
ELECTRICITY AS A FLUID......Page 455
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS USING ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY (ESI MS)......Page 456
FENTON’S REACTION AND GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION......Page 458
WHERE WATER FLOATS......Page 461
FRESHWATER......Page 462
DISSOLVED GASES......Page 463
HARD WATER......Page 465
AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF WATER ON HEALTH AND AGING: IS ALL WATER THE SAME?......Page 468
HEAVY WATER......Page 475
HENRY’S LAW......Page 479
HOFMEISTER EFFECTS......Page 481
CLATHRATE HYDRATES......Page 484
HYDRATION......Page 488
THEMIRAGEOFTHEH2 ECONOMY......Page 490
HYDROGEN ION......Page 493
THE HYDRONIUM ION......Page 495
INFILTRATION AND SOIL MOISTURE PROCESSES......Page 497
ION EXCHANGE AND INORGANIC ADSORPTION......Page 503
IRON......Page 509
ISOTOPES......Page 512
ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION......Page 513
MARIOTTE BOTTLE—USE IN HYDROLOGY......Page 516
MARS EXPLORATION ROVER MISSION......Page 517
REMOVAL OF ORGANIC MICROPOLLUTANTS AND METAL IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY ACTIVATED CARBONS......Page 519
MOLECULAR NETWORK DYNAMICS......Page 524
INSITUCHEMICAL MONITORING......Page 527
NITROGEN......Page 530
OSMOSIS-DIFFUSION OF SOLVENT OR CAUSED BY DIFFUSION OF SOLUTES?......Page 533
PARTITIONING AND BIOAVAILABILITY......Page 534
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES......Page 540
ENVIRONMENTAL PHOTOCHEMISTRY IN SURFACE WATERS......Page 542
ISOTOPE EXCHANGE IN GAS-WATER REACTIONS......Page 548
RADON IN WATER......Page 554
SILICA IN NATURAL WATERS......Page 561
SODIUM IN NATURAL WATERS......Page 564
SOFT WATER......Page 566
SOLUBILITY OF CHEMICALS IN WATER......Page 568
SOLUBILITY OF HYDROCARBONS IN SALT WATER......Page 572
SOLUBILITY OF HYDROCARBONS AND SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN WATER......Page 574
SORPTION KINETICS......Page 577
SOUND IN WATER......Page 582
WATER ON THE SPACE STATION......Page 585
STRONTIUM ISOTOPES IN WATER AND ROCK......Page 587
TECHNETIUM IN WATER......Page 591
WATER—NATURE’S MAGICIAN......Page 596
FREEZING AND SUPERCOOLING OF WATER......Page 598
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION......Page 599
ANTIMONY IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS......Page 602
THE CLEAN WATER ACT......Page 608
CLEAN WATER ACT, WATER QUALITY CRITERIA/STANDARDS, TMDLS, AND WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE APPROACH FOR REGULATING WATER QUALITY......Page 611
THE CONSTITUTION AND EARLY ATTEMPTS AT RATIONAL WATER PLANNING......Page 617
ECONOMIC VALUE OF WATER: ESTIMATION......Page 618
WATER SUPPLY PLANNING—FEDERAL......Page 625
FLOOD CONTROL ACT OF 1944......Page 629
GREAT LAKES GOVERNORS’ AGREEMENT......Page 630
U.S./CANADIAN BOUNDARY WATERS TREATY AND THE GREAT LAKES WATER QUALITY AGREEMENT......Page 633
GREAT LAKES WATER QUALITY INITIATIVE......Page 634
QUANTITATIVE GROUNDWATER LAW......Page 640
ISLAMIC WATER LAW......Page 647
TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS IN LATIN AMERICA: CONFLICTS AND COLLABORATION......Page 649
UNITED STATES-MEXICO BORDER WATERS: CONVENTIONS, TREATIES, AND INSTITUTIONS......Page 656
NEGOTIATING BETWEEN AUTHORITY AND POLLUTERS: AN APPROACH TO MANAGING WATER QUALITY......Page 660
WATER RESOURCE ORGANIZATIONS......Page 661
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT IN THE U.S.......Page 664
THE NATIONAL POLLUTION DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM......Page 668
LEGAL PROTECTION FOR IN-STREAM FLOW......Page 672
WATER QUALITY......Page 677
INTERFACE BETWEEN FEDERAL WATER QUALITY REGULATION AND STATE ALLOCATION OF WATER QUANTITY......Page 684
REGULATORY ISSUES AND REMEDIATION: RISK, COSTS, AND BENEFITS......Page 687
THE SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT......Page 689
REPRESENTING GEOPOLITICS OF (HYDRO) BORDERS IN SOUTH ASIA......Page 693
WATER TRANSFERS......Page 698
RESERVED WATER RIGHTS FOR INDIAN AND FEDERAL LANDS......Page 702
WETLANDS POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES: FROM DRAINAGE TO RESTORATION......Page 703
CURIOUS USES OF AGRICULTURAL WATER IN THE WORLD......Page 708
WATER BETWEEN ARABS AND ISRAELIS: RESEARCHING TWICE-PROMISED RESOURCES......Page 712
THE MYTH OF BAD CHOLESTEROL: WHY WATER IS A BETTER CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING MEDICATION......Page 714
EARLY CLOCKS......Page 715
WATER CLOCKS......Page 717
OUR EVOLVING WATER CONSCIOUSNESS......Page 720
EFFECTIVE WATER EDUCATION STRATEGIES IN A NONTRADITIONAL SETTING......Page 726
EVOLUTION......Page 728
HISTORY OF POND FISHERIES IN POLAND......Page 731
WATER: THE KEY TO NATURAL HEALTH AND HEALING......Page 735
WATER IN HISTORY......Page 739
HOOVER DAM HISTORY......Page 745
HYDROPSYCHOLOGY......Page 746
JACOB’S WELL......Page 748
JAUBERT DE PASSA: THE FIRST WORLD HISTORY OF IRRIGATION IN 1846......Page 749
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN: FROM KITE TO LIGHTNING ROD......Page 754
WATER AND THE HISTORY OF MAN......Page 758
WATER, BACTERIA, LIFE ON MARS, AND MICROBIAL DIVERSITY......Page 759
CANALS IN THE MEKONG DELTA: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW FROM 200 C.E. TO THE PRESENT......Page 761
CONFLICT AND WATER USE IN THE MIDDLE EAST......Page 766
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN’S ARMONICA: A WATER MUSIC INSTRUMENT......Page 771
WATER TRANSPORTATION OCCUPATIONS......Page 775
A CONCISE GLIMPSE OF WATER IN THE HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY......Page 779
WATER AS A HUMAN RIGHT......Page 782
ANCIENT WATER AND SOIL CONSERVATION ECOSYSTEMS OF SRI LANKA......Page 785
BEN FRANKLIN’S GULF STREAM WEATHER AND SWIM FINS......Page 793
WATER SYMBOLISM......Page 798
GORDON AND FRANKLIN RIVERS AND THE TASMANIAN WILDERNESS WORLD HERITAGE AREA......Page 801
THE MISTAKE OF WAITING TO GET THIRSTY......Page 802
WATER AND WELL-BEING......Page 804
FREE FLOWING WATER: A SOURCE OF WISDOM......Page 806
THE MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF THE WATERS OF SARATOGA SPRINGS......Page 810
A HISTORY OF HAWAIIAN FRESHWATER RESOURCES......Page 814
A......Page 821
B......Page 829
C......Page 835
D......Page 847
E......Page 853
F......Page 859
G......Page 865
H......Page 871
I......Page 877
J,K......Page 883
L......Page 884
M......Page 888
N......Page 897
O......Page 901
P......Page 905
R......Page 914
S......Page 921
T......Page 935
U......Page 941
V......Page 944
W......Page 945
Z......Page 956