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Cover Volume1 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Original Title Page Original Copyright Page Contents Preface Chapter I: The Problem of Animal Psychology Chapter II: The Problem of Animal Instinct Chapter III: The Problem of Animal Learning Chapter IV: The Problem of Animal Intelligence Chapter V: The Problem of Animal Understanding Chapter VI: The Problem of Animal Ideation Chapter VII: The Problem of the Animal's World Bibliography Index Volume2 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Original Title Page Original Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Contributing Authors Introduction Part I: Physical Principles 1: Physics of Light: An Introduction for Light-Minded Ethologists Emissivity, A Little-Explored Variable: Discussion Part II: Physiological Functions of Animal Coloration 2: The Influence of Color on Behavioral Thermoregulation and Hydroregulation Further Thoughts on Anuran Thermoregulation: Discussion Maximization of Reproduction: Discussion Audience Questions: Discussion 3: Tips on Wings and Other Things The Evolutiono-Engineering Approach: Discussion Where is the Evidence for Ultra-Violet Damage: Discussion Audience Questions: Discussion Part III: Photoreception 4: Extraretinal Photoreception Extraretinal Photoreception: Words of Caution: Discussion 5: Mechanisms of Color Vision: An Ethologist's Primer 6: Visual Discriminations Encountered in Food Foraging by a Neotropical Primate: Implications for the Evolution of Color Vision Comments on Coevolution: Discussion Are Selection Pressures Different? Discussion Audience Questions: Discussion Part IV: Coloration for Communication 7: Environmental Light and Conspicuous Colors Audience Questions: Discussion 8: Optical Signals and Interspecific Communication 9: The Use of Color in Intraspecific Communication Visual Functions of Color: The Predictive Approach : Discussion Audience Questions: Discussion 10: Conclusion Index Volume3 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Original Title Page Original Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents List of Illustrations Preface 1: Ecology, Evolution, and Learning Ecology and Learning The Evolution of Learning Chapter Summary 2: Comparative Aspects of Conditioning: Pavlovian Learning Pavlovian Conditioning Chapter Summary 3: Comparative Aspects of Conditioning: Instrumental Learning Basic Phenomena Associated with Instrumental Conditioning Comparative Aspects of Instrumental Conditioning Chapter Summary 4: Cognitive Aspects of Conditioning: Associations, Representations, and Memories Associations Models of Associative Strength Working Memory Chapter Summary 5: Performance Models of Pavlovian Conditioning An Analysis of Performance Models in Pavlovian Conditioning The Functional Organization of Behavior: Behavior Systems and Their Releasers Conclusion Chapter Summary 6: The Biological Function of Pavlovian Conditioning Generalized Biological Function Pavlovian Conditioning as Specific Adaptations to Individual Biological Functions Specific Adaptations or Generalized Biological Function? Conclusion Chapter Summary 7: Instrumental Conditioning: Learning Mechanisms, Performance, and Function A Cognitive Approaches to Instrumental Learning: Pavlovian Interpretations of Instrumental Learning Interactions Between Pavlovian and Instrumental Learning Effects of Reinforcer Manipulation on Instrumental Responding Associative Aspects of Reinforcer-Mediated Responding B The Nature of the Reinforcement Process in Instrumental Learning Avoidance Learning Molar Accounts of Reinforcement Motivation and Closed Economies: A Behavior Systems Analysis Conclusion Chapter Summary 8: Behavioral Ecology Optimality Models Diet Selection Patch Selection Patch Persistence Risk-Prone Behavior Conclusion Chapter Summary 9: Phase-Specific Learning: Imprinting and Avian Song Learning Imprinting Song Learning in Birds The Biological Function of Phase-Specific Learning Chapter Summary 10: Learning and Intelligence The Nature of Animal Intelligence Intelligence and Arbitrary Learning Tasks Concept Learning Spatial Memory Language Learning Conclusion Chapter Summary Journal and Periodical Abbreviations Bibliography Name Index Species Index Subject Index Volume4 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Original Title Page Original Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface 1: The Myth of Recovery from Early Brain Damage 2: Functional Adaptation after Brain Injury and Malformation in Early Life in Rats 3: Social Responses to Blind Infant Monkeys 4: Vulnerability for Abnormal Development: Pregnancy Outcomes and Sex Differences in Macaque Monkeys 5: An Animal Model for the Small-for-Gestational-Age Infant: Some Behavioral and Morphological Findings 6: Behavioral Development Viewed in Terms of Conspecific Communication 7: Paradoxical Effects of Amphetamine on Behavioral Arousal in Neonatal and Adult Rats: A Possible Animal Model of the Calming Effect of Amphetamine on Hyperkinetic Children 8: The Concept of a Cumulative Risk Score for Infants 9: Early Development of Sleeping Behaviors in Infants 10: Correlations between Scores on the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale, Measures of Newborn Sucking Behavior, and Birthweight in Infants born to Narcotic Addicted Mothers 11: Development of Fine Motor Behaviors: Issues and Research 12: Behavioral Effects from Antenatal Exposure to Teratogens 13: Morphological and Behavioral Consequences of Chemically Induced Lesions of the CNS 14: Critical Periods in Fetal Development: Differential Effects on Learning and Development Produced by Maternal Vitamin A Excess 15: Infant Recognition Memory as a Present and Future Index of Cognitive Abilities 16: Infant Visual Memory: A Backward Look into the Future 17: Infant Habituation: Process, Problems and Possibilities 18: Process Defects That Might Underlie Aberrant Language Development 19: Overview and Synthesis 20: Comments on the Strategies of Studying Early Development in Relation to Intelligence 21: Aberrant Development in Infancy: Overview and Synthesis 22: Conference Comments Author Index Volume5 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Original Title Page Original Copyright Page Table of Contents Contributors Preface 1: Ontogeny, Phylogeny, and Causality Introduction Comparative Analysis and Developmental Plasticity Field and Laboratory Summary Synopsis of the Book References 2: Development of Mammalian Sexual Behavior Introduction Coordination of Sexual Behavioral Patterns With a Mate The Development of Copulation Individual Selection and Interactive Development Comparative Behavioral Development of Laboratory Rats and Rhesus Monkeys Concluding Comments References 3: Development of Locomotion in Vertebrates: A Comparative Perspective Introduction Evolution of Locomotion in Vertebrates Types of Early Development in Vertebrates The Development of Locomotion Conclusions: The Evolutionary Perspective References 4: Ontogeny of Social Recognition: An Essay on Mechanism and Metaphor in Behavioral Development Introduction Kinds of Recognition Ontogenetic Aspects of Recognition Mechanisms and Metaphors of Recognition Summary and Concluding Remarks References 5: The Evolution of Helping Behavior–An Ontogenetic and Comparative Perspective Introduction Ontogeny of Avian Helping The Selection Pressures Conclusion References 6: Comparative Study of the Ontogeny of Communication Introduction Characteristics of Communication The Social Arena for Communication Ontogenetic Changes in Individuals and Their Social Behavior Development of Formalized Signaling Behavior Development of Responses to Formalized Signaling Comparative Research on the Ontogeny of Communication References 7: Ontogeny of Communicative Behaviors Introduction Taking a Developmental Perspective The Adaptedness of Early Communication Signals and Their Evolutionary Origins: Ritualization Mechanisms Regulating the Time of Signal Development Adaptedness of Ontogenetic Programming The Adaptationist Program Phasic Versus Tonic Cues Deprivation Experiments A Modern View of the Innate Releasing Mechanism: The Work of G. P. Baerends References 8: Processes of Change and the Elaboration of Language Introduction Characterizing Change over Time The Relativity of Individual and Environment Domains of Change: Phylogeny and Ontogeny The Invention of Language Early Language Development: From Action Through Gesture to Symbol The Status of Early Language A Summary of Language Development Ontogeny and Phylogeny Language Evolution: Some Relevant Data The Rate of Technical Advance References Author Index Subject Index Volume6 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Original Title Page Original Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface 1: On the Conceptual Nature of Cognitive Terms: An Initial Essay I. Some Categories of Psychological Terms II. Some Functions of Cognitive Terms Ill. On the Identification of "Cognitive" Concepts References 2: Some Implications of a Cognitive Perspective on Pavlovian Conditioning I. Relations Learned in Pavlovian Conditioning II. Relation Between Learning and Responding Ill. Representation of the Reinforcer IV. A Final Comment on the Description of Conditioning References 3: Stimulus Relationships and Feature Selection in Learning and Behavior I. Introduction II. Autoshaping, the Feature-Positive Effect, and Sign Tracking Ill. What is Learned in Sign Tracking: Stimulus-Stimulus vs. Response-Stimulus Relations IV. The Feature-Positive Effect Revisited V. Concluding Comments References 4: The Role of Stimulus Learning in Defensive Behavior I. Avoidance: Situational Factors II. Avoidance: Freezing Behavior Ill. Avoidance: Stimulus Learning Effects IV. Avoidance: Response Learning Effects V. Punishment: Response vs. Stimulus Learning VI. The Basis of Stimulus Learning References 5: Cognitive Associations as Evident in the Blocking Effects of Response-Contingent CSs I. Introduction II. Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer: Background and Methodology Ill. Assessment of the CS's Signaling and Affective Properties IV. Reinterpretation: Across-Reinforcement Blocking Effects V. Blocking and Counterblocking ("Superconditioning") Tests VI. Conclusions and Implications References 6: Cognitive or Associative Theories of Conditioning: Implications of an Analysis of Blocking I. Introduction II. Blocking as a Problem for Association Theory III. Analysis of the Attenuation of Blocking by Surprising Changes in Reinforcement IV. Conclusions and Implications References 7: Expectancies and the Priming of STM I. Expectancies and the Priming of STM II. The Priming of STM Ill. Retrieval-Generated Priming IV. Self-Generated Priming V. Extrapolation VI. Concluding Comments References 8: Studies of Working Memory in the Pigeon I. Working Memory, Reference Memory, and Associative Memory II. Three Working-Memory Paradigms Ill. The Advance-Key Procedure IV. The Modified Advance-Key Procedure V. The Control-Key Procedure VI. The Functional Characteristics of the Initial Stimulus Period VII. The Role of Differential Stimulus Feedback in the Terminal Period VIII. General Discussion References 9: Selective Attention and Related Cognitive Processes in Pigeons I. Selective Attention and Related Cognitive Processes in Pigeons II. The Analysis of Element-Compound Differences Ill. Stimulus Compounds and Information Processing IV. The Effect of Sample Exposure Time on Matching Performance V. Conclusion References 10: The Internal Clock I. Time as a Stimulus II. Explanations of Temporal Discrimination Ill. Some Properties of the Internal Clock IV. Control of the Internal Clock V. Conclusions References 11: Cognitive Structure and Serial Pattern Learning by Animals I. Introduction II. Cognitive Structures and Serial Pattern Learning Ill. Application of Cognitive Structures to Serial Patterns in Animal Learning IV. Patterns of Reinforcement V. Mechanisms for Serial Ordering VI. Empirical Assessment of Encoding VII. The Sensitivity of Animals to Structure VIII. Conclusion References 12: Characteristics of Spatial Memory I. Introduction II. Eight-Arm Maze Ill. Comparison to Other Testing Procedures IV. Replications and Extensions V. Ethological Considerations VI. A Model for Spatial Working Memory VII. Comparison with Other Models VIII. Conclusion References 13: Cognitive Mapping in Chimpanzees I. Introduction II. Some Observations and Experiments Ill. General Conclusions References 14: On the Abstractness of Human Concepts: Why it would be Difficult to Talk to a Pigeon I. Conceptual Abstractness II. Genesis of Abstraction Ill. Abstraction in Animals IV. Match-To-Sample V. Absolute Versus Relational Learning VI. Are Abstractions the Product of a Burdened Memory? VII. Action and Abstraction VIII. Natural Concepts in Pigeons IX. Second-Order Relations X. Conclusions References Author Index Subject Index Volume7 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Original Title Page Original Copyright Page Table of Contents Figures and Tables Preface Part I: Domains of Biological Psychiatry 1: Psychopathology: The Status of Animals 2: Animal Experiments and Animal Welfare Part II: Animal Clinical Pictures 3: Abnormal Movements and Convulsions 4: Behavioural Anomalies and Misdemeanours Part III: Animal Models of Disease Entities 5: Experimental Neurosis and Psychophysiological Disorders 6: Animals and Addictions 7: True and Model Psychosis 8: Disorders of Childhood 9: Summary and Conclusions References Subject index Name index Volume8 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Original Title Page Original Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Introduction 1: Origin and Radiation of the Classes of Poikilothermous Vertebrates 2: Vertebrate Olfaction 3: The Vertebrate Eye 4: Some Comments on Visual Acuity and Its Relation to Eye Structure 5: Origin and Evolution of the Ear of Vertebrates 6: Comparative Hearing Function in the Vertebrates 7: Neurology of Anamniotic Vertebrates 8: The Forebrain of Reptiles and Mammals 9: Vertebrate Learning: Common Processes 10: Vertebrate Learning: Evolutionary Divergences 11: Issues in the Comparative Psychology of Learning 12: Later Mammal Radiations 13: Comments on Radinsky's "Later Mammal Radiations" 14: Brain Evolution in Mammals: A Review of Concepts, Problems, and Methods 15: Comparative Anatomy of the Tetrapod Spinal Cord: Dorsal Root Connections 16: Primate Radiations and the Origin of Hominoids 17: Brain Evolution in the Order Primates 18: Tool Use in Mammals 19: Primate Social Behavior: Pattern and Process Author Index Subject Index Volume9 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Original Title Page Original Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface 1: Introduction The Nature and Determinants of Motivated Behaviors Factors that Initiate and Influence Motivated Behavior Differential Contributions of Factors and Determinants of Motivated Behaviors Ontogeny of Motivated Behaviors The Neural Substrates of Behavior Summary 2: Biological Foundations, Experimental Strategies, and Techniques for the Study of Motivated Behaviors Biological Foundations Research Strategies and Experimental Techniques for the Study of the Neural Substrates of Motivated Behaviors Summary 3: Thermoregulatory Behavior Body-Temperature Regulation Characteristics of Thermoregulatory Behavior Factors that Contribute to Thermoregulatory Behavior Ontogeny of Thermoregulatory Behaviors Neural Integrative Systems Subserving Physiological and Behavioral Thermoregulatory Responses Summary 4: Feeding Behavior Characteristics of Feeding Behavior Food Intake and Body-Energy Homeostasis Factors that Initiate and Contribute to Feeding Behavior Ontogeny of Feeding Behavior Neural Substrates of Feeding Behavior Summary 5: Drinking Behavior Characteristics of Drinking Behavior Water Intake and Water Balance Factors that Initiate and Contribute to Drinking Behavior Ontogeny of Drinking Behavior Neural Substrates of Drinking Behavior Summary 6: Sexual Behavior Characteristics of Sexual Behavior Factors that Influence and Determine Sexual Behavior Ontogeny of Sexual Behavior Hormonal Determinants of Sexual Behavior Neural Determinants of Sexual Behavior Future Directions of Research Summary 7: Sleep and Waking Characteristics of Sleep Ontogeny of Sleep Factors that Influence Sleep and Waking The Neural Substrates of Sleep and Waking Summary 8: Brain Self-Stimulation Behavior Characteristics of Brain Self-Stimulation Factors that Influence Brain Self-Stimulation The Neural Basis of Brain-Stimulation Reward Summary 9: Emotional Behaviors Characteristics of Emotional Behavior Factors that Contribute to Emotional Behavior The Neural Substrates of Emotional Behaviors Neural Substrates of Abnormal Behavior and Psychiatric Disorders Summary Appendix A 10: Problems and Strategies for Future Research Problems of Measurement and of Experimental Techniques The Problem of Nonspecificity of Experimental Manipulations of the CNS The Virtues and Limitations of Theoretical Models The Hypothalamus and Motivated Behavior: Current Status Current and Future Developments References Glossary Author Index Subject Index Volume10 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Original Title Page Original Copyright Page Table of Contents Notes on the Contributors Editors' Introduction 1: The Evolution and Genetics of Behaviour 2: The Anatomy of the Vertebrate Nervous System: An Evolutionary and Developmental Perspective 3: Brain-Behaviour Studies and Evolutionary Biology 4: Chemical Systems of the Brain and Evolution 5: The Evolution and Function of Sleep 6: Brain Size and Intelligence: A Comparative Perspective 7: Cerebral Cortex and Adaptive Behaviour 8: Symmetry and Asymmetry in the Vertebrate Brain 9: Consciousness, Freewill and Personal Identity Name index Subject index Volume11 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Original Title Page Original Copyright Page Table of Contents Notes on the Contributors Editor's Introduction Human Brain Anatomy 1: On the Evolution of Mind 2: Representations of the Physical and Social World 3: Is Consciousness the Gateway to the Hippocampal Cognitive Map? A Speculative Essay on the Neural Basis of Mind 4: Cognition and Imagery in Animals 5: Animal Awareness, Consciousness and Self-Image 6: Neuropsychology of Consciousness: A Review of Human Clinical Evidence 7: Brain, Mind and Language 8: The Plurality of Consciousness Name Index Subject Index Volume12 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Original Title Page Original Copyright Page Preface Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: The Ability of Living Beings to Exist and Develop Despite Adverse Conditions: The Phenomenon of Adaptation Chapter 3: The Problem of Man's Origin and Kinship: Factual Evidence and its Proper Treatment How We Think About Evolution Common Sense and The Evolution Theory The Principle of Identity and The Evolution Theory The Problem of Naming a Developing Thing Actuality and Potentiality in Evolution The Principle of Resemblance and The Evolution Theory Chapter 4: The Problem of Man's Origin and Kinship (Con.): Certainty and Probability as to Man's Evolution The Worth and The Limitations of Paleontological Evidence Man's Most Probable Direct Ancestor Man and the Solidarity of the Animal Kingdom The Influence of Man's Belief in his Own Evolutionary Origin on His Self-Respect and Conduct Chapter 5: Success and Failure in Animal Activity Sources, Trustworthiness, and Organization of Data The Criterion of Success in Animal Activity Activities Classified as Life-or-Death and Life-Fulfilling Classes of Maladaptive Activity Chapter 6: Successful Animal Activity At the Level of Reflex Action At the Level of Instinctive Action At the Level of Intelligent Action Of Low Type Of High Type Systematic Study of Successful Activity in Sub-Human Animals Personality as an Element in Group Success Chapter 7: Maladaptive Activity Resulting in Waste of Time and Energy Chapter 8: Maladaptive Activity Resulting in Waste of Useful Materials Among Insects Among Birds Chapter 9: Waste of Useful Materials (con.): Among Mammals Chapter 10: Maladaptive Activity Resulting in Injury to Kind Among Arthropods Among Lower Vertebrates Among Birds Among Mammals Chapter 11: Maladaptive Activity Resulting in Self-Injury Among Invertebrates Chapter 12: Self-Injury (con.): Among Birds Extinction of Species Promoted by Maladaptive Activity Self-Injury due to Defective Fear Chapter 13: Self-Injury (con.): Among Mammals Under-Activity in the Presence of Danger Over-Activity in the Presence of Danger Due to Rage Chapter 14: Maladaptive Activity in Monkeys and Apes Extent of Activity Resulting in Excessiveness: In Food-Taking In Maternal Solicitude Misdirection of Activities Resulting in Self-Injury In Injury to Kind Self-Injury from Normal Types of Action Chapter 15: Maladaptive Activity Among Low-Cultured Human Beings Food-Taking Among Savages Savage Festivals Misdirected Activities For Securing Food Compared with Brute Activity Chapter 16: Maladaptive Activity Among High-Cultured Human Beings Our Verdict on our own Activities; Common Knowledge of Maladaptation Maladaptive Activity as Corrected by Science Maladaptive Reproductive and Sexual Activities in the Human Species Reproductive Maladaptive Activity; Over-Population Dangers to the Mother in Child-Bearing Dangers Arising from Relation of Offspring to Parents Maladaptive Sexual Activity Chapter 17: The Elements of Man's Physical Structure Which Enable him to be the Most Actively Adaptive of all Living Beings Structural and Functional Aspect Evolutional Aspect Bibliography Index Volume13 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Original Title Page Original Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface 1: Nonverbal Communication: Crossing the Boundary Between Culture and Nature Part I: New Findings on the Universality of Human Nonverbal Communication 2: Universal Facial Expressions of Emotion: An Old Controversy and New Findings 3: Psychophysiological Reactions to Facial Expressions 4: Universals in Interpersonal Interactions Part II: Development of Emotionals in a Social and Cultural Context 5: Preverbal Communication in Humans and the Genesis of Culture 6: Development of Emotions and Their Expression in Task-Oriented Situations in Infants and Preschool Children 7: Nonverbal Communication in Nonhuman Primates: Implications for the Emergence of Culture Part III: The Social Role of Nonverbal Communication and Emotions: Evolutionary Inferences 8: Communication Signals of Animals: Contributions of Emotion and Reference 9: The Social Function of "Smile" and "Laughter": Variations Across Primate Species and Societies 10: Primate Communication and the Ecology of a Language Niche 11: The Evolution of Emotions: The Nonverbal Basis of Human Social Organization Part IV: Nonverbal Communication as a Mediator Between Nature and Culture 12: Nonverbal Communication and Culture 13: Posture as an Interface Between Biology and Culture 14: Sign Language and Gestures in Medieval Europe: Monasteries, Courts of Justice, and Society 15: Nonverbal Communication and the Emergence of Moral Sentiments List of Authors Author Index Subject Index Volume14 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Original Title Page Original Copyright Page Dedication Preface Table of Contents 1: Early and Later Learning I Early Learning and Early Experience II Learning Early and Later in Life III A Comparative Approach IV Modifiability of Early Behaviour V The Study of Early Learning 2: Conditioning the Young I Chicks, Puppies and Other Infant Animals II Young Monkeys III Human Infants IV Some Concluding Remarks 3: Classical Imprinting I The Initial Stages II The Testing of Imprinting III Effectiveness of Stimulus Figures IV Imprinting with Static Environment V Familiarity and Fear VI Sexual Imprinting VII Altricial Birds VIII Some Research Trends IX The Character of Imprinting 4: Imprinting and Human Behaviour I Imprinting in Precocial Mammals II Social Attachments in Altricial Mammals III Imprinting in Human Infants? IV Imprinting-like Human Early Learning 5: Reactivity and Docility I Habituation and Reactivity II Early Experience and Later Exploratory Behaviour III Perceptual Development IV Learning to Learn V Early Deprivation and Early Learning 6: Sensitive Periods I Development and Learning II The Concept of Critical Period III Some Findings and Views IV Some Issues for Debate 7: Imitation I Social Facilitation and Observational Learning in Young Animals II Imitative Behaviour in Children III Terminology IV Theoretical Approaches to Imitation 8: The Beginnings of Language I Early Learning to Speak II Different Types of Theoretical Approach III Operant Learning IV Other Traditional-Type Accounts V Non-Traditional Views VI Some Empirical Findings 9: The Emergence of Individuality I Personality Development and Learning II Studies of Non-Human Primates III Early Deprivation in Children IV Parental Care and Training V Early Learning and Later Psychopathology 10: Early Learning: Theorizing and Research I One or More Types of Learning? II Varieties of Training Methods III Conditions of Early Learning IV Knowledge and Speculation V Prospects Index Volume15 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Original Title Page Original Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface to Startsev's Primate Models of Human Neurogenic Disorders Editor's Introduction Author's Introduction I: Experimental Neuroses in Monkeys–A Review II: Immobilization Neurosis in Hamadryas Baboons Methods Neurotic Changes in Higher Nervous Activity III: An Experimental Model of Neurogenic Gastric Achylia in the Hamadryas Baboon Functional Gastric Achylia in Man Spontaneous Gastric Achylia in Monkeys Experimental Neurogenic Gastric Achylia in Hamadryas Baboons IV: Precancerous Gastric Lesions Precancerous Gastric Lesions in Man Role of the Nervous System in Tumorogenesis Spontaneous Gastric Tumors in Baboons and Monkeys Dystrophic Changes of the Gastric Mucosa in Neurogenic Gastric Achylia Adenomatous Polyps in Experimental Neurogenic Gastric Achylia V: Functional Hyperkinesis and Paralysis in Hamadryas Baboons Physiological Mechanism of Hysteria Spontaneous and Experimental Motor Disorders in Hamadryas Baboons VI: Experimental Neurogenic Disorders of the Sexual Cycle in Hamadryas Baboons Normal Neurohormonal Regulation of the Sexual Cycle in Primates Relationship of the Sexual Cycle to Other Biological Functions in Hamadryas Baboons Spontaneous and Experimentally Induced Disturbances of the Sexual Cycle in Baboons Experimental Neurogenic Amenorrhea in Hamadryas Baboons VII: A Conditioned Reflex Model of Chronic Hyperglycemia Neurogenic Diabetes Mellitus in Humans Spontaneous and Experimental Diabetes in Animals Hyperglycemic Responses to Immobilization in Cats and Baboons Chronic Experimental Neurogenic Hyperglycemia in Rhesus Monkeys VIII: Neurogenic Ischemic Heart Disease in Hamadryas Baboons Conclusion References Subject Index Volume16 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Original Title Page Original Copyright Page Acknowledgments Table of Contents Preface Part One: Animal Nature Chapter 1: Living and Non-Living Introduction The Relations between the Sciences Knowledge of the "Objective" world The Approach of the Physicist Thunderstorms and Organisms Compared The Approach of the Biologist The Nature of the Organisation Shown by Living Beings The Idea of Hierarchy Self-Programming as One of the Most Basic Features of Living Organisms The Concepts of Information, its Storage and Transmission and "Programming" Perception and Learning in Organisms Chapter 2: Storage, Coding, and Accumulation of Information in Simple Organisms and their Relation to the Processes of Evolution Biological Reproduction and Natural Selection Storage and Coding of Information by Organisms The Accumulation of Information in Lower Organisms Essential Differences Between Plants and Animals in Relation to Their Evolution The Development of Ideas Concerning the Movements of Animals Complexity of Movements and "Perceptions" in a Simple Animal (Microstomum) The Orienting Movements of Animals Animals as Machines Natural Selection as an Explanation of the Origin of Animal Mechanisms The Dualism of Matter and Mind as Seen by Neurophysiologists Popper's Worlds 2 and 3 Chapter 3: Animal Languages I. Communications in Invertebrates and Lower Vertebrates Animal Communication as "Language" Hockett's System Adapted Chemical Recognition and Communication: Pheromones Evolution of Chemical Communication in the Most Primitive Animals Slime Moulds Sea Anemones Marine Worms Molluscs Crustacea Spiders: Chemical and Mechanical Signalling Dancing Bees: The Perfection of Invertebrate Communication Ants: Chemical Signalling Insects: Signalling by Sound Fireflies: Signalling by Light Flashes Fishes: Communication by Chemical, Electric, and Pressure Senses Communication among Amphibia and Reptiles II. Vocal Communications in the Higher Vertebrates, Especially Birds Birds as the Most Vocal Animals Excepting Only Man Information Content of the Songs of Birds: Message and Meaning Call Notes of Birds Bird Song-Signals Indicative of Both Species and Individual Neural Templates for Song-Innate and Acquired Song Learning by Imitation in Birds Sea Birds-The Fullest Development of Individual Recognition by Voice The Perfection and Complexity of the Aural Sense in Birds as Compared with that of Man Imitative Ability in the Indian Hill Mynah Summary of Vocal Auditory Communication in Birds Bird Language and Human Speech The song of the Humpbacked Whale Audio-Perception in Bats Chapter 4: Innate Behaviour Versus Acquired Behaviour The Problem of Instinct The History of the Instinct Concept The Influence of Darwin The Rise of Ethology The Characteristics of Instinct The Relation Between Environmentally Stable and Environmentally Labile Behaviour The Two Natural Divisions of a Life History Fixed Action Pattern, Consummatory Acts, and Consummatory Stimuli Nesting Behaviour The Analysis of Bird Songs Drives Hormones and Motivation The Effects of Specific and Non-Specific Stimuli The Relation to Genetic Factors Instinct and Information Preliminary Statement on Learning Chapter 5: Animal Perception The Types of Learning Relevant to Perception and Perceptual Organisation Insight, or Exploratory Learning Recognition of Pattern Rate of Perceptual Development-Laboratory Animals Versus those in their Natural Habitats Perceptual Achievements of Birds During Migration and Homing Form and Pattern in Evolution The Evolution of Beauty Beauty in Bird Song Part Two: Human Nature Chapter 6: The Development of Human Behaviour The Meaning of ''Human Nature'' The Nature Versus Nurture Controversy The Development of Human Behaviour Perception During Foetal Life Fixed Action Patterns in the Infant Innate Behaviour in Infants Vacuum Activities and Consummatory Acts Imprinting and the Sensitive Period The Development of Affectional Bonds in Primates Effects of Social Isolation on Juvenile Development Effects of Early Separation from Mother The Development of Attachment Behaviour in Monkey and Human Infants Compared Chapter 7: Aggressive Behaviour The Social Life of Free-Living Primate Groups Primitive Proto-Cultures Rarity of Intergroup Aggression in Chimpanzees The Gorilla The Causes of Aggression Territory Aggression and Competition Emotional Behaviour Psychopharmacology From Aggression to War Group Violence in Human Societies The Pornography of Violence Chapter 8: The Uniqueness of Man The Differences Between Animals and Man Brain Size and Human Evolution Tool Use and Tool Construction Ritual Anthropophagy From Language to Speech Chimpanzees Learning "Speech" The Question of Syntax Number and Abstraction Man's Speech as Unique Art and a Sense of Values Significant Visual Form Significant Musical Form The Problem of the Musical Sense in Birds Chapter 9: Problems of Consciousness The Meaning of "Consciousness" Popper's Three-World Theory Psycho-Physical Parallelism as without Meaningful Content Neuronal Mechanisms in Perception Consciousness in Man and Animals Dependence of Man's Higher Faculties on Intact Brain Structures The Relevance of Brain Surgery Uniqueness of Personal Experience Brains and Computers Free Will Diminished Responsibility The Limits of Mind Paranormal Cognition Ways of Knowing Chapter 10: Emergence and the Human Spirit Emergence and Transcendence Refutation of Reductionism Hierarchy Reductionism and Nihilism Man as a Religious Animal The Concept of the Soul The Knowledge of Death The Concept of Creation Fitness of the Environment Idea of the Supernatural Natural Religion The Supreme Duty of Man Notes References Index