دانلود کتاب A grammar of Karo Batak, Sumatra
کتاب دستور زبان کارو باتاک، سوماترا نسخه زبان اصلی
دانلود کتاب دستور زبان کارو باتاک، سوماترا بعد از پرداخت مقدور خواهد بود
توضیحات کتاب در بخش جزئیات آمده است و می توانید موارد را مشاهده فرمایید
توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب A grammar of Karo Batak, Sumatra
نام کتاب : A grammar of Karo Batak, Sumatra
عنوان ترجمه شده به فارسی : دستور زبان کارو باتاک، سوماترا
سری : PACIFIC LINGUISTICS. Series C - No. 130
نویسندگان : Geoff Woollams
ناشر : The Australian National University
سال نشر : 1996
تعداد صفحات : 361
ISBN (شابک) : 0858834324
زبان کتاب : English
فرمت کتاب : pdf
حجم کتاب : 15 مگابایت
بعد از تکمیل فرایند پرداخت لینک دانلود کتاب ارائه خواهد شد. درصورت ثبت نام و ورود به حساب کاربری خود قادر خواهید بود لیست کتاب های خریداری شده را مشاهده فرمایید.
فهرست مطالب :
A Grammar of Karo Batak, Sumatra
Contents iii
PREFACE ix
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General background 1
1.2 Linguistic affiliations and related speech varieties 3
1.3 Previous studies of the Karo language 6
1.4 Karo literature 7
1.5 Methodology and objectives 7
1.6 Abbreviations and symbols 9
CHAPTER 2: PHONOLOGY 11
2.1 Non-segmental phonology 11
2.1.1 Stress 11
2.1.2 Length 13
2.1.3 Intonation 14
2.2 Segmental phonemes 14
2.2.1 Consonants 15
2.2.2 Vowels 18
2.2.3 Phonemic contrasts 20
2.2.4 The vowel // 20
2.3 Syllable types and phoneme distribution 23
2.3.1 Syllable types 23
2.3.2 Morpheme structure 23
2.3.3 Word structure 24
2.3.4 Distribution of phonemes within the syllable 24
2.4 Morphophonemics 28
2.4.1 Phonologically-conditioned morphological variation 29
2.4.2 Free morphological variation 32
2.5 Extrasystemic phonology 34
2.5.1 Loanwords 34
2.5.2 Onomatopoeic forms 35
2.5.3 Exclamations and interjections 35
2.5.4 Animal calls 35
2.6 Orthography 35
2.6.1 The Batak alphabet 35
2.6.2 Practical orthography 35
CHAPTER 3: MORPHOLOGY 37
3.1 Terminological preliminaries 37
3.2 Word classes and root classes 38
3.3 Affixation: an overview 40
3.3.1 Types 40
3.3.2 Forms 40
3.3.3 Functions 43
3.4 Paradigmatic affixes 43
3.4.1 Transitive verb inflections 44
3.4.2 Mood and aspect markers 49
3.4.3 Adjective inflections 52
3.5 Deriving transitive verbs 56
3.5.1 -i 56
3.5.2 -ken 57
3.5.3 pe- 59
3.5.4 pe-...-ken 62
3.5.5 pe-...-i 63
3.5.6 per- 63
3.5.7 per-...-ken 64
3.5.8 per-...-i 65
3.6 Deriving intransitive verbs 65
3.6.1 er- 65
3.6.2 er-...-ken 67
3.6.3 N- 68
3.6.4 me- 69
3.6.5 N- 70
3.6.6 ter- 70
3.6.7 si-...-en 71
3.6.8 si-...-na 73
3.6.9 -en 74
3.6.10 ke-...-en 74
3.6.11 ci- 75
3.6.12 ki- 76
3.6.13 -um- 77
3.7 Deriving nouns 77
3.7.1 peN- 77
3.7.2 per- 78
3.7.3 peN-...-en 81
3.7.4 per-...-en 81
3.7.5 -en 83
3.7.6 ke-...-en 86
3.7.7 kini-...-en 86
3.7.8 -na 87
3.7.9 -in- 89
3.7.10 Fossilised affixes 90
3.8 Deriving miscellaneous forms 90
3.8.1 N- 90
3.8.2 se- 91
3.8.3 pe-...-ken 91
3.8.4 -i 92
3.9 Reduplication 92
3.9.1 Introduction 92
3.9.2 Onomatopoeia 93
3.9.3 Plurality 94
3.9.4 Imitation/similitude 95
3.9.5 Repetition 96
3.9.6 Emphasis 97
3.9.7 Indefiniteness 99
3.9.8 Miscellaneous meanings 101
3.9.9 Partial reduplication 101
3.9.10 Alliterative reduplication 102
3.10 Compounding 102
3.11 Lexicalisation of relative clauses 104
CHAPTER 4: PHRASE STRUCTURE 106
4.1 Noun phrases 106
4.1.1 Introduction 106
4.1.2 Noun head 107
4.1.3 Measure slot 125
4.1.4 Possessive slot 134
4.1.5 Descriptive slot 138
4.1.6 Determiner slot 145
4.1.7 Apposition slot 149
4.2 Prepositional phrases 151
4.2.1 Location PP 152
4.2.2 Time PP 156
4.2.3 Comparison PP 158
4.2.4 Dative PP 159
4.2.5 Comitative PP 160
4.2.6 Instrument PP 161
4.2.7 Reference PP 161
4.2.8 Purpose PP 162
4.2.9 Reason PP 163
4.2.10 Similitude PP 163
4.2.11 Manner PP 164
4.2.12 Exclusion PP 165
4.2.13 Genitive PP 165
CHAPTER 5: NON-TRANSITIVE CLAUSES 167
5.1 Introduction 167
5.2 Ambient clauses 167
5.3 Identificational clauses 168
5.4 Stative clauses 170
5.4.1 Stative clauses without complements 170
5.4.2 Stative clauses with complements 173
5.4.3 Stative clauses with subject: at/ukur 175
5.5 Intransitive clauses 176
5.5.1 Obligatory non-core constituents 178
5.5.2 Undergoer NP incorporation 178
5.5.3 Intransitive clauses with complements 180
5.6 Existential clauses 180
5.6.1 Stative existential clauses 181
5.6.2 Inceptive existential clauses 184
CHAPTER 6: TRANSITIVE CLAUSES 185
6.1 Introduction 185
6.2 Active clauses 186
6.2.1 The basic pattern 186
6.2.2 Exponents 187
6.2.3 Ordering 188
6.3 Passive clauses 190
6.3.1 Regular passives 190
6.3.2 Subjectless passives 196
6.3.3 Decontrolled passives 202
6.4 Reflexives 204
6.4.1 Active reflexives 205
6.4.2 Passive reflexives 206
6.4.3 Pseudo-reflexives 207
6.4.4 Optionality and ordering under conditions of emphasis 210
6.4.5 Reflexives in complement structures 210
6.4.6 Minor reflexive expressions 211
6.5 Functions of active and passive 212
6.5.1 Frequency 212
6.5.2 Determinants of voice selection 213
6.5.3 The distribution of active clauses 216
6.5.4 A note on aspect 218
6.6 Summary 220
CHAPTER 7: CLAUSE-LEVEL SYNTAX 221
7.1 Interrogatives 221
7.1.1 Questions 221
7.1.2 Interrogatives in non-questions 229
7.2 Imperatives 232
7.2.1 Inclusion and exclusion of the addressee 232
7.2.2 Positive imperatives 234
7.2.3 Negative imperatives 240
7.2.4 Transitive imperatives are passives 241
7.3 Adjuncts 242
7.3.1 Functions and exponents 242
7.3.2 Ordering and distribution of adjuncts 242
7.3.3 Time 244
7.3.4 Manner 246
7.3.5 Frequency 248
7.3.6 Quantity 249
7.4 Operators 250
7.4.1 Negatives 251
7.4.2 Adjective modifiers 253
7.4.3 Aspect markers 254
7.4.4 Quantifying markers 255
7.4.5 Particles 256
7.5 Vocatives 272
7.6 Constituent order 275
7.6.1 Structural determinants of S-P constituent order 276
7.6.2 Thematic determinants of S-P constituent order 279
7.6.3 Other cases of S-P ordering 281
7.7 Left- and right-dislocations 282
7.7.1 Left-dislocation 282
7.7.2 Right-dislocation 286
7.8 Ellipsis 287
7.8.1 Full NPs 288
7.8.2 NP heads 288
7.8.3 Predicates 289
7.8.4 Interrogatives 289
7.8.5 Whole clauses 290
CHAPTER 8: CLAUSE COMBINING 291
8.1 Relative clauses 291
8.1.1 The basic pattern 291
8.1.2 Role conditions for relativisation 292
8.1.3 A note on the form of the relative marker 294
8.1.4 Separation of a relative clause from its head 294
8.1.5 Relative clauses in apposition 294
8.1.6 Headless relative clauses 295
8.1.7 Sequences and multiple embedding of relative clauses 296
8.1.8 Marginal relative clauses 296
8.1.9 Omission of the relative marker 297
8.2 Complementation 298
8.2.1 Type 1 300
8.2.2 Type 2 306
8.2.3 Type 3 308
8.2.4 Type 4 308
8.2.5 Type 5 310
8.2.6 Type 6 317
8.2.7 Type 7 319
8.2.8 Type 8 319
8.2.9 Nouns which take complements 321
8.2.10 Quotative clauses 323
8.3 Serialisation 325
8.3.1 Role restrictions affecting the shared NP 326
8.3.2 Typology of serialised clauses 327
8.3.3 Semantic correlates 328
8.3.4 Longer sequences 328
8.3.5 Irregular serialisation 328
8.4 Conjunctions 329
8.4.1 Coordinating conjunctions 329
8.4.2 Subordinating conjunctions 332
8.4.3 Co-subordinating conjunctions 340
8.4.4 Sentence connectives 344
8.5 Parataxis 344
REFERENCES 346
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS IN THE KARO LANGUAGE 350
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