دانلود کتاب A Grammar of Savosavo

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List of tables\nList of figures\nAbbreviations\n1 The language and its speakers\n 1.1 Location and linguistic affiliation\n 1.2 Typological profile\n 1.3 Previous work on Savosavo\n 1.4 The nature of the data used in this grammar\n 1.5 Orthography and conventions used in examples\n2 Phonology\n 2.1 Phoneme inventory\n 2.1.1 Consonants\n 2.1.2 Minimal contrast between consonants\n 2.1.3 Vowels\n 2.1.4 Minimal contrast between vowels\n 2.1.5 Vowel combinations\n 2.1.6 Diphthong\n 2.2 Syllable and root structure\n 2.3 Stress\n 2.3.1 Root stress\n 2.3.2 Influence of affixes and clitics on stress\n 2.4 Morphophonology\n 2.4.1 Influence of affixes and enclitics\n 2.4.1.1 Avoidance of identical vowel sequences\n 2.4.1.2 Stem modifications\n 2.4.2 Reduplication\n 2.5 Intonation\n 2.5.1 Basic clausal pitch contours\n 2.5.2 Intonation associated with some discourse particles\n3 Word formation\n 3.1 Terminology\n 3.2 Morphological processes\n 3.2.1 Affixation and cliticization\n 3.2.2 Reduplication\n 3.2.3 Stem modification\n4 Word classes and phrase types\n 4.1 Verbs and the verb complex\n 4.1.1 Verbs\n 4.1.1.1 Transitive verbs\n 4.1.1.2 Intransitive verbs\n 4.1.1.3 Ambitransitive verbs\n 4.1.2 Verb complex - short overview\n 4.2 Nouns and noun phrases\n 4.2.1 Nouns\n 4.2.1.1 Gender\n 4.2.2 Noun phrase - short overview\n 4.3 Adjectives and adjective phrases\n 4.3.1 Adjectives\n 4.3.2 Adjective phrases\n 4.4 Quantifiers and quantifier phrases\n 4.4.1 Quantifiers\n 4.4.1.1 Numerals and the counting system\n 4.4.1.2 Other quantifiers\n 4.4.2 Quantifier phrases\n 4.5 Pronominals\n 4.5.1 Personal pronouns\n 4.5.1.1 Free personal pronouns\n 4.5.1.2 Enclitic subject personal pronouns\n 4.5.2 Possessive pronouns\n 4.5.3 Emphatic pronouns\n 4.5.4 Mapamapa ‘RECIP’\n 4.6 Determiners and the demonstrative ai ‘this’\n 4.6.1 Determiners vs. personal pronouns\n 4.6.2 Demonstratives vs. definite articles\n 4.7 Locationals\n 4.7.1 A note on frames of reference\n 4.8 Derivative markers\n 4.8.1 The attributive marker sua and sua-phrases\n 4.8.2 The proprietive marker lava and lava-phrases\n 4.8.3 The privative marker zepo and zepo-phrases\n 4.9 Postpositions and postpositional phrases\n 4.9.1 l-aka ‘with’\n 4.9.2 l-omata ‘at, to(wards), from’\n 4.9.3 l-omiti ‘for’\n 4.10 The emphatic modifier toa ‘really’\n 4.11 The modifiers memere ‘little bit’ and pono ‘only’\n 4.12 Adverbs\n 4.12.1 Temporal adverbs\n 4.12.2 Other adverbs\n 4.13 Particles\n 4.13.1 Coordinators, subordinators and cosubordinators\n 4.13.2 Miscellaneous particles\n 4.14 Interjections\n 4.14.1 Hesitation markers\n 4.14.2 Exclamations\n5 Noun phrases\n 5.1 NP structure\n 5.1.1 Order of constituents within an NP\n 5.1.1.1 NPs headed by a noun or nominal compound and headless NPs\n 5.1.1.2 NPs headed by a pronoun\n 5.1.1.3 NPs headed by a locational\n 5.1.2 Number and gender marking\n 5.1.3 Possession\n 5.2 Case marking\n 5.2.1 Nominative\n 5.2.2 Accusative\n 5.2.3 Genitive\n 5.2.4 Locative\n 5.2.5 Ablative\n 5.3 Composite NPs\n 5.3.1 Coordination in and between NPs\n 5.3.1.1 Coordination by juxtaposition\n 5.3.1.2 Coordination with zu ‘and’\n 5.3.1.3 Coordination with bo ‘or’\n 5.3.1.4 Coordination with tei kia ‘or’\n 5.3.2 Appositional construction\n 5.3.3 Inclusory construction\n6 The verb complex\n 6.1 Structure of individual verb stems\n 6.2 Inner layer morphology\n 6.2.1 Object marking\n 6.2.1.1 Object affixes: agreement or pronominal suffixes?\n 6.2.2 Transitivity-changing devices\n 6.2.2.1 The transitivizing suffix -vi\n 6.2.2.2 Thedetransitivizing suffix -za\n 6.3 Outer layer morphology\n 6.3.1 Finiteness\n 6.3.2 Tense and aspect\n 6.3.2.1 The future marker ta\n 6.3.2.2 The anticipatory marker -ata\n 6.3.2.3 The simultaneous marker -a\n 6.3.2.4 The present and past imperfective markers -tu and -zu\n 6.3.2.5 The background imperfective markers -ale and -atu\n 6.3.3 Mood\n 6.3.3.1 The imperative markers -a and -lu\n 6.3.3.2 The apprehensive marker -le\n 6.3.3.3 The irrealis marker -ale\n 6.3.4 The same-subject marker -a\n 6.4 Reduplication\n 6.5 Serial verb constructions\n 6.5.1 SVCs with fully lexical verbs\n 6.5.2 SVCs with aspectual verbs\n 6.5.2.1 Completive: SVC with l-aju ‘finish’\n 6.5.2.2 Background imperfective: SVC with pale/patu ‘stay’\n 6.5.2.3 Ingressive: SVC with alu ‘stand’\n 6.5.3 SVCs with verbs that increase the transitivity of the verb complex\n 6.5.3.1 Benefactive: SVC with l-ame-li ‘give’\n 6.5.3.2 Causative: SVC with l-au ‘take’\n7 Independent basic clauses\n 7.1 Affirmative declarative clauses\n 7.1.1 Verbal clauses\n 7.1.1.1 Verb-initial minimal clauses\n 7.1.1.2 Adjuncts\n 7.1.1.3 Summary and a note on basic word order\n 7.1.2 Non-verbal clauses\n 7.1.2.1 Locational clauses\n 7.1.2.1.1 Subject-predicate locational clauses\n 7.1.2.1.2 Predicate-subject locational clauses\n 7.1.2.2 Property clauses and classificational clauses\n 7.1.2.2.1 NP predicates\n 7.1.2.2.2 Sua- and lava-phrase predicates\n 7.1.2.3 Non-verbal clauses with a NVC predicate\n 7.2 The emphatic morphemes =e and te\n 7.2.1 The emphatic enclitic =e\n 7.2.1.1 Non-verbal clauses and =e ‘EMPH’\n 7.2.1.2 Verbal clauses and =e ‘EMPH’\n 7.2.1.3 Nominalized verbal clauses marked by =e ‘EMPH’\n 7.2.1.4 Functions of =e ‘EMPH’\n 7.2.2 The emphasizing particle te ‘EMPH’\n 7.3 Negation\n 7.3.1 Oma ‘not’\n 7.3.2 The negative existentials baigho and baighoza\n 7.3.3 The irrealis suffix -ale\n 7.3.4 The prohibitive particle sika\n 7.3.5 The apprehensive suffix -le\n 7.4 Questions\n 7.4.1 Content questions\n 7.4.2 Polar questions\n 7.5 Apprehensive clauses\n8 Complex clauses\n 8.1 Coordination of clauses\n 8.1.1 Coordination with zu ‘and, but’\n 8.1.2 Coordination with bo ‘or’\n 8.1.3 Coordination with apoi ‘because’\n 8.2 Subordination\n 8.2.1 Relative clauses\n 8.2.1.1 Relative clauses with -tu ‘REL’\n 8.2.1.2 Relative clauses with sua ‘ATT’\n 8.2.2 Adverbial clauses\n 8.2.2.1 Conditional clauses with monei ‘if only’\n 8.2.2.2 Conditional and future temporal clauses with kia ‘if’\n 8.2.2.3 Past and present temporal clauses\n 8.2.2.3.1 Temporal clauses with tuka ‘whenever’\n 8.2.2.3.2 Temporal clauses with tulola ‘then’\n 8.2.2.4 Simultaneous clauses\n 8.2.2.5 Purpose clauses\n 8.2.2.5.1 Purpose clauses with te/ke ‘CONJ’\n 8.2.2.5.2 Asyndetic, embedded purpose clauses\n 8.2.3 Complement clauses\n 8.3 Cosubordination\n 8.3.1 Structure of clause chains\n 8.3.2 Same-subject marking\n 8.3.3 Scope of verbal morphology in the final clause\n 8.3.4 Tail-head linkage\n9 Nominalization with -ghu ‘NMLZ’\n 9.1 Theoretical background on ‘nominalization’\n 9.1.1 Lexical vs. clausal nominalization\n 9.2 Derivation of nouns\n 9.3 Nominalizations in a support verb construction\n 9.4 Nominalizations as state-of-affairs complements\n 9.5 Nominalizations in subject or predicate position\n 9.5.1 Subject of a verbal clause\n 9.5.2 Constituent of a non-verbal clause\n 9.6 Nominalized verbal clauses in a presentational construction\n 9.6.1 Internal structure of NVCs\n 9.6.2 NVCs as a thetic structure\n 9.6.3 Discourse function of NVCs\n 9.7 Summary\nA Example texts\n A.1 Koi Polupolu\n A.2 Man & Tree game\n A.3 Making poporaghi pudding\nB List of lexemes\nBibliography\nIndex