دانلود کتاب A grammar of Ulwa (Papua New Guinea)

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Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
1 Ulwa: The language context
1.1 The environment
1.2 The four villages
1.3 The people
1.4 Relationships with neighboring villages
1.5 Borrowing
1.6 Dialects
1.7 Language vitality
1.7.1 UNESCO’s nine factors
1.7.2 LEI
1.7.3 EGIDS
1.8 Classification
1.8.1 Papuan languages
1.8.2 The West Keram family (Ulmapo family)
1.8.3 The Keram family
1.8.4 The Keram-Ramu family
1.8.5 Evidence for broader genealogical affiliations?
1.9 Typological overview
1.9.1 Phonetics and phonology
1.9.2 Morphology and word classes
1.9.3 Word order and syntax
2 The present description
2.1 Previous research on the language
2.2 The name of the language
2.3 Sources and data
2.4 Recordings
2.5 Orthography
2.6 Presentation of examples
2.7 Organization of this book
3 A grammatical overview of Ulwa
3.1 Phonology
3.2 Morphophonology
3.3 Nouns and noun phrases
3.4 Verbs and verb phrases
3.5 Adjectives
3.6 Pronouns
3.7 Determiners
3.8 Postpositions
3.9 Adverbs
3.10 Negators
3.11 Interrogative words
3.12 Interjections
3.13 Clause structure
3.14 Non-verbal clauses
3.15 Complex sentences
4 Phonetics and phonology
4.1 Consonants
4.1.1 Voiceless stops /p, t, k/
4.1.2 Prenasalized voiced stops /mb, nd, ng/
4.1.3 The prenasalized voiced palato-alveolar affricate /nj/
4.1.4 Nasals /m, n/
4.1.5 The liquid /l/
4.1.6 The fricative /s/
4.1.7 Glides /w, y/
4.1.8 The glottal stop [ʔ]
4.2 Vowels
4.2.1 Monophthongs /a, e, i, o, u, ï/
4.2.2 Diphthongs /aw, ay/
4.3 Syllable structure
4.4 Stress
4.5 Morphophonemic processes
4.5.1 Glide formation
4.5.2 Monophthongization
4.5.3 High vowel gliding
4.5.4 Vowel elision before mid vowels
4.5.5 Central vowel elision
4.5.6 High central vowel assimilation
4.5.7 Local vowel assimilation of /a/ to /o/
4.5.8 Degemination
4.5.9 Lexically determined alternations and rules
4.6 Metathesis
4.7 Phonetics and phonology of connected speech
5 Nouns
5.1 Nominal inflection
5.2 Derivational morphology: Nominalization
5.3 Compound nouns
5.4 Reduplication?
6 Verbs
6.1 The verb stem
6.2 Basic verbal morphology
6.3 Irregular verbs and suppletion
6.4 Imperfective aspect
6.5 Perfective aspect
6.6 Irrealis mood
6.7 Imperative
6.8 The double perfective
6.9 The irrealis perfective
6.10 The inchoative imperfective
6.11 The speculative suffix -t ‘spec’
6.12 The conditional suffix -ta ‘cond’
6.13 Derivational morphology: Verbalization
6.14 Compound verbs
7 Adjectives
7.1 Attributive adjectives
7.2 Predicative adjectives
7.3 Substantive adjectives
7.4 Relationship to other word classes
8 Pronouns
8.1 Personal pronouns
8.2 Possessive pronouns
8.3 Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns
8.4 Indefinite pronouns
8.5 Interrogative pronouns
8.6 Intensive pronouns
8.7 Emphatic pronouns
8.8 Topic-marker pronouns
8.9 Affective pronouns
9 Determiners
9.1 Subject markers
9.2 Object markers (non-subject markers)
9.3 Demonstratives
9.4 Quantifiers
9.5 Numerals
10 Other word classes
10.1 Postpositions
10.2 Adverbs
10.2.1 Temporal adverbs
10.2.2 Locative adverbs
10.2.3 Adverbs of manner
10.2.4 The epistemic adverb tap ‘maybe’
10.2.5 Other modal and discourse adverbs
10.2.6 Functional equivalents of adverbial constructions
10.3 Other small classes
10.3.1 Negators
10.3.2 Interrogative words
10.3.3 Interjections
11 Phrase-level syntax
11.1 Noun phrases
11.1.1 The head of the noun phrase
11.1.2 Plural for dual
11.1.3 Multiple adjectives
11.1.4 Apposition
11.1.5 Ways of indicating possession
11.1.6 Noun phrases as clauses
11.2 Verb phrases
11.2.1 Separable verbs
11.2.2 The verbs u- ‘put’, lï- ‘put’, and lumo- ‘put’
11.2.3 The verb ka- ‘let’
11.3 Other phrasal constructions
11.3.1 Postpositional phrases
11.3.2 Adjectival or adverbial phrases?
12 Predicates
12.1 Locational predication
12.2 Non-verbal predication
12.3 The enclitic copula =p ‘cop’
12.4 The past-tense locative verb wap ‘be.pst’
12.5 Complex predicates
13 Clause-level syntax
13.1 Basic constituent order
13.2 Core argument alignment
13.3 Ditransitive alignment
13.4 Obliques
13.4.1 The oblique marker =n ‘obl’
13.4.2 The oblique marker as case marker
13.4.3 Other oblique arguments
13.5 Non-canonical argument structures
13.6 Monoclausal sentences (simple sentences)
14 Complex sentences
14.1 Coordination
14.1.1 Coordination within phrases
14.1.2 Coordination of clauses
14.1.3 Other means of coordination
14.2 Subordination
14.2.1 The dependent marker -e ‘dep’
14.2.2 Causal subordinate clauses
14.2.3 Concessive subordinate clauses
14.2.4 Temporal subordinate clauses
14.2.5 Tail-head linkage
14.2.6 Dependent markers for floor-holding
14.2.7 Other means of subordination
14.3 Relative clauses
14.3.1 Nominalized verb phrases
14.3.2 Paratactic relative clauses
14.4 Clause chaining?
15 Additional topics in syntax
15.1 Questions
15.1.1 Polar questions (‘yes/no’ questions)
15.1.2 Content questions (wh- questions)
15.1.3 Multiple questions
15.1.4 Rhetorical questions
15.2 Commands and requests
15.2.1 Irrealis for imperative
15.2.2 The modal adverb kop ‘please’
15.2.3 Conditionals used for requests
15.2.4 Negative commands
15.3 Negation
15.3.1 Verbal negation
15.3.2 Non-verbal negation
15.3.3 Prohibitions
15.3.4 Negative scope
15.3.5 Negative responses
15.4 Reported speech
15.4.1 Intransitive uses of verbs of speaking
15.4.2 Transitive uses of verbs of speaking
15.4.3 Expressing the topic of speech
15.4.4 Omission of verbs of speaking
15.4.5 Indirect discourse
15.5 Conditional sentences
15.6 Counterfactual sentences
15.7 Passive voice
15.8 Valency reduction and decreased transitivity
15.8.1 Transitivity classes of verbs
15.8.2 The detransitivizing prefix na- ‘detr’
15.8.3 The prefix na- ‘detr’ as middle voice marker
15.8.4 The prefix na- ‘detr’ with the verbs ni- ‘act’ and ni- ‘die’
15.8.5 The prefix na- ‘detr’ with locative verbs
15.8.6 The prefix na- ‘detr’ for ‘become’
15.8.7 The prefix na- ‘detr’ with object-marker proclitics
15.8.8 Multiple na- ‘detr’ prefixes on a single verb
15.8.9 Objects demoted by preverbal obliques
15.9 Valency expansion?
15.9.1 Causative constructions
15.9.2 Causatives in indirect discourse
15.9.3 Factitive constructions
15.9.4 Permissive constructions
15.9.5 Desiderative constructions
16 Topics in semantics
16.1 Polysemy and homonymy
16.2 Metaphor and metonymy
16.3 Onomatopoeia
16.4 Formulaic expressions, greetings, and farewells
16.5 Color terms
16.6 Body part terms
16.7 Kinship terms
16.8 Expressions of time
16.9 Coinages
16.10 Traditional names
16.11 Toponyms
17 The structural consequences of language loss
17.1 Lexical changes
17.2 Phonological changes
17.3 Morphological changes
17.4 Syntactic changes
17.5 Borrowed function words
17.6 Detransitivization of loan verbs
18 Lexicon
18.1 Ulwa-to-English wordlist
18.2 English-to-Ulwa finder list
18.3 List of bound morphemes
19 Texts
19.1 Way Inom (‘The Mother of the Turtle’)
19.2 Amblom Yena (‘The Woman Amblom’)
19.3 Anmoka (‘Snakes’)
20 The Maruat-Dimiri-Yaul dialect of Ulwa
20.1 Lexical similarity among the Ulwa dialects
20.2 Sound changes
20.3 Phonetics and phonology
20.4 Morphology
20.5 Syntax
20.6 Loanwords and other lexical differences
20.7 Yaul dialect wordlist
Appendix A: Swadesh 100-word list
Appendix B: Swadesh 200-word list
Appendix C: Standard SIL-PNG survey word list (190 items)
Appendix D: Glossary of Tok Pisin words
Appendix E: The Ulwa cosmogony
Appendix F: Laycock’s Yaul field notes
References
Index
Name index
Language index
Subject index