دانلود کتاب A Grammar of (Western) Garrwa

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Preface and acknowledgements\nList of glossing conventions\n1 The Garrwa language and its speakers\n 1.1 Garrwa country and contact history\n 1.2 Language status\n 1.3 Linguistic affiliation\n 1.4 Social organization\n 1.5 Previous linguistic work on Garrwa\n 1.6 A note on the referencing of examples\n2 Phonology\n 2.1 Consonants\n 2.1.1 Segmental phonemes\n 2.1.2 Palato-velar consonant\n 2.1.3 Phonemic status of retroflex\n 2.1.4 Lenition\n 2.1.5 Consonant clusters\n 2.2 Vowels\n 2.3 Phonotactics\n 2.3.1 Syllable structure\n 2.3.2 Word-final /n/\n 2.4 Stress\n 2.5 Morphophonemics\n 2.5.1 Reduplication\n 2.5.2 Loss of segments in connected speech\n 2.6 English loanwords\n3 Grammatical overview\n 3.1 Morphosyntactic typology\n 3.2 Word classes\n 3.2.1 Nouns\n 3.2.2 Verbs\n 3.2.3 Closed classes: Pronouns, demonstratives, and directionals\n 3.2.3.1 Pronouns\n 3.2.3.2 Demonstratives\n 3.2.3.3 Directionals\n 3.2.4 Particles and clitics\n4 Nouns\n 4.1 Common nouns\n 4.2 Kinship nouns\n 4.2.1 Single kin terms\n 4.2.2 Dyadic kin terms\n 4.2.3 Kinship morphology\n 4.3 Numerals and other quantity nouns\n 4.4 Nominal case-marking\n 4.4.1 Ergative -wanyi\n 4.4.2 Dative -nyi\n 4.4.3 Locative -(i)na\n 4.4.4 Allative -yurri\n 4.4.5 Ablative -nanyi\n 4.4.6 Translocative -yangka\n 4.5 Other mominal morphology\n 4.5.1 Yudi ‘with’\n 4.5.2 -Mirra ‘intensifier’\n 4.5.3 -Yurru ‘deceased’\n 4.6 Number marking for human referents\n 4.6.1 -Wuya ‘dual’\n 4.6.2 -Muku ‘plural’\n 4.7 Possession\n5 Pronouns\n 5.1 Pronominal categories\n 5.2 Pronominal case marking\n 5.3 Variation in pronominal forms\n 5.3.1 Trisyllabic and disyllabic forms of pronouns\n 5.3.2 Reduction of first person singular pronouns\n 5.4 Compound pronouns\n 5.5 Reflexive/reciprocal pronouns\n 5.6 Co-occurrence of pronouns and nouns\n 5.7 Are Garrwa pronouns free, bound, or both?\n6 Demonstratives, directionals, and interrogatives\n 6.1 Demonstratives\n 6.1.1 Absolutive\n 6.1.2 Demonstrative case marking\n 6.1.2.1 Ergative (-(ngi)ni)\n 6.1.2.2 Dative (-n-kanyi)\n 6.1.2.3 Locative (-nyina)\n 6.1.2.4 Allative (-n-kurri)\n 6.1.2.5 Ablative (-nbu-nanyi / -mu-nanyi)\n 6.1.3 Adverbial demonstratives\n 6.1.3.1 Nayi-ba/ Nana-ba ‘deictic demonstrative’\n 6.1.3.2 Nana-wa/nayi-wa ‘directional demonstrative’\n 6.1.3.3 Nana-ma ‘identifiable’\n 6.1.3.4 Nani ‘like this/that’\n 6.2 Directionals\n 6.2.1 Compass directionals\n 6.2.2 Kingkarri ‘up’ and wayka ‘down’\n 6.2.3 Location adverbials\n 6.3 Interrogative words\n 6.3.1 Wanya ‘what/who’\n 6.3.2 Winjawa ‘where’\n 6.3.3 Yangka ‘which way’\n 6.4 Temporal orientation\n 6.4.1 Times of day\n 6.4.2 Relative time\n 6.4.2.1 Nanijba ‘right now’\n 6.4.2.2 Wabula and wankala ‘olden times’\n 6.4.2.3 Wujina ‘a while ago’\n 6.4.2.4 Wulani ‘day before’\n 6.4.2.5 Barrin ‘earlier today’\n 6.4.2.6 Munganawa ‘next day’\n 6.4.2.7 Baku ‘later’\n 6.4.2.8 Winyurru ‘soon’\n7 Verbs\n 7.1 ‘Basic’ verbs\n 7.1.1 Conjugation class 1 (m-class)\n 7.1.2 Conjugation class 2 (j-class)\n 7.1.2.1 -Daba\n 7.1.3 Conjugation 3 (n-class)\n 7.1.4 Origins and ongoing changes to the system\n 7.2 Verbs derived from other word-class roots\n 7.2.1 Class 1 derived verbs\n 7.2.1.1 Class 1 verbs derived from descriptive nominals\n 7.2.1.2 Class 1 verbs derived from locationals\n 7.2.1.3 Class 1 verb derived from interrogative\n 7.2.1.4 Class 1 verbs derived from substantive nouns\n 7.2.1.5 Class 1 verbs derived from kin terms\n 7.2.1.6 Class 1 verbs derived from class 3 verbs\n 7.2.2 Class 2 derived verbs\n 7.2.2.1 Class 2 verbs derived from descriptive nominals\n 7.2.2.2 Class 2 verbs derived from locationals and temporals\n 7.2.2.3 Class 2 verbs derived from substantive nominals\n 7.2.2.4 Class 2B derivations\n 7.2.3 Productivity of verb derivation\n 7.3 Augmented verb stems\n 7.3.1 -Rri- ‘cause state’\n 7.3.2 -Kunu- ‘cause motion’\n 7.3.3 -Ngu- ‘inchoative’\n 7.3.4 Reduplicated verb roots\n 7.4 Case frames and argument structure\n 7.5 Verb inflectional morphology\n 7.5.1 -Ji ‘purpose’\n 7.5.2 -Jiwa ‘subsequent’\n 7.5.3 -Kanyi ‘irrealis’\n 7.5.4 Switch reference: -Jina ‘same subject’ and -kurri ‘different subject’\n 7.6 Other verb morphology\n 7.6.1 -Wa “still”\n 7.6.2 -Warr ‘characteristic’\n 7.7 Aspectual adverbs\n 7.7.1 Bukamba ‘all’\n 7.7.2 Wananamba ‘distributed’\n 7.7.3 Yurrngumba ‘for good’\n8 Clitics and particles\n 8.1 Clitics\n 8.1.1 Tense/aspect clitics (TA)\n 8.1.1.1 =Yi ‘past’\n 8.1.1.2 =(Y)ili ‘habitual’\n 8.1.1.3 =(Ng)ka / =a ‘present’\n 8.1.1.4 =Ja= ‘future’\n 8.1.1.5 Durative aspect\n 8.1.2 Modal clitics\n 8.1.2.1 =Kiyi ‘imperative’\n 8.1.2.2 =Kiya ‘obligation’\n 8.1.2.3 =Nyi ‘hortative’\n 8.1.2.4 =Wali ‘evidential’\n 8.1.2.5 Kuna ‘question’\n 8.2 Modifying particles\n 8.2.1 Ngawamba ‘only, just’\n 8.2.2 Muningka ‘anyway, for no/some reason’\n 8.2.3 Jabarri ‘again’\n 8.2.4 Ngamungku ‘like’\n 8.2.5 Junu ‘perhaps’\n 8.3 Particles for clause combining\n 8.3.1 Baki ‘and’\n 8.3.2 Mada ‘also’\n 8.3.3 Ngala ‘contrast’\n 8.3.4 Jala ‘relative’\n 8.3.5 Minji ‘conditional’\n9 Syntax\n 9.1 Nominal groups\n 9.1.1 Case marking in nominal groups\n 9.1.2 Ordering preferences in nominal groups\n 9.1.3 Discontinuous nominal groups\n 9.1.4 Restriction and elaboration of reference\n 9.2 Verbless sentences\n 9.3 Simple sentences\n 9.3.1 The clausal core\n 9.3.2 Status of second-position pronouns in the core\n 9.3.3 Ordering of arguments\n 9.3.4 Ordering of adjuncts\n 9.3.5 Increments\n 9.4 Non-canonical word orders\n 9.4.1 Grammatically determined non-canonical orders\n 9.4.2 Pragmatically determined non-canonical orders\n 9.5 Other sentence types\n 9.5.1 Negation\n 9.5.1.1 Miku=yaji ‘negative existential’\n 9.5.2 Questions\n 9.5.2.1 Non-initial question words\n 9.6 Complex sentences\n 9.6.1 Dependent (participial) clauses\n 9.6.1.1 Subject shared between main and dependent clause\n 9.6.1.2 Different subject between main and dependent clause\n 9.6.2 Other means of clause combining\n 9.6.3 Clause chains\n10 Discourse phenomena\n 10.1 Information packaging and the marking of prominence\n 10.1.1 Prosody and word order\n 10.1.2 The ‘prior information’ particle barri\n 10.2 Discourse particles marking stance\n 10.2.1 Ngarri ‘tag’\n 10.2.2 Barriwa ‘finished’\n 10.2.3 Yu/miku ‘affirmation and negation’\n 10.2.4 Yuku ‘all right’\n 10.2.5 Mili ‘intensified\n 10.3 Summary\n11 References\n 11.1 Published work on Garrwa\n 11.2 Unpublished work on Garrwa\n12 Garrwa texts\n 12.1 Text 1: Bushtucker (Munjimunjinyi Wadan)\n 12.2 Text 2: Early encounter with white people\n 12.3 Text 3: Father story\n 12.4 Text 4: Naniku Jangkurr (Nannygoat story: Station life personal history)\n 12.5 Text 5: Two Brothers (traditional story - Wankala Jangkurr)\n 12.6 Text 6: Yakal baki Nguwalili (traditional story: Moon and Curlew)\n 12.7 Text 7 Mali Jangkurr (Flood Story - the 2001 flood)\n 12.8 Text 8: Robinson River school office conversation (extracts)\n 12.8.1 Extract 1\n 12.8.2 Extract 2\n 12.8.3 Extract 3\n13 Word List\n 13.1 Garrwa-English\n 13.2 English-Garrwa\nAffix index\nSubject index