دانلود کتاب A New Kind of Science

فهرست مطالب :

Cover
Contents
Preface
A New Kind of Science
1. The Foundations for a New Kind of Science
An Outline of Basic Ideas
Relations to Other Areas
Some Past Initiatives
The Personal Story of the Science in This Book
2. The Crucial Experiment
How Do Simple Programs Behave?
The Need for a New Intuition
Why These Discoveries Were Not Made Before
3. The World of Simple Programs
The Search for General Features
More Cellular Automata
Mobile Automata
Turing Machines
Substitution Systems
Sequential Substitution Systems
Tag Systems
Cyclic Tag Systems
Register Machines
Symbolic Systems
Some Conclusions
How the Discoveries in This Chapter Were Made
4. Systems Based on Numbers
The Notion of Numbers
Elementary Arithmetic
Recursive Sequences
The Sequence of Primes
Mathematical Constants
Mathematical Functions
Iterated Maps and the Chaos Phenomenon
Continuous Cellular Automata
Partial Differential Equations
Continuous Versus Discrete Systems
5. Two Dimensions and Beyond
Introduction
Cellular Automata
Turing Machines
Substitution Systems and Fractals
Network Systems
Multiway Systems
Systems Based on Constraints
6. Starting from Randomness
The Emergence of Order
Four Classes of Behavior
Sensitivity to Initial Conditions
Systems of Limited Size and Class 2 Behavior
Randomness in Class 3 Systems
Special Initial Conditions
The Notion of Attractors
Structures in Class 4 Systems
7. Mechanisms in Programs and Nature
Universality of Behavior
Three Mechanisms for Randomness
Randomness from the Environment
Chaos Theory and Randomness from Initial Conditions
The Intrinsic Generation of Randomness
The Phenomenon of Continuity
Origins of Discreteness
The Problem of Satisfying Constraints
Origins of Simple Behavior
8. Implications for Everyday Systems
Issues of Modelling
The Growth of Crystals
The Breaking of Materials
Fluid Flow
Fundamental Issues in Biology
Growth of Plants and Animals
Biological Pigmentation Patterns
Financial Systems
9. Fundamental Physics
The Problems of Physics
The Notion of Reversibility
Irreversibility and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Conserved Quantities and Continuum Phenomena
Ultimate Models for the Universe
The Nature of Space
Space as a Network
The Relationship of Space and Time
Time and Causal Networks
The Sequencing of Events in the Universe
Uniqueness and Branching in Time
Evolution of Networks
Space, Time and Relativity
Elementary Particles
The Phenomenon of Gravity
Quantum Phenomena
10. Processes of Perception and Analysis
What Perception and Analysis Do
Defining the Notion of Randomness
Defining Complexity
Data Compression
Irreversible Data Compression
Visual Perception
Auditory Perception
Statistical Analysis
Cryptography and Cryptanalysis
Traditional Mathematics and Mathematical Formulas
Human Thinking
Higher Forms of Perception and Analysis
11. The Notion of Computation
Introduction
Computation as a Framework
Computations in Cellular Automata
The Phenomenon of Universality
A Universal Cellular Automaton
Emulating Other Systems with Cellular Automata
Emulating Cellular Automata with Other Systems
Implications of Universality
The Rule 110 Cellular Automaton
The Significance of Universality in Rule 110
Class 4 Behavior and Universality
The Threshold of Universality in Cellular Automata
Universality in Turing Machines and Other Systems
12. The Principle of Computational Equivalence
Basic Framework
Outline of the Principle
The Content of the Principle
The Validity of the Principle
Explaining the Phenomenon of Complexity
Computational Irreducibility
The Phenomenon of Free Will
Undecidability and Intractability
Implications for Mathematics and Its Foundations
Intelligence in the Universe
Implications for Technology
Historical Perspectives
Notes
General Notes
Notes For Chapter 1
Notes For Chapter 2
Notes For Chapter 3
Notes For Chapter 4
Notes For Chapter 5
Notes For Chapter 6
Notes For Chapter 7
Notes For Chapter 8
Notes For Chapter 9
Notes For Chapter 10
Notes For Chapter 11
Notes For Chapter 12
Index
Colophon