دانلود کتاب A Prescription for Healthy Living: A Guide to Lifestyle Medicine

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Front Cover
A Prescription for Healthy Living
A Prescription for Healthy Living: A Guide to Lifestyle Medicine
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
About the editor
Preface
REFERENCES
1 - Society, health and behaviour
1 - Social and environmental determinants of health
Introduction
Social and environmental determinants of health
An historical background
The impact of social and environmental factors on health in the 21st century
Refugee health
Obesity and the built environment
Addressing social and environmental determinants of health in the global north and high-income countries
The role of the healthcare provider
The holistic consultation
Working with partner organisations
Tomorrow\'s doctors
Conclusions
Smoking case study
Practice points
Travelling community case study
Practice points
References
2 - How early childhood events impact upon adult health
Introduction
Defining and measuring early childhood events
Early childhood events, health behaviours and health outcomes
How do early childhood events influence health?
Biological development
Psychological development
Social development
Prevention and intervention
Conclusion
References
3 - The psychology of health-related behaviour change
Introduction
The psychology of behaviour change
Self-regulation
Goal setting
Goal definition
Outcome and process goals
Approach and avoidance goals
Challenging and easy goals
Goal striving
Action planning
Coping planning
Motivation
Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Behavioural enjoyment and outcome satisfaction
Habits
Supporting patients in behaviour change: a practical application of psychological theory
Goal setting
Goal striving
Motivation
Habits
Conclusion
References
4 - Health literacy and how to communicate effectively with patients to elicit a long-term behavioural change
Introduction
A global problem
Economics of poor health literacy
The quantification of health literacy and causes of disparities
Interventions at the system level
Nutrition
Interventions at the level of the healthcare practitioner
Communicating effectively
Patient-centred care
Teach-back
Chunk and check
Goal setting
Prescribing medication
Brief advice
Promoting behavior change
Conclusion
References
5 - The role of the healthcare system in social prescribing
Introduction
The psychosocioeconomic determinants of health
Societal and population trends
What is social prescribing?
Models of social prescribing
Why should social prescribing work?
Identifying and promoting qualities that enhance health
Improving relationships
Enhancing control and autonomy
Does social prescribing work?
Challenges for social prescribing
How to get involved in social prescribing
References
2 - Mental health and wellbeing
6 - The role of stress in health and disease
Introduction
Psychological theories of stress
Escape, avoidance and safety
Physiological and biological accounts of stress
Stress and disease
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
7 - The importance of a good night\'s sleep
What is sleep?
How does sleep affect the mind and body?
The sleep cycle
How much sleep is necessary?
Teenagers and sleep
Getting older and sleep
Sleep disorders
Treatment for poor sleep
Conclusion
References
8 - Gratitude: being thankful is proven to be good for you
Introduction
The benefits of gratitude
How are the positive effects of gratitude mediated?
Gratitude in the workplace
Gratitude and health
How to incorporate gratitude into your personal life and clinical practice
Five good things
Gratitude journal
Writing a letter of thanks
Gratitude jar
Gratitude walk
Conclusion
References
9 - Loneliness as a risk factor for chronic disease
Introduction
What is loneliness?
The prevalence of loneliness
Who does loneliness affect?
Adverse health effects of loneliness
Tackling loneliness is a health and social priority
Conclusions
References
10 - The health implications of achieving a satisfactory work–life balance
What is ‘work–life balance’?
Why is it important?
Burnout
Work–life balance and burnout in physicians
Identifying burnout
Achieving a desirable work–life balance and preventing burnout
How to achieve a work–life balance?
References
11 - Happiness and health
Introduction
Defining happiness
Measuring happiness
Happiness around the world
Health and social impact of happiness
Happy people are healthier and live longer
Happy people are more productive
Happiness and socioeconomic factors
Happiness in the healthcare profession
Interventions to improve happiness
The power of relationships
The power of altruism
The power of compassion and kindness
The power of working towards a goal
The power of optimism
The power of anticipation
The power of gratitude and mindfulness
The power of lifestyle
Conclusion
References
12 - The role a mentor can play in improving well-being
Introduction
Mentorship models
Benefits of the mentoring relationship
Mentoring in healthcare
Characteristics of mentors and mentees
How to find a mentor
Conclusions
References
3 - Physical activity and physical health
13 - Fit for life: the health benefits of cardiovascular activity
Introduction
What is exercise?
The physiology of exercise
The health benefits of exercise
Physical activity guidelines
Barriers to exercise
Safety when commencing exercise
Wearable activity trackers
Counselling patients
Conclusion
References
14 - Sedentary behaviour and adverse health outcomes
Introduction
What is sedentary behaviour?
Sedentary behaviour patterns and socioeconomic factors
Health risks of sedentary behaviour
Guidelines regarding sedentary behaviour
How to be less sedentary: patient recommendations
Conclusions
References
15 - The gut microbiome
What is the gut microbiota and microbiome?
Functions of the gut microbiota relating to human health
The gut–brain link
Microbial diversity and dysbiosis
Factors influencing the gut microbiome
Early-life influences
Later life influences
Diet and nutrition
Dietary eating patterns and fasting
Body weight and obesity
Exercise and the gut
Sleep and circadian rhythm
Prebiotics, probiotics and supplementation
The gut microbiome and disease
Clinical interventions and future research
Conclusion
References
16 - Cigarettes: the facts, strategies for smoking cessation, e-cigarettes and vaping
Introduction
Epidemiology in the United States
Pathophysiology of smoking
Cardiovascular disease
Non-malignant respiratory disease
Cancer
Other health risks
Passive smoking
Addiction
Benefits of stopping smoking
Effectiveness of different smoking cessation strategies
Target audience
Brief interventions and counselling
Nicotine replacement therapy
Other pharmacotherapy
E-cigarettes and vaping
E-cigarettes and smoking cessation
Safety and regulation
E-cigarette or vaping product use associated lung injury
Conclusion
References
17 - Alcohol: its impact on wellbeing, morbidity and mortality
Introduction
Absorption and metabolism
Alcohol consumption and socioeconomic factors
Drinking patterns around the world
Short- and long-term effects of alcohol
Alcohol and stigma
How much alcohol is ‘safe’ to drink?
Current guidelines
Working with patients with alcohol problems
Conclusions
References
18 - Cancer: how to help your patients to reduce their cancer risk
Introduction
Risk reduction advice
Summary
References
19 - Lifestyle factors and women\'s health
Introduction
Lifestyle factors and menstruation, dysmenorrhoea and menorrhagia
Menarche
Dysmenorrhoea
Menorrhagia
Lifestyle factors, fertility and early pregnancy
Fertility
Miscarriage and pregnancy complications
Lifestyle factors, pregnancy and lactation
Obesity
Physical activity
The impact of a low body mass index
Diet and nutrition
Lactation
Lifestyle factors and the menopause
Lifestyle and urogynaecology
Lifestyle factors and gynaecological malignancy
Conclusion
References
20 - Skin health: what damages and ages skin? Evidence-based interventions to maintain healthy skin
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of the skin
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with ageing
Telomere shortening
Oxidative stress
Hormones
Lifestyle factors to maintain healthy skin
UV protection
Smoking avoidance
Hydration
Sleep
Exercise
Antioxidants
Skin cancer
Non-melanoma skin cancers
Clinical advice for patients
Conclusion
References
21 - Western medical acupuncture
What is acupuncture?
The physiology of acupuncture
Acupuncture and symptom control
Evidence to support the use of acupuncture
What acupuncture involves
Possible side effects of acupuncture
Who should not have acupuncture?
The future of acupuncture
Finding an acupuncturist
Conclusion
References
4 - Nutrition and healthy eating habits
22 - Fruit and vegetables: prevention and cure?
Introduction
Fruit and vegetable consumption in different populations
Fruit, vegetables and fibre
Fruit, vegetables and cancer
Fruit, vegetables and vascular disease
Fruit, vegetables and diabetes
Fruit and vegetable consumption guidelines
Organic produce
Conclusions
References
23 - Macronutrients and micronutrients
Protein
How much protein is required in the diet?
Is it possible to consume too much protein?
Protein sources
Carbohydrates
Simple carbohydrates
Oligosaccharides
Complex starchy carbohydrates
Complex fibrous carbohydrates/fibre
Fibre, the new superfood?
What is the harm of eating processed carbohydrates?
Sugar
Fat
Saturated fats
Monounsaturated fats
Polyunsaturated fats
Current recommendations
Micronutrients
The functions of micronutrients and recommended daily intake
The role of vitamin and mineral supplementation
Potential harms of supplementation
Nutrition labels
Conclusions
References
24 - Caffeine in health and disease: a brief overview
Introduction
A brief history of caffeine
What is caffeine and what effects does it have on the body?
Caffeine and genetics
Adverse effects of caffeine
Caffeine dependence
Caffeine, chronic disease and other health effects
Caffeine and pregnancy
Caffeine bone health
Caffeine overdose
Are there any health benefits of caffeine?
Which drinks and food contain caffeine?
Conclusion
References
25 - Water: how much should be consumed and what are its health benefits?
Water in the body
What are an individual\'s daily water requirements?
How much water are individuals currently advised to drink?
Does water intake vary between different populations?
Does water intake affect energy levels and brain function?
Can drinking water help with weight loss?
Are there additional health benefits of water?
References
26 - Intermittent fasting: a health panacea or just calorie restriction?
Caloric restriction
Fasting
Cellular metabolic pathways stimulated by fasting
Intermittent fasting
Calorie restriction and intermittent fasting for longevity
IF for weight loss
Intermittent fasting for diabetes and cardiovascular disease
Intermittent fasting for neurological conditions
Intermittent fasting for cancer
Risks of intermittent fasting
Applications in clinical practice
References
Concept boxes: mindfulness, healthy weight and bone health
Mindfulness: mind full or mindful?
The importance of maintaining a healthy weight
Bone health
References
Conclusions and how to access reliable health information
Index
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