دانلود کتاب A Rulebook for Arguments

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Front cover
Half title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Note to the Fifth Edition
Introduction
I. Short Arguments: Some General Rules
1. Resolve premises and conclusion
2. Unfold your ideas in a natural order
3. Start from reliable premises
4. Be concrete and concise
5. Build on substance, not overtone
6. Use consistent terms
II. Arguments by Example
7. Use more than one example
8. Use representative examples
9. Background ratesare often crucial
10. Statistics needa critical eye
11. Reckon with counter examples
III. Arguments by Analogy. 12. Analogies require relevantly similar examplesIV. Arguments from Authority
13. Cite your sources
14. Seek informed sources
15. Seek impartial sources
16. Cross-check sources
17. Build your Internet savvy
V. Arguments about Causes
18. Causal arguments start with correlations
19. Correlations may have alternative explanations
20. Work toward the most likely explanation
21. Expect complexity
VI. Deductive Arguments
22. Modus ponens
23. Modus tollens
24. Hypothetical syllogism
25. Disjunctive syllogism
26. Dilemma
27. Reductio ad absurdum. 28. Deductive arguments in multiple stepsVII. Extended Arguments
29. Explore the issue
30. Spell out basic ideas as arguments
31. Defend basic premises with arguments of their own
32. Reckon with objections
33. Explore alternatives
VIII. Argumentative Essays
34. Jump right in
35. Urge a definite claim or proposal
36. Your argument is your outline
37. Detail objections and meet them
38. Seek feedback and use it
39. Modesty, please!
IX. Oral Arguments
40. Ask for a hearing
41. Be fully present
42. Signpost energetically
43. Hew your visuals to your argument
44. End in style. X. Public Debates45. Do argument proud
46. Listen, learn, leverage
47. Offer something positive
48. Work from common ground
49. At least be civil
50. Leave them thinking when you go
Appendix I: Some Common Fallacies
Appendix II: Definitions
D1. When terms are unclear, get specific
D2. When terms are contested, work from the clear cases
D3. Definitions donâ#x80
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t replace arguments
Resources
Back cover.