دانلود کتاب Abdominal X-Rays for Medical Students

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Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface Acknowledgements Learning objectives checklist Part 1 About X-rays What are X-rays? How are X-rays produced? How do X-rays make an image? How are X-ray images (radiographs) stored? Radiation hazards The Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations In women of reproductive age Indications for an abdominal X-ray Abdominal X-ray views AP Supine abdominal X-ray Other views Radiograph quality Inclusion Exposure Normal anatomy on an abdominal X-ray Right and left (Figure 7) Quadrants and regions (Figure 8) Abdominal viscera 1 (Figure 9) Abdominal viscera 2 (Figure 10) Skeletal structures (Figure 11) Pelvis (Figure 12) Lung bases (may be visualised at the top of the abdomen) (Figure 13) Bowel 1 (Figure 14) Bowel 2 (Figure 15) Presenting an abdominal radiograph Be systematic! Part 2 Overview of the ABCDE of abdominal radiographs A – Air in the wrong place B – Bowel C – Calcification D – Disability (bones and solid organs) E – Everything else A – Air in the wrong place Pneumoperitoneum (gas in the peritoneal cavity) Pneumoretroperitoneum (gas in the retroperitoneal space) Pneumobilia (gas in the biliary tree) Portal venous gas (gas in the portal vein) B – Bowel Dilated small bowel Dilated large bowel Volvulus Dilated stomach Hernia Bowel wall inflammation Faecal loading Faecal impaction C – Calcification Gallstones in the gallbladder (cholelithiasis) Renal stones (urolithiasis) Bladder stones Nephrocalcinosis Pancreatic calcification Adrenal calcification Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) calcification Fetus Calcified structures of little clinical significance Calcified costal cartilage Phleboliths (‘vein stones’) Calcified mesenteric lymph nodes Calcified uterine fibroids Prostate calcification Abdominal aortic calcification (normal calibre) Splenic artery calcification D – Disability (bones and solid organs) Pelvic fractures – 3 Polo rings test Sclerotic and lucent bone lesions Spine pathology Solid organ enlargement E – Everything else Medical and surgical objects (iatrogenic) Surgical clips/staples/sutures Urinary catheter Supra-pubic catheter Nasogastric (NG) and nasojejunal (NJ) tubes Flatus tube Surgical drain Nephrostomy catheter Peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter Gastric band device Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)/radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG) Stoma bag Stents Inferior vena cava (IVC) filter Intra-uterine device (IUD) Pessary Foreign bodies Retained surgical swab Swallowed objects Objects inserted per-rectum (PR) Clothing artefact Piercings Body packer Lung bases Self-assessment questions Self-assessment answers Glossary Index EULA