دانلود کتاب Advanced Technology Guide for Liquid Scintillation Counters (LSC)

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Chapter 1
Table of Contents
Basic liquid Scintillation Theory
Basic Liquid Scintillation Theory 3
Decay Products of Radioisotopes 3
The Scintillation Process (Liquid) 4
The Scintillation Process (Solid) . 5
The Coincidence Gate Circuit.. 5
Pulse Processing 6
Quench 7
Chemical Quench 7
Color Quench 7
Beta Particle Self-Absorption 7
Effects of Quench 8
DPM Calculation 8
Determination of Quench 9
Chapter 2 Special Instrumentation Advances
Programmable Coincidence Gate 13
Xtalscint\" CPM/DPM Feature 13
32K Multichannel Analyzer 14
1. A More Precise Quench Monitor 14
2. More Precise Isotope Window Settings 15
3. Superior Multilabel Studies 15
DPM Determination Without A Quench Curve 17
Auto DPM 17
Factory-Stored 3H and 14C Quench Curves 17
Automatic Color Correction and Detection 18
Luminescence Correction 19
The Lum-EXTM Feature 19
Random Coincidence Monitor 19
Hot Graph 20
Real-Time Spectrum Display 20
Real-Time Histogram Display 21
Spectrum Plot 21
Histogram Plot 21
Low Activity and Low Level Counting 22
Definition of Counting Areas.............................................................................................. 22
The Low Activity Count Feature 22
Alpha/Beta Discrimination 24
Theory of Alpha/Beta Discrimination 24
Using Alpha/Beta Discrimination 24
Advanced Technology Guide for LS 6000 Series Scintillation Counters Page v
Page vi
Chapter 3 LS 6000 Features and Advantages
List of Contents 29
Electronic Concept / features 30
32K Multichannel Analyzer 30
Programmable Coincidence Gate................... 30
Advanced Photomultiplier Design..................................................................................... 30
Improved Lead Shielding 30
Fast/Slow Component Pulse Analysis 30
Alpha/Beta Discrimination 30
Host Processor / Digital Signal Processor 30
General Features II ••• IIII •• II •••••••••••• IIII e •••••• III1 ••••••••• 11•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 31
Automatic Power-Up Diagnostics 31
Automatic Calibration and Verification 31
Diagnostic Program 31
Permanent Memory 31
Single-Photon Monitor 31
Sample Changer 31
Sample Capacity / Versa-Rack\" 31
Bi-Directional Sample Changer 31
Automatic Batch Repeat 31
Positive Sample Identification........................... 32
Electrostatic Controller....................................................................................................... 32
User Interface and Output 32
Monochrome or Color CRT Display 32
Windowing User Interface 32
Individual Help Screens 32
so-Oolumn Epson Printer 32
Hot Graph 32
User Selectable Output Format 32
Bi-Directional RS-232C Interface 32
Instrument Editing ..1111 ••••••• 1111 ••• 111111 ., 1 •• 118 ••••• 11I••• 11 33
User Programs..................................................... 33
Program Protection 33
Multitasking Editing 33
Isotope Library............. 33
Auto-lsoset\" 33
Interrupt Capabilities 33
Instrument Setup Screen 33
Sample Monitors 34
IC Number (Internal Quench Monitor) 34
H-Number Plus (External Quench Monitor) 34
Luminescence Detection and Correction 34
Color Detection and Correction 34
Two-Phase Monitor 35
High Count Rate Terminator 35
Advanced Technology Guide for LS 6000 Series Scintillation Counters
Basic Calculations 36
Background Subtraction.................................................................................................... 36
Half-Life Correction to Any Date 36
Final Result Normalization 36
Repeat and Replicate Averaging with %CV 36
% of Reference Calculation................................................................................................ 36
DPM Determination 37
Auto DPM 37
Single/Dualrrriple-Label DPM 37
Factory-Stored 3H and 14C Quench Curves 37
Setting Up Quench Curves 37
Pipetting Monitor........ 37
DPM Setup Program.............. 37
Correlation Table 37
Results 38
Background Quench Curves 38
Chapter 4 New Scintillation Supplies
Xtalsclnt: Clean, Dry Scintillation Counting 41
Xtalscint\" Basics 41
Xtalscint Properties 41
Counter Settings................................ 42
Drying 42
DPM Determination With Xtalscint 42
Ready Cap 11••••••• 1111 ••••••• 11 8 •••••• 1111 ••• 1111 1111.111111.811 •••••••••• 43
Ready Cap4l> Applications 43
Counting Efficiencies 43
Ready Filter 44
Ready Filter™ Applications 44
Counting Efficiencies 44
When Xtalsclnt is Not Recommended 44
Ready Safe 11••••• 11 1111 ••••••••••• 1111 •••• 11••••• 1111.11I11 ••••••• 11.45
Laboratory Safety 45
High Counting Efficiencies 45
Biodegradable 45
Excellent Sample Holding Capacity 45
Advanced Technology Guidefor LS 6000Series Scintillation Counters Page vii
Page viii
Appendices
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Appendix 6
Appendix 7
Appendix 8
Appendix 9
Appendix 10
Statistical Considerations in Liquid Scintillation Counting
or What Is That 2-Sigma Value?
Liquid Scintillation Counting of Gamma-Emitting Radioisotopes.
Why do DPM?
How to Set Up a Quench curve.
Cerenkov Counting.
What are the Practical Limitations on Multilabel Counting?
Is Refrigeration Really Necessary?
Auto DPM: DPM Determination Without Quench Curves.
Detect and Correct for the Presence of Color in Your Liquid
Scintillation Samples.
Low Level Counting: A General Overview.