دانلود کتاب Advanced textiles for wound care

فهرست مطالب :

Cover......Page 1
The Textile Institute Book Series......Page 2
Advanced Textiles for Wound Care......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
List of Contributors......Page 5
Preface......Page 8
1.2.1 Describing the aetiology of a wound......Page 10
1.3.2 Healing by secondary intention......Page 11
1.4.1 Haemostasis......Page 12
1.4.2.1 Role of neutrophils......Page 13
1.4.2.4 Role of inflammatory mediators......Page 14
1.4.3.1 Granulation tissue formation......Page 15
1.4.3.4 Contraction......Page 16
1.5.1.1 Bioburden......Page 17
1.5.1.4 Neoplasia......Page 18
1.5.2.3 Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance......Page 19
1.6 Wound healing: treatment options......Page 20
1.6.1 Wound dressings......Page 21
1.6.1.7 Low-adherent dressings......Page 23
1.6.1.11 Odour adsorbent dressings......Page 24
1.6.3.1 Negative pressure wound therapy......Page 25
1.6.4.1 Topical......Page 26
1.7.1 Gene therapy......Page 27
References......Page 28
2.1 Introduction......Page 32
2.2.2 Prototyping and testing......Page 33
2.3 The development of wound dressings......Page 34
2.4 Importance of performance-based specifications......Page 35
2.5.1 Fluid handling tests – absorbency of wound dressing......Page 37
2.5.1.1 Free swell absorbency/absorptive capacity......Page 39
2.5.1.2 Fluid handling capacity (Payne cup method)......Page 41
2.5.3 Moisture vapour transmission rate......Page 42
2.5.4 Development of the Wrap rig......Page 43
2.5.5 Conformability of wound dressing......Page 45
2.5.8 Rate of absorption......Page 47
2.5.11 Evaluation of swelling characteristics......Page 48
2.5.13 Waterproofness testing of occlusive dressings......Page 49
2.5.14 Measurement of the peel from stainless steel testing at 180° angle......Page 50
2.5.15 Odour adsorption test......Page 51
2.6 Microbiological tests......Page 53
2.6.1 Tests for antimicrobial agents released from dressings......Page 56
2.7.1 pH measurement test method......Page 57
2.7.2 Lateral area wicking......Page 59
2.8.1 Part 5: tests for in vitro cytotoxicity......Page 60
References......Page 61
3.1 Introduction......Page 64
3.2 The role of dressings......Page 65
3.4 Minor wounds......Page 66
3.5 Healing mechanisms......Page 68
3.7.1 Historical......Page 70
3.7.2 Case for moist environment......Page 71
3.7.4 General classification......Page 72
3.7.5 Wound occlusion, environment and healing......Page 75
3.8.1 Gauze dressings......Page 76
3.8.1.3 Impregnated gauze......Page 77
3.8.4 Composite dressings......Page 78
3.8.5 Biological dressings......Page 79
3.8.7 Alginate dressings......Page 80
3.8.8 Chitosan dressings......Page 81
3.8.9 Chitosan/alginate bicomponent fibre dressings......Page 82
3.8.11.1 Amorphous gels......Page 83
3.8.13 Antimicrobial dressings......Page 84
3.8.15.3 Dressings that donate moisture......Page 85
3.9.1 Protease-modulating dressings......Page 86
3.10 Bandages......Page 87
3.11.1 Cotton......Page 88
3.11.3 Polyester......Page 90
3.11.5 Polyolefins......Page 91
3.11.7 Elastomeric fibres......Page 92
3.11.8 Chitosan......Page 93
3.11.9 Alginate......Page 94
3.12.3 Woven fabrics......Page 95
3.12.4 Knitted fabrics......Page 96
3.12.6 Nonwoven fabrics......Page 97
3.12.6.1 Unidirectional dry-form process......Page 98
3.12.6.3 Chemical and thermal bonding of webs......Page 99
3.12.6.4 Spun-bond process......Page 100
3.12.6.6 Wet-laid process......Page 101
3.12.6.7 Spunlace process......Page 102
3.12.6.8 Melt-blown process......Page 103
3.12.6.9 Polymer web process......Page 104
3.12.6.10 Advanced composites from combination of technologies......Page 105
References......Page 106
4.1 Introduction......Page 114
4.2 Normal wound healing......Page 115
4.3 Wound characteristics......Page 116
4.4 Interactive wound dressings......Page 118
4.4.1.1 Semi-permeable film dressings......Page 124
4.4.1.3 Alginate dressings......Page 125
4.4.1.5 Hydrogel dressings......Page 126
4.4.2.2 Hyaluronic acid......Page 127
4.4.3.1 Silver dressings......Page 128
4.4.3.3 Polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride dressings......Page 129
4.4.4.1 Maggot dressings......Page 130
4.4.4.2 Polyacrylate dressings......Page 131
4.4.4.4 Cold atmospheric pressure argon plasma dressings......Page 132
4.5.1 Colour......Page 133
4.5.2 Depth......Page 134
4.6 Future trends......Page 135
4.8 Sources of further information and advice......Page 136
References......Page 137
5.2.1 Inflammatory phase......Page 144
5.2.4 Collagen......Page 145
5.3 Principles and roles of bioactive dressings......Page 146
5.4.1 Alginates......Page 148
5.4.2 Hydrocolloids......Page 150
5.4.3 Hydrogel......Page 151
5.4.4 Collagen......Page 152
5.4.5 Honey dressings......Page 153
5.4.6 Chitin, chitosan and derivatives......Page 154
5.4.8 Medicated dressings......Page 158
5.4.9 Naturally derived polymeric scaffolds......Page 159
5.4.10 Composite dressing......Page 160
5.5.1 General description of DBC......Page 161
5.5.3 Rationale for the possible provision of butyrate......Page 162
5.5.5 Haemocompatibility......Page 163
5.5.6 Radical scavenging activity of DBC......Page 164
5.5.8 In vivo animal experiments......Page 165
5.5.10 Biodegradation of DBC in wound dressings......Page 167
5.6 Future trends......Page 168
References......Page 170
Further reading......Page 175
6.1 Introduction......Page 177
6.2 Elastic compression bandages......Page 178
6.3.2.1 Doppler ultrasonography......Page 179
6.3.2.3 Photoplethysmography and air plethysmography......Page 180
6.4.1.1 Classification......Page 181
6.4.1.2 Compression hosiery......Page 182
6.4.1.3 Compression system......Page 183
6.4.3 Ideal compression bandages......Page 184
6.5 Applications of bandages......Page 185
6.6 Present problems and novel bandages......Page 186
6.7 Three-dimensional spacer compression bandages......Page 192
6.7.1 Effect of pressure transference of spacer bandages......Page 193
6.8 Conclusions......Page 196
References......Page 197
7.1 Introduction......Page 201
7.2.1 Chlorhexidine......Page 202
7.2.4 Iodine......Page 203
7.2.6 Silver......Page 204
7.3.1 Textile fabric soaked with antimicrobial agents......Page 205
7.3.4 Textile composite containing antimicrobial fibres......Page 206
7.3.5 Other novel methods......Page 207
7.4.1 The antimicrobial properties of silver......Page 208
7.4.2 Types of silver compounds used in wound dressings......Page 209
7.5 Applications of modern silver-containing antimicrobial wound dressings......Page 211
7.6.1 Metal ions with antimicrobial properties......Page 214
Sources of other information and advice......Page 215
References......Page 216
8.1 Introduction......Page 219
8.1.1 Burn wounds......Page 220
8.1.2 Management of burn wounds......Page 221
8.2 Chronic wounds......Page 226
8.2.1 Management of chronic leg ulcers and diabetic foot wounds......Page 229
8.4 Topical pharmaceutical agents......Page 230
8.5.1.1 Natural polymers – chitin/chitosan derivatives......Page 232
8.5.1.2 Cross-linked alginate dressings/fibroin and alginate sponge......Page 235
8.5.1.3 Hyaluronic acid and its derivatives, collagen and gelatin......Page 238
8.5.1.4 Cellulose and dextran-based dressings......Page 239
8.5.2.1 Polyurethane......Page 241
8.5.2.2 Chitosan/PU films containing minocycline......Page 243
8.5.2.3 PVA- and PVP-based dressings......Page 244
8.5.2.5 Other polymer-based dressings......Page 245
8.6.1 Nanofibrous non-woven matrices......Page 246
8.6.2 Novel wound dressings for managing deep skin wounds or ulcers......Page 247
8.6.2.1 Advanced therapies......Page 248
8.6.2.2 Cell therapy......Page 249
8.7 Sources of further information and advice......Page 252
References......Page 253
Further reading......Page 268
9.1 Introduction......Page 269
9.2 Wound: definition and types......Page 270
9.3 Wounds which require drug delivery......Page 271
9.3.1 Wound infections......Page 272
9.3.2.2 Bite wound infections......Page 273
9.3.3.1 Diabetic ulcers......Page 274
9.3.3.3 Venous leg ulcers......Page 275
9.4 Delivering drugs to wounds......Page 276
9.5 Types of dressings for drug delivery......Page 277
9.6.2 Healing improvement......Page 284
9.6.3 Controlling transport of biological fluid......Page 285
9.7.1 Tissue engineering......Page 286
9.7.3 Micro- and nanotechnology in drug delivery dressings......Page 287
9.7.5 Environment-sensitive drug delivery dressings......Page 289
References......Page 290
10.2 Basic principles and types of smart textiles......Page 297
10.3 Biomarkers and smart wound dressing......Page 298
10.4.2 Sensors and dressings......Page 299
10.4.4 Temperature-sensitive dressings......Page 300
10.4.6 Non-contact normothermic wound therapy......Page 302
10.4.7 Control of exudates from wounds......Page 304
10.4.9 Selecting a dressing......Page 305
10.4.9.2 Fluid-retention dressings......Page 306
10.5.1 Hydrogel dressings......Page 307
10.5.2 Fluid-retention dressings......Page 308
10.5.6 Hydrocolloid dressings......Page 309
10.5.10 Tissue-engineered ‘skin equivalents’......Page 310
10.6.2.1 Smart bandages for pathogenic bacteria......Page 311
10.7.1 Dressings and pathogens......Page 312
10.7.2 pH-sensitive textiles......Page 313
10.8 Sources of further information and advice......Page 315
References......Page 316
Further reading......Page 319
11.1 Introduction......Page 320
11.3 Structure of composite dressing......Page 321
11.4.1 Non-adherent or semi-adherent layer......Page 324
11.4.2 Absorptive layer......Page 325
11.4.3 Bacterial barrier layer......Page 327
11.5.1 Island composite dressing......Page 328
11.5.2 Layered composite dressing......Page 329
11.6.1 Embroidery technology for wound dressing......Page 330
11.6.1.1 Multilayer dressings using nanofibres......Page 331
11.6.1.2 Multilayer dressing using negative-pressure wound therapy......Page 332
References......Page 333
12.1 Introduction: principles of tissue engineering......Page 335
12.2 Properties required for fibrous scaffolds......Page 336
12.2.2 Specific requirements for fibrous scaffolds......Page 337
12.2.3 Materials used for scaffolds......Page 338
12.3.1 Scaffold topography......Page 339
12.3.2 Fibre diameter......Page 340
12.3.4 Surface property......Page 341
12.4 Textiles used for tissue scaffolds and scaffold fabrication......Page 342
12.4.1.1 Microstructural aspects of textile structures......Page 343
12.4.1.2 Mechanical properties of textile structures......Page 344
12.4.2.1 Knitting......Page 345
Braiding......Page 346
12.4.2.2 Technologies for fabrication of textile nanofibres......Page 347
Nonwoven......Page 348
12.5.2 Vascular grafts......Page 351
12.5.3 Tissue-engineered liver......Page 352
12.5.5 Bone grafts......Page 353
12.6 Future trends......Page 354
12.7.2 Trade and professional bodies......Page 356
References......Page 357
Further reading......Page 368
13.1.1 Clinical need of advanced wound dressings......Page 369
13.2 Collagen as building block of advanced wound dressings......Page 371
13.2.1 Protein composition and organisation in vivo......Page 372
13.2.2 Extraction of collagen ex vivo......Page 374
13.2.3 Collagen sources and antigenicity......Page 375
13.3.1 Non-hydrolysed collagen formulations......Page 376
13.3.2 Hydrolysed collagen-based formulations......Page 379
13.4.1 Synthesis of network architectures to achieve dressing multifunctionality......Page 381
13.4.2 Customisation into single fibrous component for wound dressing manufacture......Page 383
13.4.3 One-step manufacture of multifunctional collagen-based meshes......Page 386
13.5 Outlook......Page 388
References......Page 389
14.1 Introduction......Page 396
14.1.1 Pathophysiology of wound healing......Page 397
14.1.2.2 Wound assessment......Page 398
14.2.1 Reason of non-healing wounds......Page 399
14.2.4 Impact of hard-to-heal wounds on the patient......Page 400
14.3.2 According to the nature of materials used [28,30]......Page 401
14.3.3 According to the physical form [28]......Page 402
14.3.4 Characteristics of an ideal wound dressing......Page 403
14.4.1 Speciality dressings for controlled drug release......Page 404
14.4.2 Speciality dressings for rapid control of bleeding......Page 406
14.4.3 Speciality dressing for detecting/inhibiting bacterial infections in healing wound......Page 407
14.4.4 Speciality dressings for stimulating healing by electric current......Page 410
14.4.7 Dressings through tissue engineering......Page 412
14.4.9 Regenerative bandage......Page 413
14.5.2 Speciality dressing for easy removal to prevent trauma and epithelial tissue damage during healing......Page 416
14.5.3 Speciality dressing for moisture management......Page 417
14.5.4 Negative-pressure wound therapy......Page 418
14.6 Future of wound care......Page 419
References......Page 420
15.1 Introduction......Page 427
15.2 Medical devices......Page 428
15.3 Phases in the life span of a medical device......Page 430
15.4 European Medical Devices Directive Regulations......Page 432
15.4.2 Application of the classification rules......Page 433
15.4.3 Compliance requirements......Page 434
15.4.5 Notifying bodies......Page 436
15.4.7 Conformity assessment procedure......Page 437
15.4.8 Wound dressings and regulatory norms......Page 438
15.4.8.1 Class I wound dressing......Page 439
15.4.8.2 Class IIa wound dressing......Page 440
15.5.1 Premarket review process......Page 441
15.5.3 Device classification......Page 443
15.5.4 Premarket approval......Page 444
15.5.5 PMA supplements......Page 445
15.5.6510 (k) notification......Page 446
15.5.8 Regulations pertaining to wound dressing in the United States......Page 448
15.5.8.3 Class III wound dressing......Page 449
15.6 Medical device regulations in Canada......Page 450
15.6.2 Quality systems......Page 452
15.6.4 Post-market regulation......Page 453
15.7.1 Medical device classifications......Page 454
15.7.2 Conformity assessment......Page 456
15.7.3 Essential principles......Page 457
15.7.4.1 Class I wound dressing......Page 458
15.8 Recent changes in EU medical devices regulations......Page 459
15.9 Challenges in medical device regulations......Page 461
References......Page 462
16.1 Introduction......Page 466
16.3 Role of natural biopolymers as wound dressings......Page 467
16.3.1 Polysaccharide biopolymers......Page 468
16.3.1.1 Neutral polysaccharides......Page 469
16.3.1.2 Acidic polysaccharides......Page 470
16.3.1.4 Sulphated polysaccharides......Page 471
16.3.2 Proteoglycans......Page 472
16.3.3.3 Pectins and gums......Page 473
16.4.2 Polyethylene glycol......Page 474
16.4.5 Polyvinylpyrrolidone......Page 475
16.5.1 Silicone dressings......Page 476
16.5.4 Smart silk dressings – for treating chronic wounds......Page 478
16.5.6 Oxidised regenerated cellulose and collagen......Page 479
16.5.8 Neem and aloe vera dressings......Page 480
16.7 Bioprinting......Page 481
16.9 Conclusion......Page 482
References......Page 483
Further reading......Page 491
17.2 Nanostructure wound dressings......Page 492
17.2.1 Mechanism of antimicrobial action of silver nanoparticles......Page 493
17.2.2 Treatment of wound healing using silver nanoparticles......Page 495
17.2.3 Silver-based ceramic and organic polymeric nanomaterials......Page 497
17.3 Chitin/Chitosan–Ag NP-based wound dressings......Page 499
References......Page 506
18.1 Introduction......Page 512
18.2 Classification of the wounds......Page 513
18.3 Healing phases of the wounds......Page 514
18.3.3 Proliferation......Page 516
18.4.1 Weaving......Page 517
18.4.2 Knitting......Page 520
18.4.3 Spacer fabrics......Page 521
18.4.4 Embroidery technique......Page 523
18.4.5 Nonwoven......Page 524
18.4.5.1 Parallel-laid web forming......Page 525
18.4.5.3 Random-laid or air-laid process......Page 526
18.4.5.5 Melt-blown web forming......Page 527
18.4.5.6 Chemical and thermal bonding of webs......Page 529
18.4.5.7 Spunbond process......Page 530
18.4.5.8 Spunlace(hydroentanglement) process......Page 531
18.4.5.9 Novel nonwoven based wound dressings......Page 532
18.4.6 Electrospinning......Page 533
18.4.6.1 Electrospun wound dressings......Page 535
References......Page 539
19.1 Introduction......Page 544
19.2.1.2 Abrasion test......Page 545
19.2.2 Evaluation of antiallergy of the finished fabric contact allergy test using in-house method......Page 546
19.3 Natural extract–based bamboo and other wound dressings......Page 547
19.4 Wound healing materials for skin tissue engineering......Page 549
19.4.1 Management of wound......Page 550
19.4.2.1 Biopolymers (natural polymers)......Page 551
19.5 Wound healing materials from biopolymers......Page 555
19.5.2.2 Hyaluronic acid and its derivatives......Page 556
19.5.2.5 Alginate......Page 557
19.7 Conclusion......Page 558
References......Page 559
A......Page 565
B......Page 567
C......Page 568
D......Page 571
E......Page 572
F......Page 573
H......Page 574
I......Page 576
M......Page 577
N......Page 579
P......Page 581
S......Page 584
T......Page 587
V......Page 589
W......Page 590
Z......Page 592
Back Cover......Page 593