دانلود کتاب Advances in Animal Experimentation and Modeling: Understanding Life Phenomena

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Advances in Animal Experimentation and Modeling
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
1 Emerging techniques in biological sciences
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Artificial Intelligence
1.3 Imaging cells to molecules in 3D
1.4 Microarray
1.5 Genetic engineering with precision
1.6 Omics technologies
1.6.1 Genomics and transcriptomics
1.6.2 Proteomics
1.6.3 Metabolomics
1.7 Informatics and simulations
1.8 Automation and miniaturization of experiments
1.9 BioMEMS (Biomedical micro electro-mechanical systems in biology)
References
2 Molecular basis of animal systematics including barcoding
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Morphological systematics and its shortcomings
2.3 Molecular markers
2.3.1 Mitochondrial DNA as a molecular marker
2.3.2 Selection of a molecular marker
2.3.2.1 Ribosomal genes
2.3.2.2 Protein coding genes
2.3.2.3 Control region (D-loop region)
2.4 DNA barcoding: an effective technique in molecular systematics
2.4.1 Standardized DNA barcode
2.4.2 Barcoding—reference library
2.4.3 Pitfalls of using a standardized barcoding region
2.5 Concluding remarks
References
3 Mitochondrial DNA: a tool for elucidating molecular phylogenetics and population
3.1 Size of mtDNA in different livestock species
3.2 Mitochondrial DNA vis a vis genomic DNA
3.3 Mitochondrial DNA as genetic marker
3.4 Mitochondrial DNA as a molecular clock
3.5 Domestication of livestock species and mitochondrial DNA
3.5.1 Mitochondrial DNA based origin and domestication of cattle
3.5.2 Mitochondrial DNA based haplogroups across different cattle types
3.5.3 Mitochondrial DNA based origin and domestication of other livestock species
3.6 Challenges and future prospects
References
4 Somatic cell nuclear transfer in cellular medicine and biopharming
Highlights
4.1 Introduction
4.2 SCNT as potent genome reprogramming tool
4.2.1 Biomedical applications of SCNT
4.2.2 SCNT in regenerative medicine
4.2.3 SCNT vis-à-vis biopharming
4.3 Cloned transgenic animals
4.4 Development of therapeutic cells
4.5 Biopharming using cloned transgenic animals
4.6 Outlook and challenges
References
5 Animal cloning: perspectives for futuristic medicine
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Types of cloning
5.1.2 Standard procedure of cloning
5.2 Cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer
5.2.1 Organism cloning/reproductive cloning (cell nuclear replacement)
5.2.1.1 Advantages of reproductive cloning
5.2.1.2 Disadvantages of reproductive cloning
5.2.2 Therapeutic cloning (somatic cell nuclear transfer)
5.2.2.1 Limitations of therapeutic cloning
5.2.2.2 Application and future prospects of therapeutic cloning
5.2.2.3 Difference between reproductive and therapeutic cloning
5.3 Molecular/gene cloning
5.3.1 Applications of gene cloning
5.4 Human reproductive cloning
5.4.1 Background
5.4.2 Advantages of human cloning
5.4.3 Disadvantages of embryo cloning
5.5 Risk of cloning
5.6 Ethical issues of human cloning
5.7 Conclusion
References
6 CRISPR/Cas9 system and prospects in animal modeling of neurodegenerative diseases
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Background and basic technique
6.3 Technique basics
6.4 Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 technology
6.4.1 Gene editing
6.4.2 Epigenetic modification
6.4.3 Multiplexing
6.5 CRISPR-Cas9 in neurodegenerative diseases
6.5.1 CRISPR/Cas9 and animal model of neurodegenerative diseases
6.6 Challenges, limitations and adaptations in CRISPR/Cas9 technique
6.6.1 Off-target effects of CRISPR/Cas9
6.6.2 Genetic mosaicism
6.6.3 Low rate of homologous recombination
6.6.4 Functional loss of the gene
6.7 Conclusion
References
7 Semen quality biomarkers for improvement of production in livestock
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Canonical methods of semen quality evaluation
7.3 Biochemical evaluation
7.4 Microscopic examination
7.5 Computer-assisted semen analysis
7.6 Flow cytometry
7.6.1 Biomarker-based sperm analysis—integrated molecular approach
7.7 Sperm RNA(s) as semen quality biomarker
7.8 Sperm DNA methylation as semen quality biomarker
7.9 Sperm SNPs as semen quality biomarkers
7.10 Sperm proteins as semen quality biomarker
References
8 Animal models and their substitutes in biomedical research
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Drives for animals welfare
8.2 Alternatives to animal models in scientific research
8.2.1 Cell cultures/tissue cultures/callus culture/organ culture
8.2.2 Stem cells
8.2.3 In vivo imaging in pharmaceutical studies
8.2.4 Increased systematic reviews (SRs)
8.2.5 Metaanalysis
8.2.6 Drug design using in silico and computational models
8.2.7 In vitro models
8.2.8 Lower vertebrates and invertebrates
8.2.9 Microorganisms
8.2.10 Organ-on-a-chip models
8.2.11 Systems biology tools (genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics and molecular diagnostics)
8.2.12 Human volunteers
8.2.13 Human patient simulators
8.3 Concluding remarks
References
Further reading
9 Experimental models for investigating the pathogenesis of heart failure
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Myocardial ischemia induced heart failure
9.2.1 Coronary ligation induced MI model
9.2.2 Coronary artery embolization induced MI model
9.3 Hemodynamic overload-induced heart failure
9.3.1 Volume overload models
9.3.1.1 Aortocaval shunt model
9.3.1.2 Arteriovenous shunt model
9.3.1.3 Mitral regurgitation model
9.4 Pressure overload-induced models
9.4.1 Supravalvular aortic stenosis model
9.4.2 Transverse aortic constriction model
9.4.3 Abdominal aortic constriction model
9.4.4 Spontaneously hypertensive rat model
9.5 Tachycardia-induced heart failure model
9.6 Genetic cardiomyopathy model of heart failure
9.6.1 Syrian cardiomyopathic hamsters
9.6.2 Transgenic or knockout models
9.7 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest
References
10 Animal models of inflammatory musculoskeletal diseases for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: updates and tra...
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Musculoskeletal tissue engineering
10.3 Animal models in biomedical research
10.3.1 Skeletal muscle disorders
10.3.2 Key updates from experimental models of skeletal muscle disorders
10.3.3 Bone disorders
10.3.4 Key updates from experimental models of bone disorders
10.3.5 Tendon and ligament disorders
10.3.6 Key updates from experimental models of tendon and ligament disorders
10.4 Challenges and perspective
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interests
References
11 Selection of experimental models mimicking human pathophysiology for diabetic microvascular complications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Diabetic nephropathy
11.2.1 Pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy
11.2.1.1 Hemodynamic changes
11.2.1.2 Metabolic pathway
11.2.1.3 Inflammatory pathway
11.2.1.4 Alternate pathways
11.2.2 Experimental models
11.2.2.1 Chemically induced diabetic nephropathy models
11.2.2.1.1 Chemically induced type 1 diabetic nephropathy models
Streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in mice and rat
Alloxan-induced diabetic nephropathy
11.2.2.1.2 Chemically induce type 2 diabetic nephropathy models
Induction of diabetic nephropathy using streptozotocin and nicotinamide
11.2.2.2 Diet-induced diabetic nephropathy models
11.2.2.2.1 Fructose-fed induced T2DN in rats
11.2.2.2.2 High-fat diet-induced T2DN in mice
11.2.2.3 Induction of T2DN by administration of chemicals+modification of the diet
11.2.2.4 Surgical models of T1DN
11.2.2.5 Induction of T2DN by administration of chemicals, surgical interventions, and modification of the diet
11.2.2.6 Genetically induced diabetic nephropathy models
11.2.2.6.1 Genetic models of T1DN
Nonobese diabetic mouse
Biobreeding rat
Akita mice
OVE26 mice
11.2.2.6.2 Genetic models of T2DN
Otsuka–Long–Evans Tokushima fatty rats
Zucker diabetic fatty rats and ZSF1 rats
db/db mice
db/db NOS−/−
ob/ob mice
KK and KK-Ay mice
New Zealand obese mice
MKR mice
Tsumura Suzuki obese diabetes mice
11.2.2.7 Genetic and chemical model of T1DN
11.3 Diabetic neuropathy
11.3.1 Pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy
11.3.1.1 Metabolic causes of diabetic neuropathy
11.3.1.2 Microvascular contribution
11.3.1.3 Insulin receptors and insulin resistance
11.3.2 Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain
11.3.2.1 Peripheral mechanisms contributing to neuropathic pain in DNe
11.3.2.2 Central mechanisms contributing to neuropathic pain in diabetic neuropathy
11.3.3 Experimental models of diabetic neuropathy
11.3.3.1 Chemically mediated diabetic neuropathy models
11.3.3.1.1 Streptozotocin-induced models
11.3.3.2 Diet-induced diabetic neuropathy models
11.3.3.3 Genetically induced diabetic neuropathy models
11.3.3.3.1 Genetic models of type 1 diabetic neuropathy
NOD mice
Ins2 Akita mice
11.3.3.3.2 Genetic models of type 2 diabetic neuropathy
ob/ob mice
db/db mice
Zucker diabetic fatty rat
SDT rats
OLETF rats
11.4 Diabetic retinopathy
11.4.1 Pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy
11.4.1.1 Vascular damage
11.4.1.2 Neural damage
11.4.2 Experimental models
11.4.2.1 Chemically induced Dr models
11.4.2.2 Diet-induced Dr models
11.4.2.3 Surgically induced Dr models
11.4.2.4 Genetically induced Dr models
11.4.2.4.1 Genetic models of type 1 diabetic retinopathy
Biobreeding rat
Nonobese diabetic mice
Ins2 Akita mice
Kimba mice
Akimba mice
11.4.2.4.2 Genetic models of type 2 diabetic retinopathy
Zucker diabetic fatty rats
WBN/Kob rats
Otsuka–Long–Evans–Tokushima fatty rats
Goto-Kakizaki rats
Spontaneously diabetic Torii rats
db/db mice
11.4.2.5 Retinal angiogenesis induced Dr models
11.5 Discussion
11.6 Summary
References
12 Exploration on different animal models used in drug-induced adverse reactions research; current scenario and further pro...
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Animal models used in research
12.3 Studies of adverse drug reactions associated with different drugs on different animal models
12.3.1 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
12.3.2 Antitubercular drugs
12.3.3 Tetracyclines
12.3.4 Immunosuppressant drugs
12.3.5 Antithyroid drugs
12.3.6 Antiepileptic drugs
12.4 Common adverse reactions of drugs
12.4.1 Hepatotoxicity
12.4.2 Reproductive toxicity
12.4.3 Nephrotoxicity
12.4.4 Neurotoxicity
12.4.5 Hematological toxicity
12.4.6 Genotoxicity
12.4.7 Immunoallergic reactions
12.4.8 Gastrointestinal effects
12.5 Conclusions and recommendations
References
13 Animal models for hepatoxicity
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Classification of animal models for hepatotoxicity
13.2.1 Antitubercular drugs-induced hepatotoxicity
13.2.2 Non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs-induced hepatotoxicity
13.2.3 Antiretroviral drugs-induced hepatotoxicity
13.2.4 Methotrexate induced hepatotoxicity
13.2.5 Galactosamine induced hepatotoxicity
13.2.6 Carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity
13.2.7 Alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity
13.2.8 Aflatoxin B1 induced hepatotoxicity
13.2.9 TNF inhibitors induced hepatotoxicity
13.2.10 Azathioprine-related nodular regenerative hyperplasia
13.2.11 Antidepressants and antipsychotics-induced hepatotoxicity
13.2.12 Phalloidin induced hepatotoxicity
Acknowledgment
References
14 Drosophila embryo as experimental model: lessons learnt from genes in axis formation
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Anterior-posterior axis formation in Drosophila
14.2.1 Maternal gradient establishing early anterior-posterior boundaries
14.2.2 The gap gene network
14.2.3 The pair rule gene network
14.2.4 The segment polarity genes
14.2.5 The homeotic selector gene
14.3 Dorsal-ventral axis formation in Drosophila melanogaster
14.3.1 Role of dorsal gradient
14.3.2 Activation of Toll pathway
14.4 Concluding remarks
References
15 Exploration of biological science in extreme environment: an Indian experience at the Arctic
15.1 Long-term objectives
15.2 Short-term objectives
References
16 Parlance of insect systematics: from classical to molecular—the journey has been long
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Classical taxonomy-morphological attributes
16.3 New trends
16.4 Larval taxonomy/embryology
16.5 Eco-taxonomy
16.6 Ethological taxonomy
16.7 Cytotaxonomy
16.8 Molecular taxonomy
16.9 Identification of members of a target group of species
16.10 Identification of disease causing agents
16.11 Phylogeny and classification
16.12 Conclusion and discussion
16.13 Status of insect taxonomy in India
16.14 Need of the hour
16.15 Networking between different research institutions
References
17 Parasites in a changing world
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Parasites and wildlife
17.3 Parasites in farming systems
17.4 Zoonotic parasitic diseases
17.5 Conclusion
References
18 Ambient ecological conditions of the Gangetic dolphin- Platanista gangetica gangetica of river Ganga, between Varanasi t...
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Field survey and habitat related protocols
18.3 Result and discussion
18.4 Dolphin status and distribution
18.5 Conclusion and recommendations
References
19 Entomopathogenic nematode in national development through enhancing the socio-economic condition of Indian farmers
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Historical approach of EPN
19.3 Major techniques/important observations
19.3.1 Mass propagation
19.3.2 In Vivo propagation
19.3.2.1 Baiting
19.3.2.2 Harvesting
19.3.2.3 Preparation for storage
19.3.3 In Vitro propagation
19.3.3.1 Preparation of rearing flasks
19.3.3.2 Inoculation with bacteria
19.3.3.3 Inoculation with nematodes
19.3.3.4 Harvesting
19.3.3.5 Storage
19.4 Nematode species and target insect pests
19.5 Entomopathogenic nematodes based formulations
19.6 Formulation development at Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut
19.7 Applications of entomopathogenic nematodes-based formulation
19.8 Summary
Acknowledgment
Declaration
References
Further reading
20 Molecular studies of pest termites in India
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Application of molecular markers in phylogenetic studies
20.1.2 Complete mitochondrial genome sequence in higher termites
20.1.3 Complete mitochondrial genome sequence in lower termites
20.1.4 Selection of molecular markers
20.2 Materials and methods
20.2.1 Collection and identification of termite
20.2.1.1 Taxa examined
20.2.2 DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing
20.2.3 Data analysis
20.3 Results
20.3.1 Nucleotide analysis
20.3.2 Phylogenetic analysis
20.4 Discussion
20.5 Conclusion
References
21 Roadmap for wildlife research and conservation in India
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Review
21.3 Discussion
References
22 Flying fox: threats and global conservation status
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Why do flying foxes need to be conserved?
22.3 Threat factors
22.4 Hunting
22.5 Cultural/symbolic threats
22.6 Medicinal use
22.7 Roost distraction/deforestation
22.8 Ambient temperature
22.9 Natural calamities
22.10 Pest
22.11 Predators
22.12 Global status
22.13 Conservation measures
22.14 Captive breeding
22.15 Roost monitoring
22.16 Awareness campaign
22.17 Conclusion
Conflict of interest
References
23 Importance of need-based and applied research for conservation of animal fauna towards national development—an insight
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Habitat preservation
23.3 Climate change impact
23.4 Importance of animal research
23.5 Research priorities
24 Strategies for characterizing and protecting animal resources for future generations
24.1 Introduction
24.1.1 Diversity of animal genetic resources in India
24.1.2 Need for characterization of animal genetic resources
24.1.2.1 Molecular markers in analyzing cattle genome diversity
24.1.3 Single nucleotide polymorphisms markers and conservation of genetic diversity
24.1.4 Strategies for single nucleotide polymorphisms discovery
24.1.5 Whole genome single nucleotide polymorphisms arrays/chips
24.1.6 Whole genome sequencing
24.1.7 Whole genome sequence and conservation genomics
24.1.8 Genetic diversity estimations in India
References
25 Buffaloes for nutritional secure and economically empowered rural India
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Buffalo is India’s primary dairy livestock
25.3 Issues with buffalo production systems
25.3.1 Scarcity and depletion of high producing germplasm
25.3.1.1 Male germplasm scarcity
25.3.1.2 Application of reproductive biotechnologies
25.3.2 Imbalanced feeding and the resultant low health, fertility, and productivity
25.3.3 Unscientific and poorly designed buffalo shelters
25.3.4 Low marketing incentive and motivation to develop buffalo farming enterprise
25.3.5 Inconsistency in productivity and income from buffalo production systems
25.3.6 Methane emissions and growing concerns due to ensuing climate change
25.3.7 Peri-urban dairies as source of GHG in and around cities
25.4 Suggested remedies for sustainable buffalo production
25.4.1 Ration balancing for improved feed utilization
25.4.2 Reducing age at first calving—Calf management, improved nutrition and mineral supplementation
25.4.3 Getting maximum production from standing herd “one calf per year per buffalo” through use of hormone therapies and f...
25.4.4 Vaccination and epidemiological monitoring
25.4.5 Conserving depleting elite germplasm
25.5 Conclusion
References
26 Livestock sector: an integral component for country’s food and social security
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Contributions of various livestock species—the Indian perspective
26.3 Cattle and buffalo
26.4 Sheep and goat
26.5 Pigs
26.6 Poultry
26.7 Other livestock species
26.8 Bottlenecks in livestock production
26.9 Opportunities and challenges
References
27 Proteomics-based advancements in research toward sustainable production from dairy livestock
27.1 Challenges in enhancing future milk production
27.2 Need for an integrated approach to enhance production
27.3 Importance of information-based policy
27.4 Proteomics in feed, fodder, and ruminant digestion
27.5 Proteomics for low-yielding indigenous and exotic cows
27.6 Proteomics for diseases in dairy animals
27.7 Proteomics for diagnostics and therapeutics in cows
27.8 Proteomics to tap the full potential of milk
27.9 Milk safety, adulterants and milk-borne pathogens
27.10 Conclusion
References
Further reading
28 Artificial insemination: scope and challenges for indian dairy sector
28.1 Artificial insemination
28.2 Artificial insemination and frozen semen production network in India
28.3 Challenges in implementation of artificial insemination in India
28.3.1 Requirement of breeding bulls and frozen semen doses
28.3.2 Requirement and skill of inseminators/artificial insemination workers
28.4 Supply of frozen semen and liquid nitrogen to artificial insemination workers
28.5 Effective artificial insemination delivery at farmers’ doorstep
28.6 Awareness among the farmers
28.6.1 Strategies to strengthen artificial insemination implementation
28.6.2 Production of elite bulls of high genetic merit
28.6.3 Semen certification
28.6.4 Frozen semen evaluation
28.6.5 Provision of mobile artificial insemination services
28.6.6 Sexed semen production
28.6.7 Artificial insemination training facility
28.7 Conclusion
References
29 Livestock health: current status of helminth infections and their control for sustainable development
29.1 Current livestock status
29.2 Impact of helminth diseases on livestock industry
29.3 Pathogenicity caused by helminth parasites
29.4 Diagnosis of helminth infections
29.5 Strategies to control parasitic infections in animals
29.5.1 Grazing management
29.5.2 Treatment of infections with anthelmintic drugs
29.5.3 Alternative therapeutic measures for the control of helminth infections
29.5.4 Development of vaccines
29.5.5 Use of next-generation technologies for the control of helminth infections
29.6 Socioeconomic impact of control of helminth infections: prosperity and education for children
29.7 Concluding remarks
29.8 Outstanding questions
Acknowledgments
References
30 Harnessing potential of A2 milk in India: an overview
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Gene polymorphism and bioactive peptides
30.3 Protein variants of beta casein gene
30.4 Bioactive peptides from A1/A2 types of milk
30.5 Mode of action of milk derived peptides
30.6 A1 milk consumption and human health
30.6.1 Epidemiological studies
30.6.2 Experimental evidences
30.7 Demographic distribution pattern of A1/A2 allele of beta casein gene
30.7.1 Status of β-casein variants in Indian cattle breeds
30.7.2 Status of β-casein variants in crossbred cattle/bulls
References
31 Understanding heat stress response in dairy animals: an overview
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Physiological responses to heat stress
31.3 Hematological responses to heat stress
31.4 Biochemical responses to heat stress
31.5 Cellular and molecular responses to heat stress
31.6 Genomics: a way forward
31.7 Opportunities and challenges
References
32 Livestock sector between pushing and pulling factors-evolving scenario for national livestock development
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Livestock population dynamics
32.3 Adoption of crossbred/improved animals
32.4 Production of livestock & its products
32.5 Growth of veterinary institutions
32.6 Deterioration of common property resource and integration with crop culture
32.7 Planning and fiscal support
32.7.1 Government support under livestock development plans
32.7.2 Livestock development schemes/programmes in India
32.8 Prospects for livestock farming
32.8.1 Demand driven progress
32.8.2 Large domestic and international market
32.9 Limiting factors
32.9.1 Competition with natural resources
32.9.2 Negative attitude towards livestock rearing
32.10 Evolving options for sustenance of livestock sector
Acknowledgements
References
33 Parasite diversity strategies under influence of pollutants
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Diversity of parasites on fish in the challenged environment
33.3 Interactions of pollutants and parasites on hosts
33.3.1 Toxicants and stressors
33.3.2 Role of bioindicators
33.4 Use of sensitivity of parasites to the ambient chemical environment
33.4.1 Acanthocephalans-the dark horse
33.4.2 Affinity of Acanthocephalens towards heavy metals
33.5 Parasite response towards pollution
33.6 Conclusions
References
34 Parasites : futuristic indicators of an altered aquatic environment
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Bioindicators from Indian perspective
34.3 Fish as biomarkers in water bodies in India
34.4 Helminth bioindicators from international perspective
34.5 Conclusions and perspectives of parasites as accumulation indicators
Acknowledgments
References
35 Effect of climate change on mosquito population and changing pattern of some diseases transmitted by them
35.1 Introduction
35.1.1 Effect of climate change on Culex mosquitoes and diseases transmitted by them
35.1.2 Effect of climate change on Anopheles mosquitoes and diseases transmitted by them
35.1.3 Effect of climate change on Aedes mosquitoes and diseases transmitted by them
35.2 Discussion and conclusion
References
36 New dimensions in self employment for sustainability in a changing environment
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Major technologies
36.2.1 Present scenario and scope of apiculture in combating employment issues
36.2.1.1 Traditional wall hive
36.2.1.2 Description of wall hive
36.2.1.3 Drawbacks of traditional wall hive
36.2.1.4 Improvement of traditional wall hive
36.2.1.5 Advantages of improved wall hive
36.3 Industrial linkage
36.4 Apiculture and beekeeping organizations in India
36.4.1 Success story
36.5 Summary
References
Index