دانلود کتاب Aero-Optical Effects: Physics, Analysis and Mitigation

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Aero-Optical Effects Contents Acknowledgements 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation for Revisiting Aero-Optics 2 Fundamentals 2.1 Wavefronts and Index of Refraction 2.2 Huygens’ Principle 2.3 Basic Equations and Optical Path Difference 2.4 Linking Equation 2.5 Image at a Focal Plane (Far-field Propagation) 2.6 Far-field Intensity in the Presence of Near-field Distortions 2.6.1 Temporal Intensity Variation 2.7 Wavefront Components 3 Measuring Wavefronts 3.1 Interferometry Methods 3.2 Wavefront Curvature Methods 3.3 Gradient-based Wavefront Sensors 3.3.1 Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor 3.3.1.1 Wavefront Reconstruction Algorithm 3.3.2 Malley Probe 3.3.3 SABT Sensor 3.4 Typical Optical Set-Ups 4 Data Reduction and Interpretation 4.1 Statistical Analysis 4.1.1 Temporal and Spatial OPDrms 4.1.2 Histograms and Higher-Moment Statistics 4.2 Spectral Analysis 4.2.1 Relation between the Deflection Angle Spectrum and the Wavefront Statistics 4.2.2 Dispersion Analysis 4.3 Modal Analysis 4.3.1 Zernike Functions 4.3.2 Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) 4.3.2.1 Direct Method 4.3.2.2 Snapshot Method 4.3.3 Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) 4.4 Cross-correlation-based Techniques 4.4.1 Local Convective Speeds 4.4.2 Multi-point Malley Probe Analysis 4.4.3 Spatially Varying 2-D Convective Velocity 5 Aperture Effects 6 Typical Aero-Optical Flows 6.1 Scaling Arguments 6.2 Free Shear Layers 6.2.1 Shear-Layer Physics 6.2.2 Aero-Optical Effects 6.2.3 Historical Shear Layer Measurements in AEDC 6.2.4 Weakly Compressible Model 6.3 Boundary Layers 6.3.1 Model of Aero-optical Distortions for Boundary Layers with Adiabatic Walls 6.3.2 Angular Dependence 6.3.3 Finite Aperture Effects 6.3.4 Nonadiabatic Wall Boundary Layers 6.3.5 Instantaneous Far-Field Intensity Drop-Outs 6.3.5.1 Absolute SR Threshold 6.3.5.2 Relative Intensity Variation 6.4 Turrets 6.4.1 AAOL 6.4.2 Flow Topology and Dynamics 6.4.3 Steady-lensing Effects at Forward-looking Angles 6.4.4 Aero-optical Environment at Back-looking Angles 6.4.5 Shock-effects at Transonic Speeds 7 Aero-Optical Jitter 7.1 Local and Global Jitter 7.1.1 Local Jitter 7.1.2 Global Jitter 7.2 Subaperture Effects 7.3 Techniques to Remove the Mechanically Induced Jitter 7.3.1 Cross-correlation Techniques 7.3.2 Large-Aperture Experiments 7.3.3 Stitching Method 8 Applications to Adaptive Optics 8.1 Beam-Control Components 8.2 How Much Correction Is Needed 8.3 Flow-Control Mitigation 8.3.1 Non-Flow-Control Mitigation 8.3.2 Some Qualities of Separated Shear Layers 8.3.3 Using the POD Analysis to Develop Requirements 8.4 Proper Number of Wavefront Sensor Subapertures to Actuator Ratio 8.4.1 Numerical Simulation 8.4.2 Simulation Results 8.4.3 Conclusion from the Simulation Results 9 Adaptive Optics for Aero-Optical Compensation 9.1 Analogies from Free-Stream Turbulence Compensation 9.1.1 Statistical Optics Theoretical Considerations 9.1.2 Power-Law Observations from Aero-Optical Wavefront Data 9.2 Compensation Scaling Laws for Aero-Optics 9.2.1 Adaptive Optics Control Law and Error Rejection Transfer Function 9.2.2 Asymptotic Results for Aero-Optics Compensation 9.2.3 Aero-Optics Compensation Frequency 9.2.4 Relation of Aero-Optics Scaling Laws to Free-Stream Turbulence 9.3 Spatial and Temporal Limitations of Adaptive Optics 9.3.1 Framework for Analysis of Aero-Optical Compensation 9.3.2 Deformable Mirror Fitting Error for Aero-Optical POD Modes 9.3.3 Decomposition of Correctable and Uncorrectable Power Spectrum 9.3.3.1 DM Sensitivity Transfer Function 9.3.4 Closed-Loop Residual Wavefront Error 9.3.5 Effect of Latency in Aero-Optics Compensation 9.4 Application to System Performance Modeling 9.4.1 Scaling of Aero-Optical Statistics to Flight Conditions 9.4.2 Joint Variations in Adaptive Optics Bandwidth and Actuator Density 9.4.3 Relative Impact of Aero-Optics with Other Propagation and System Effects 9.4.3.1 Comparing Aero-Optics to Free-Stream Turbulence Propagation 9.4.3.2 Comparing Aero-Optics to System Optical Jitter 9.4.4 Tracker Performance Degradations Related to Aero-Optics 9.4.4.1 Track Sensor Aero-Optical Imaging Resolution Degradation 9.4.4.2 Illuminator Propagation and Active Imaging through Aero-Optics 10 Concluding Remarks References Index EULA