دانلود کتاب Agroforestry and Ecosystem Services

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Contents Agroforestry for Ecosystem Services: An Introduction Introduction Agroforestry for Soil Ecosystem Services and Climate Resilience Agroforestry for Improved Water Quality Agroforestry and Silvopasture Agroforestry for Biodiversity Conservation and Enhanced Pollination Agroforestry for Flood Reduction, Air Quality Improvement, and Peatland Protection Agroforestry and Cultural Ecosystem Services Country-Specific Examples, India and Australia Agroforestry Design and Economics Conclusions References Agroforestry Practices for Soil Conservation and Resilient Agriculture Introduction Agroforestry Systems and Soil Conservation Shelterbelts in Eurasia and North America Shelterbelts in Temperate Eurasia Shelterbelts in Semiarid and Arid Eurasia Shelterbelts in the Semiarid US and Canadian Great Plains Summary of Shelterbelt Contributions in Eurasia and North America Silvopasture Systems of the Southeastern USA Soil-Based Ecosystem Services of Silvopasture Systems Forage Considerations for Silvopasture Production Perennial Cool-Season Forages Perennial Warm-Season Forages Annual Cool-Season Forages Annual Warm-Season Forages Livestock Considerations in Silvopastoral Systems Summary of Silvopasture Considerations Agroforestry Practices for Soil Conservation and Agriculture Resilience in the Neotropics Soil Quality Soil Erosion Multifunctionality and Adoption Agroforestry in Africa and Asia Soil Conservation and Agroforestry in African Drylands Agroforestry and Soil Conservation in Humid Zones of Africa Agroforestry and Soil Conservation in Asia Summary of Agroforestry Contributions in Neotropical Africa and Asia Conclusions Regarding Agroforestry Contributions to Soil Conservation References Soil Health Ecosystem Services of Agroforestry Introduction Ecosystem Services Agroforestry and Ecosystem Services Soil Health Agroforestry and Soil Health Agroforestry Management to Sustain and Improve Soil Health and Ecosystem Services Conclusions References Belowground Services in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems Introduction Problems in Modern Viticulture Agroforestry in Vineyards as a Sustainable Solution The Effect of Trees on Soil Water Parameters in Vineyards Increased Water Conservation in Agroforestry Systems Competition Between Trees and Grapevines for Water Striking Water Stress Balance in Grapevines The Effect of Trees on Vineyard Nutrition Parameters Increased Nutrient Availability in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems Reduced Nutrient Losses in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems Competition Between Trees and Grapevines for Nutrients Striking Nutritional Balance in Grapevines The Effect of Trees on Vine Root Systems Improved Soil Structure in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems Soil Niche Competition Between Tree and Grapevine Roots Balancing Competition Through Root Plasticity Practical Implications Conclusion References Selected Soil Properties Among Agroforestry, Natural Forest, Traditional Agriculture, and Palm Oil Land Uses in Central Kalimantan Introduction Materials and Methods Study Site Soil Types Experimental Design and Sampling Cellulase Activity PMEase Activity Urease Activity C, N, and C:N Ratio Statistical Analysis Results and Discussion Soil Carbon Soil Nitrogen Concentration C:N Ratio Urease Activity Cellulase Activity PMEase Activity Conclusions References Water Quality and Quantity Benefits of Agroforestry and Processes: Long-Term Case Studies from Missouri, USA Introduction The Two Study Sites (RAF and GAF) Surface Runoff Groundwater Water Quality Soil Physical Properties Soil Chemical Properties Soil Biological Activity Buffer Vegetation Summary and Conclusions References Enhanced Ecosystem Services Provided by Silvopastures Introduction Silvopasture Ecology Supporting Services of Silvopastures Wildlife Habitat Plant Communities Nutrient Cycling Provisioning Services of Silvopastures Forage Production Animal Production Tree Production Regulating Services of Silvopastures Water Quality Air Quality Soil Conservation Nutrient Distribution and Use Efficiency Weeds, Diseases, and Pests Environmental Modifications Carbon Cycling and Sequestration Cultural Services of Silvopastures Animal Welfare Aesthetics and Recreation Opportunities for Adoption: Placement, Design, and Management Considerations for Silvopastures Conclusion References Silvopasture for Food Security in a Changing Climate Introduction The Food-Climate Crisis Sustainable Livestock Production Silvopasture: A Contribution to Food Security Forage Production Forage Nutritive Value Tree Fodder Production and Nutritive Value Tree Fruit Production Animal Performance Thermal Stress Animal Health Habitat for Pollinators Conclusion References Potential Indicators to Assess the Sustainability of South American Forests Under Silvopastoral Management: Case Study of an Old Roble Forest in Chile’s Andes Introduction Materials and Methods Statistical Analysis Results and Discussion Results of Bibliographic Consultation Expert Consultation or Judgment Results Community Member Consultation Results Methodological Triangulation Results Conclusions References Agroforestry for Biodiversity Conservation Introduction Agroforestry and Diversity Agroforestry and Floral Diversity Agroforestry and Faunal Diversity Agroforestry and Soil Microbial Diversity Practical Implication of Agroforestry on Biodiversity Summary and Future Directions References The Role of Temperate Agroforestry Practices in Supporting Pollinators Introduction Importance of Pollinators Important Groups of Pollinators Pollinator Status and Threats Agroforestry’s Role Providing Habitat Foraging Resources Nesting and Egg-Laying Sites Enhancing Connectivity Reducing Pesticide Exposure Crop Pollination Services Summary References Flood Control and Air Cleaning Regulatory Ecosystem Services of Agroforestry Introduction Flood Control The Processes of Flood Control Air Cleaning Windbreaks Urban Food Forest (UFF) The Processes of Air Cleaning Practical Implications Summary and Future Directions References Establishing Agroforestry Conservation Buffer Zones to Protect Tropical Peatland Forests of Indonesia Introduction Conservation Challenges for Indonesian Peatland Agroforestry as a Conservation Option Materials and Methods Study Area Rimba Raya Biodiversity Reserve as a Case Study Data Soil Land Cover NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) Fire Village Demographic and Spatial Planning Access and Traditional Land-Use Data Index-Based GIS Modeling Data Analysis Ecological Factors Peat Soil Depth Scoring Land Cover and NDVI Scoring Disturbance Factors Fire Density Scoring Access Density Scoring Result and Discussion Suitability Map Sensitivity Analysis Overall Conclusion and Future Directions Conclusion and Management Implications References Cultural Ecosystem Services in Agroforests Introduction Cultural Ecosystem Service Definition and History Assessing CES Cultural Ecosystem Services in Agroforests Case Studies Lacandon Maya Milpa: Chiapas, Mexico Description and History Cultural Ecosystem Services Socioecological Changes VAC Homegardens: Vietnam Description and History Cultural Ecosystem Services Socioecological Changes Rubber Homegardens: Brazil Description and History Cultural Ecosystem Services Socioecological Changes Tree-Vine Vineyards: Portugal Description and History Cultural Ecosystem Services Socioecological Changes Conclusions and Recommendations Common Themes Framework for Assessing Cultural Ecosystem Services in Agroforests The Future of Cultural Ecosystem Services in Agroforests References Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agroforestry Systems in India: A Synthesis Introduction Agroforestry: A Cardinal Feature of the Indian Landscape Area Under Agroforestry in India Agroforestry for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Vegetation Carbon Sequestration Potential of AFS in India Agroforestry Systems and the Nature of Components Ecoregions and Site Quality Species and Stand Age Silvicultural Management Soil Carbon Sequestration Measurement and Estimation of C Sequestration in Agroforestry Systems Concluding Remarks References Ecosystem Services from Agroforestry Systems in Australia Forests and Soils in Australia Ecosystem Services Agroforestry Solutions for Natural and Anthropogenic Issues Permaculture/Home Gardens Grazing Systems and Shelterbelts in Australia Multipurpose Riparian Forests on Farms Salinity Carbon Biodiversity Enhancement on Farms Socioeconomic/Policy Challenges Conclusions References Agroforestry Integration and Multifunctional Landscape Planning for Enhanced Ecosystem Services from Treed Habitats Introduction Background Landscape Ecology Landscape Suitability Analysis Multifunctional Landscape Framework Placement of the Five Agroforestry Practices Alley Cropping Landscape Scale Farm Scale Riparian Forest Buffers Landscape Scale Farm Scale Windbreaks Landscape Scale Farm Scale Silvopasture Landscape Scale Farm Scale Forest Farming Landscape Scale Farm Scale Moving Forward Conclusion References Economic Valuation of Agroforestry Ecosystem Services Introduction Total Economic Value Economic Valuation Approaches Revealed Preference Method Stated Preference Method Benefit Transfer (BT) Methods Summary and Conclusions References Index