دانلود کتاب An Introduction to Microcomputers: Basic Concepts

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1. Microprocessors and Microcomputers 1-1
The Evolution of Computers 1-3
The Origin of Microprocessors and Microcomputers 1-7
About This Book 1-9
How This Book Has Been Printed 1-9
2. Some Fundamental Concepts 2-1
Number Systems 2-2
Decimal Numbers 2-2
Binary Numbers 2-2
Converting Numbers from One Base to Another 2-3
Other Number Systems 2-4
Binary Arithmetic 2-6
Binary Addition 2-6
Binary Subtraction 2-6
Binary Multiplication 2-8
Binary Division 2-8
Boolean Algebra and Computer Logic 2-9
\"OR\" Operation 2-9
\"AND\" Operation 2-10
\"Exclusive-OR\" Operation 2-10
\"NOT\" Operation 2-11
Combining Logical Operations 2-11
De Morgan\'s Theorem 2-12
3. The Makings of a Microprocessor and Its Contents 3-1
Memory Devices 3-1
Memory Types 3-3
Memory Words 3-6
The Byte 3-7
Memory Address 3-8
RAM and ROM Addresses 3-12
Interpreting the Contents of Memory Words 3-14
Stand Alone, Pure Binary Data 3-15
Interpreted Binary Data 3-16
Character Codes 3-28
Instruction Codes 3-31
4. The Central Processing Unit 4-1
CPU Registers 4-2
How CPU Registers are Used 4-5
The Arithmetic and Logic Unit 4-12
The Control Unit 4-12
Status Flags 4-13
Instruction Execution 4-16
Instruction Timing 4-17
Timing Diagrams 4-20
Instruction Cycles 4-25
How Much Should an Instruction Do? 4-35
Microprogramming and the Control Unit 4-41
Microprocessor Control Units 4-45
Chip Slice Control Units 4-54
Registers/Arithmetic and Logic Unit Chip Slice 4-60
The Chip Slice Control Unit 4-74
Combining the ALU with the Control Unit 4-81
5. Logic Beyond the CPU 5-1
Interfacing Program and Data Memory 5-1
Read-Only Memory (ROM) 5-2
Read/Write Memory (RAM) 5-15
Transferring Data Beyond the Microcomputer System 5-18
Programmed I/O 5-19
Interrupt I/O 5-35
A Microprocessor\'s Response to an Interrupt 5-40
Interrupt Priorities 5-57
Direct Memory Access 5-56
Cycle Stealing Direct Memory Access 5-70
DMA With Multiple External Devices 5-79
Data Paths During Direct Memory Access 5-80
Multiple Bus Microcomputer Configurations 5-88
Serial Input/Output 5-94
Identifying Serial Data Bits 5-94
Telephone Lines 5-101
Error Detection 5-101
Serial Input/Output Protocol 5-102
Synchronous Serial Data Transfer 5-102
Bisync Protocol 5-105
SDLC and HDLC Protocols 5-107
Asynchronous Serial Data Transfer 5-114
A Serial I/O Communications Device 5-116
Logic Distribution 5-116
The Microprocessor Serial I/O Device Interface 5-116
The Serial I/O Device 5-118
The Serial I/O Control Signals 5-123
Modem Control Signals 5-124
Controlling the Serial I/O Interface Device 5-126
Addressing the Serial I/O Interface Device 5-127
Programmable Counter/Timers 5-130
Real Time Clock Logic 5-134
Logic Distribution Among Microcomputer Devices 5-134
6. Programming Microcomputers 6-1
The Concept of a Programming Language 6-1
Source Programs 6-3
Object Programs 6-5
Creating Object Programs 6-6
Assembly Language 6-8
Assembly Language Syntax 6-8
Assembler Directives 6-13
Memory Addressing 6-14
Microprocessor Memory Addressing—Where it Began 6-15
Implied Memory Addressing 6-16
Direct Memory Addressing 6-17
Direct Versus Implied Addressing 6-18
Variations of Direct Memory Addressing 6-18
Paged Direct Addressing 6-21
Direct Memory Addressing in Microcomputers 6-27
Auto-Increment and Auto-Decrement 6-41
The Stack 6-42
Memory Stacks 6-42
The Cascade Stack 6-44
How a Stack is Used 6-44
Nested Subroutines and Use of the Stack 6-48
Double Stacks 6-49
Multiple Stacks 6-50
Indirect Addressing 6-51
Program Relative, Indirect Addressing 6-53
Indirect Addressing: Mini- vs. Micro-computers 6-54
Indexed Addressing 6-56
Base Relative Addressing 6-61
Memory Segmentation 6-63
7. An Instruction Set 7-1
CPU Architecture 7-2
Status Flags 7-5
Addressing Modes 7-5
A Description of Instructions 7-7
Assembly Language Syntax Used in This Chapter 7-7
Input/Output Instructions 7-8
Memory Reference Instructions 7-11
Secondary Memory Reference (Memory Reference 7-17
Operate) Instructions
Local Immediate Instructions, 7-23
Jump and Jump-to-Subroutine
Immediate Operate Instructions 7-27
Branch-on-Condition Instructions 7-29
Register-Register Move Instructions 7-34
Register-Register Operate Instructions 7-36
Register Operate Instructions 7-39
Stack Instructions 7-47
Parameter Passing Instructions 7-48
Interrupt Instruction 7-51
Status Instructions 7-54
Halt Instruction 7-55
An Instruction Set Summary 7-56
More Advanced Microprocessor Instr. Set Concepts 7-61
CPU Architecture 7-61
Input/Output Instructions 7-63
Memory Reference Instructions 7-64
Secondary Memory Reference Instructions 7-65
Load Immediate, Jump and Jump-to-Subroutine 7-65
Instructions
Immediate Operate Instructions 7-66
Branch-on-Condition Instructions 7-66
Register-Register Move Instructions 7-66
Register-Register Operate Instructions 7-66
Register Operate Instructions 7-66
Stack Instructions 7-66
Block Move and Translate Instructions 7-67
Appendix A
Standard Character Codes A-1
ASCII Character Codes A-2
ASCII Character Codes in Ascending Order A-3
EBCDIC Character Codes A-5
Appendix B
Binary Multiplication and Division Algorithms B-1
Simple 8-Bit Binary Multiplication B-2
Simple 8-Bit Binary Division B-5
Simple Signed Binary Multiplication & Division B-5
Multiplying and Dividing Larger Binary Numbers B-6
Appendix C
Microprocessor Assembly Language Draft Standard
IEEE Task P694/D 11 C-1
Index I-1