دانلود کتاب Animal Models of Reproductive Behavior (Neuromethods, 200)

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Preface to the Series
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: The Study of Social Cognition: Social Recognition and Social Learning in Laboratory Rats and Mice
1 Introduction
1.1 Social Recognition
1.2 Social Learning
1.2.1 Field Experimental Methods
1.2.2 Mate-Choice Copying
1.2.3 Theoretical/Statistical Methodologies
2 Materials
2.1 Social Recognition
2.1.1 The Arena
2.1.2 Stimulus Animals
2.1.3 Video Recording Device
2.1.4 Social Recognition Paradigm
2.1.5 Behavioral Analysis
2.2 Social Learning
2.2.1 Apparatus
2.2.2 Flavored Food Diets
2.2.3 Video Recording Device
2.2.4 Demonstrators and Observers
2.2.5 Social Transmission of Food Preference Paradigm
2.2.6 Behavioral Analysis
3 Methods: Behavioral Procedure
3.1 Social Recognition
3.2 Social Learning
4 Notes
4.1 Possible Paradigm Issues
4.2 Underlying Mechanisms for these Social Behaviors
References
Chapter 2: Social and Sexual Preference in Socially Monogamous Species: Prairie Voles (Microtus ochrogaster) and Zebra Finch (...
1 Introduction
2 Prairie Vole
2.1 Partner Preference Test
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Materials
Subjects
Apparatus
Tools for Test Setup and Analysis
2.1.3 Methods
Arena Preparation and Habituation
Partner Preference Test
Data Preparation
Data Analysis
2.1.4 Notes
3 Conditioned Place Preference Test
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methods
3.2.1 Subjects
3.2.2 Apparatus and Preparation
3.3 Conditional Place Preference Test
3.4 Statistical Analysis
3.5 Variations
3.6 Notes
4 Resident-Intruder Test
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Resident-Intruder Test
4.2.1 Habituation
4.2.2 Test
4.3 Statistical Analysis
4.4 Notes
5 The Zebra Finch
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Group Aviary Test
5.2 Materials
5.2.1 Subjects
5.2.2 Apparatus
Tools for Test Setup and Analysis
5.3 Methods
5.3.1 Preparation
5.3.2 Behavioral Scoring
5.3.3 Trial
5.3.4 Data Analysis
5.4 Notes
References
Chapter 3: Basic Protocols for the Study of Maternal Behavior in Rabbits
1 Introduction
2 Protocol 1. Nest-Building Behavior
2.1 Materials
2.2 Procedure
3 Protocol 2. Induction of Nest Building by Systemic Administration of Hormones
3.1 Materials
3.2 Procedure
4 Protocol 3. Induction of Nest Building by Combined Central and Systemic Administration of Steroid Hormones
4.1 Materials
4.2 Procedure
5 Protocol 4. Maternal Behavior at Parturition
5.1 Materials
5.2 Procedure
6 Protocol 5. Postpartum Maternal Behavior
6.1 Materials
6.2 Procedure
7 Protocol 6. Postpartum Maternal Behavior: Free Access to the Nest and Continuous Video Recording
7.1 Materials
7.2 Procedure
8 Protocol 7. Induction of Maternal Behavior by Anosmia
8.1 Lesion of the Accessory Olfactory Bulb
8.1.1 Materials
8.1.2 Procedure
8.2 Lesion of the Main Olfactory Epithelium
8.2.1 Materials
8.2.2 Procedure
8.2.3 General Notes
9 Summary and Future Directions
References
Chapter 4: Basic Protocols to Study Parental Behavior in Rats
1 Introduction
1.1 Description of Parental Behaviors in Rats
1.2 Components of Parental Behaviors in Rats
2 General Considerations
3 Protocols
3.1 Protocol 1: Continuous Observation of MB
3.2 Protocol 2: Spot-Check Observation
3.3 Protocol 3: Nest-Building Test
3.4 Protocol 4: Sensitization Process
3.5 Protocol 5: Alternative Sensitization Protocol to Induce MB by Hormones
3.6 Protocol 6: Maternal Aggression Test
3.7 Protocol 7: Maternal Motivation
4 Summary
References
Chapter 5: The Bruce Effect: Complementary Roles of Olfactory Memory and Male-Sourced Estradiol
1 Introduction
2 Female Adaptations Around Implantation and Stress
2.1 Diverse Stressors Can Prevent Implantation
2.2 Mechanisms of Implantation Success or Failure
3 The Role of Female Olfactory Memory in the Bruce Effect
3.1 Urinary Markers of Individual Differences
3.2 The Vomeronasal Organ
3.3 Pathways in the Brain
3.4 Transduction of Neural to Endocrine Signals
3.5 Concerns about Stressful Procedures in Some Olfactory Memory Research
4 The Role of Male-Excreted Estradiol in the Bruce Effect
4.1 General Methods
4.2 Bioactive E2 Is Reliably Found in Male Excretions
4.3 Differences Between Sires and Novel Males in Behavior and Urinary Steroids
4.4 Manipulations of Male Urinary E2 and Female Reactivity to E2 Have Predictable Effects
4.5 E2 Transfers from Novel Males to Blood and Organs of Cohabiting Females
4.6 E2 Is Abundant in Semen and Directly Reaches the Uterus During Mating
5 Concluding Remarks
5.1 Mediation of the Bruce Effect Is Multifactorial
5.2 Direct Exposure to Novel Males Produces the Clearest Effects
5.3 The State of Research on Male-Sourced E2 and Female Olfactory Memory
5.4 A Note on Evolutionary and Comparative Factors
References
Chapter 6: Open-Source JL Olfactometer for Awake Behaving Recording of Brain Activity for Mice Engaged in Olfactory Tasks
1 Introduction
2 Materials
2.1 Design of the JL Olfactometer
3 Methods
3.1 Installing the Software
3.2 Lick Detection
3.3 Go-No-Go and Go-Go Associative Learning in Head-Fixed Animals
3.4 Go-No-Go and Olfactory Threshold with the 2-Channel JL Olfactometer
3.5 Working Memory
4 Discussion
References
Chapter 7: Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Method for the Study of Social Behavior in a Rodent Model
1 Introduction
2 General Overview of Subjects and Equipment
2.1 Subjects
2.2 Equipment
2.2.1 MRI Scanner, Coil, and Image Acquisition Sequences
2.2.2 Anesthesia and Physiological Monitoring
2.2.3 Requirements for Data Analysis
3 Methodological Proposal
3.1 Experimental Design
3.2 Prairie Vole Preparation and Base Conditions
3.3 Subcutaneous Anesthesia Preparation
3.4 MR Equipment and Subject Preparation
3.5 Data Acquisition
3.6 Data Analysis
3.6.1 Data Pre-Processing
3.6.2 Functional Connectivity Analysis
4 Notes
References
Chapter 8: Evaluation of Sexual Behavior in Laboratory vs Seminatural Conditions
1 Introduction
2 Examples of Insect Model Organisms
3 Multisensory Processing in Insects´ Mate Choice and Mate Searching and Its Importance in Experimental Methods Selection
4 Experimental Methods Used in Laboratory
4.1 Small Behavior Chamber
4.2 Physiological Recordings in Individual Insects
4.3 Observing Apparatus Used in a Population of Insects
4.4 Seminatural Environment with Host Plants
5 Insect Conclusion
6 Why Study Rodent Sexual Behavior?
7 The Role of Representative Design in the Studies of Rat Sexual Behavior
8 Materials
8.1 Apparatus
8.2 Animals
8.3 Procedure
8.3.1 General Considerations
8.3.2 Preparation of the Animals
8.3.3 Preparing the Environment
8.3.4 Using the Environment
8.4 Behavioral Observations
8.5 Data Analysis
9 Seminatural Environments and Sex Differences in Non-Sexual Behaviors
10 A Note on Human Sexual Behavior and Seminatural Conditions
11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Sexual Incentive Motivation
1 Introduction
1.1 Sexual Incentive Motivation
1.2 Assessing Sexual Incentive Motivation
1.3 Sex Differences
2 Materials
2.1 Equipment
2.2 Apparatus and Setup
2.3 Animals
3 Methods
3.1 Habituation
3.2 Testing
3.3 Data Analysis
4 Conclusion
5 Notes
References
Chapter 10: Pro-Choice: Partner Preference as a Method to Assess Sexual Motivation
1 Introduction
2 The Experimental Animals
3 The Stimulus Animals
4 The Apparatus
5 The Benefits and Drawbacks of No Contact and Contact Phase of the Partner Preference Test
6 The Procedure
7 The Dependent Measurements
8 Partner Preference in the Broader Context of Sexual Behavior
9 Sex Differences
10 Experiment
10.1 Methods
10.1.1 Animals
10.1.2 Surgery
10.1.3 Hormone Treatment
10.2 Behavioral Procedures
10.2.1 Apparatus
10.2.2 Acclimation
10.2.3 Partner Preference Test
10.2.4 Behaviors Recorded and Calculated
11 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Copulation in Rats: Analysis of Behavioral and Seminal Parameters
1 Introduction
2 Part A
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Male Copulatory Behavior
2.1.2 Male Rat Copulatory Motor Patterns
Mount Pattern
Intromission Pattern
Ejaculation Pattern
2.2 Materials
2.2.1 Animals
2.2.2 Copulatory Arena, Stopwatch, and Record Sheet
2.2.3 Hormones to Induce Estrus
2.3 Methods
2.3.1 Female Preparation
Preparation of Estradiol-Benzoate (10 μg to Administer 0.1 mL, Subcutaneously)
Preparation of Progesterone (2 mg to Administer 0.1 mL, Subcutaneously)
2.3.2 Duration of Tests for Copulatory Training
2.3.3 Copulatory Training Tests Frequency
2.3.4 Recording the Copulatory Parameters
2.3.5 Copulatory Parameters and Other Copulatory Measurements
Mount Latency (ML)
Intromission Latency (IL)
Ejaculation Latency (EL)
Number of Mounts (NM)
Number of Intromissions (NI)
Hit Rate (HR)
Interintromission Interval (III)
2.4 Notes
3 Part B
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 The Ejaculate
3.1.2 Seminal Emission and Seminal Expulsion, the Two Phases of Ejaculation
3.1.3 The Rat´s Ejaculate
3.2 Materials
3.2.1 Equipment
3.2.2 Others
3.2.3 Reagents
3.3 Methods
3.3.1 Surgical Procedure to Obtain Uterine Content of Mated Females
3.3.2 Seminal Parameters by Indirect Spermatobioscopy
Semen Color
Semen pH
Sperm Motility
Sperm Morphology
Sperm Viability
Sperm Count
3.3.3 Surgical Procedure to Obtain the Seminal Plug
3.3.4 Seminal Plug Parameters
Weight
Size
3.4 Notes
3.5 Sexual Dysfunctions Related with Ejaculation. An Example to Illustrate How These Methods Are Used
3.5.1 Can Man´s Sexual Behavior Be Modeled?
3.5.2 Natural Models of Ejaculatory Dysfunctions
References
Chapter 12: Paced Mating Behavior
1 Introduction
2 Methods to Measure Sexual Motivation
3 Paced Mating
4 Method
4.1 Pacing Chamber
4.2 Non-Pacing Chambers
4.3 Subjects
4.4 Stimulus Males
4.5 Test Duration
4.6 Procedure
4.6.1 Behavioral Observations
5 Sex Differences and Similarities in Pacing Behavior
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: Assessment of Sexual Reward with the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm
1 Introduction
2 Materials
2.1 Apparatus
2.1.1 Mating Cages
2.1.2 CPP Apparatus
2.2 Animal Preparations
2.2.1 Males
2.2.2 Females
2.3 Video Analysis
3 Methods
3.1 CPP Paradigm
3.2 Experimental Variables
4 Notes
4.1 Variations in the CPL Paradigm
4.1.1 Conditioning in the CPL Apparatus/in Separate Chambers
4.1.2 Habituation, Duration of Tests, Number of Conditioning Sessions, and Interval Between Conditioning Sessions
4.1.3 Experimental Variables
4.2 Sex
4.3 Paced Mating
4.4 Steroid Hormones
4.5 Sexual Experience
4.6 Sensorial Stimuli
4.6.1 Olfactory Stimuli
4.6.2 Genitosensorial Stimuli
4.7 Neurotransmitters
4.7.1 Dopamine
4.7.2 Opioids
4.7.3 Other Neurotransmitters
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Because Sex Matters: The Case of Female Sexual Response
1 Introduction
2 Basic Considerations Regarding Copulatory Behavior in the Female Rat
3 FSR and Some of Its Peculiarities
3.1 The Flexibility of Sexual Behavior in Women
3.2 FSR: Models in Different Shapes and Sizes
3.3 Women´s Sexual Arousal: The Bipartite Component and Its Discrepancy
3.4 The Role of Intra and Interpersonal Influences on Women´s Sexual Response
4 Common Methods for Measuring Genital Arousal in Women
4.1 Vaginal Photoplethysmography
4.2 Labial Thermistor
4.3 Genital Infrared Thermography
4.4 Lubrication
5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Methods to Assess the Role of Neurogenesis in Reproductive Behaviors of Birds, Rats, and Sheep
1 Introduction
1.1 Adult Neurogenesis
1.2 Models for Studying the Role of Adult Neurogenesis in Reproduction
1.2.1 Songbirds
1.2.2 Rodents
1.2.3 Sheep
2 Methods for Studying Adult Neurogenesis
2.1 Markers of DNA Replication
2.1.1 Materials
2.1.2 Methods
2.2 Neuronal Precursor Labeling by Electroporation
2.2.1 Materials
2.2.2 Methods
3 Notes
References
Index