دانلود کتاب Antimony

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Cover
Half Title
Also of interest
Antimony
Copyright
Preface
Contents
1. A brief history of antimony
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Antimony and the metals industry
1.3 Antimony and Basil Valentine
1.4 Antimony in the seventeenth century
1.5 Antimony and Nicholas Lemery
1.6 Antimony and Herman Boerhaave
1.7 Antimony in the nineteenth century
1.8 Antimony in the twentieth century
References
2. Primary and secondary minerals of antimony
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Antimony in rocks
2.3 Primary minerals
2.3.1 Antimony minerals in orogenic, Carlin-type, and amagmatic deposits
2.3.2 Antimony in epithermal deposits
2.3.3 Antimony minerals in orthomagmatic Ni-Cu-PGE deposits
2.4 Transition from low-temperature hydrothermal overprint to weathering
2.5 Secondary minerals
2.5.1 Antimony oxides and hydroxides
2.5.2 Adsorption of antimony and incorporation of antimony into nominally antimony-free minerals
2.5.3 System Fe-Sb-O
2.5.4 System CaO−PbO−CuO−Sb2O3−Sb2O5−H2O: Minerals of roméite group
2.5.5 System MgO−NiO−Na2O−Sb2O5−H2O
2.5.6 Other secondary minerals of antimony
2.5.7 General features of secondary mineralogy of antimony
References
3. Economic geology and environmental characteristics of antimony deposits
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Economic geology
3.2.1 Factors influencing ore genesis
3.2.2 Antimony deposit classification
3.3 Ore processing
3.4 Environmental characteristics
3.5 Conclusions
References
4. Review of the anthropogenic flows and stocks of antimony
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Anthropogenic antimony cycle
4.2.1 Production and processing
4.2.2 Manufacturing and use
4.2.3 Waste management
4.2.4 Comparison of available MFAs from the literature
4.3 Conclusions and perspective
References
5. Antimony in China
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Ore resources and production
5.3 Emission sources
5.3.1 Antimony emissions during antimony production processes
5.3.2 Antimony emissions during coal combustion
5.3.3 Antimony emissions during antimony manufacture and fabrication
5.3.4 Antimony emissions during usage of antimony-containing products
5.4 Distribution in the environment
5.4.1 Atmosphere
5.4.2 Soils
5.4.2.1 Antimony distribution in soils from mining areas
5.4.2.2 Antimony distribution in soils in the non-antimony mining areas
5.4.3 Waters
5.4.3.1 Abundance of antimony in mining area waters
5.4.3.2 Antimony concentration in waters from different regions
5.4.4 Sediments
5.4.4.1 Antimony distribution in sediments of the mining area
5.4.4.2 Spatial distribution of antimony in river/lake sediments
5.4.5 Plants
5.4.5.1 Antimony distribution in non-food plants growing in mining areas
5.4.5.2 Antimony distribution in vegetables and crops in mining areas
5.4.6 Animals and microorganisms
5.4.6.1 Antimony distribution in animals
5.4.6.2 Antimony distribution in microorganisms
5.5 Environmental and health risk of antimony
5.5.1 Human health risk of antimony
5.5.2 Environmental and ecological risk
5.6 Policy and management
5.6.1 Emission standards
5.6.2 Pollutant emission permits
5.6.3 Pollution control
5.6.4 Representative facility
5.7 Conclusion and perspective
References
6. Diffuse soil contamination by antimony
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methods
6.2.1 Datasets
6.2.2 Mapping
6.2.3 CDF analysis
6.3 Results
References
7. Antimony soil–plant transfer
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Soil factors influencing antimony solution concentrations and speciation for plant uptake
7.2.1 Mineral surfaces
7.2.2 Solid and dissolved soil natural organic matter
7.2.3 Competitive ions
7.2.4 Co-precipitation and precipitation
7.2.5 Redox
7.2.6 Biomethylation
7.3 Antimony accumulation and species in plants
7.4 Rhizosphere effects
7.5 Plant uptake, translocation and storage
7.5.1 Uptake
7.5.2 Translocation, subcellular distribution, and transformations
7.5.3 Hyperaccumulation
7.6 Toxicity and detoxification
References
8. Shooting range contamination: antimony occurrence, transport, and fate
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Occurrence of antimony at small arms shooting ranges
8.2.1 Distribution of antimony in soil
8.2.2 Weathering of bullets and solid phase speciation
8.3 Fate of antimony in soil and soil water at contaminated shooting ranges
8.3.1 Redox speciation of antimony in shooting range soils
8.3.2 Leaching of antimony in shooting range soils
8.4 Antimony bioavailability and uptake in biota
8.4.1 Bioavailability
8.4.2 Uptake of antimony in plants
8.5 Remediation options for shooting range soils
8.6 Lessons and perspectives
References
9. From headwaters to oceans: antimony across the aquatic continuum
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Analytical and methodological considerations
9.3 About time scales
9.4 Systems
9.4.1 Rivers
9.4.2 Lakes
9.4.3 Transitional systems between land and ocean
9.4.4 Oceans
9.5 Chemistry at work
9.5.1 Redox and solubility issues
9.5.2 Influence of natural organic matter
9.5.3 Influence of iron oxy(hydroxides)
9.5.4 Influence of sulfide
9.6 Biota at work
9.7 Conclusions
References
10. Radioactive antimony: known emissions and environmental dispersion
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Characteristics of radioactive antimony
10.2.1 Half-lives and radioactive decay
10.2.2 Unique anthropogenic origin
10.3 Sources and emitted activities to the environment
10.3.1 Historical releases from punctual nuclear bomb tests
10.3.2 Continuous releases from nuclear installations: NPPs and fuel reprocessing plants
10.3.3 Registered accidental releases from NPPs: cases of Chernobyl and Fukushima
10.4 Environmental reactivity and biogeochemical behavior
10.4.1 Solid fractionation and solid/liquid partitioning (Kd)
10.4.2 Transfer rates, bioaccumulation factors, and radiotoxicity
10.4.3 Environmental dispersion and fate
References
11. Biomethylation and biovolatilization of antimony
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Terminology
11.1.2 Basic chemical properties
11.2 Biomethylation pathway
11.2.1 Factors affecting the biomethylation of antimony
11.3 Analytical techniques
11.3.1 Standards and certified reference materials
11.3.2 Sample preservation
11.3.3 Sampling and preservation of volatile and non-volatile species
11.3.4 Solid sample extraction and stability of extracts
11.3.5 Speciation analysis
11.3.5.1 Hydride generation
11.3.5.2 Gas chromatography
11.3.5.3 High-performance liquid chromatography
11.3.6 Detector systems
11.3.6.1 Atomic absorption spectrometer
11.3.6.2 Atomic fluorescence spectrometer
11.3.6.3 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer
11.3.6.4 Mass spectrometer
11.4 Occurrence and behavior
11.4.1 Aerobic microorganisms
11.4.2 Anaerobic microorganisms
11.4.3 Aquatic environments
11.4.4 Soils and sediments
11.4.5 Biota
11.4.6 Sewage sludge fermenters
11.4.7 Landfills
11.4.8 Geothermal hot springs
11.5 Toxicity
11.6 Future outlooks
Abbreviations
References
12. Molecular mechanisms of antimony transport and detoxification
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Uptake and release of antimony via the aquaglyceroporins
12.2.1 The yeast aquaglyceroporin Fps1
12.2.2 Plant aquaglyceroporins
12.2.3 Protozoan aquaglyceroporins
12.2.4 Vertebrate aquaglyceroporins
12.3 Pathways of antimony detoxification
12.3.1 Sb(III)/As(III)-specific transporters
12.3.1.1 ArsB
12.3.1.2 Acr3
12.3.1.3 ArsK
12.3.2 Sb(III) complexation and sequestration via the ABC transporters
12.3.2.1 Ycf1 and glutathione in S. cerevisiae
12.3.2.2 MRP1 and glutathione in mammals
12.3.2.3 ABC transporters and trypanothione in Leishmania
12.3.2.4 ABC transporters and phytochelatins in plants and fungi
12.3.3 Antimony biotransformation as a means of detoxification
12.4 Challenges and perspectives
References
13. Pentavalent antimonials in the treatment of human leishmaniasis
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Leishmaniasis in humans
13.2.1 Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)
13.2.2 Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL)
13.2.3 Visceral leishmaniasis (VL)
13.2.4 Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)
13.2.5 Leishmania and HIV coinfection
13.3 Epidemiological aspects
13.3.1 Burden of leishmaniasis
13.3.2 Major foci and human behavior
13.3.2.1 Mediterranean Basin
13.3.2.2 Southeast Asia
13.3.2.3 East Africa
13.3.2.4 The Americas
13.3.3 Socioeconomic factors
13.3.4 Malnutrition
13.3.5 Population movements
13.3.6 Environmental changes
13.3.7 Climate change
13.3.8 Periodic fluctuations in incidence of disease
13.4 Pentavalent antimonials and human leishmaniasis
13.4.1 Overview
13.4.2 Overdose
13.4.3 Interactions
13.4.4 Mechanism of action and resistance
13.4.5 Pharmacokinetics
13.4.6 Combination therapy
13.4.7 Use of pentavalent antimonials by leishmaniasis type
13.4.7.1 Visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. donovani in East Africa and Yemen
13.4.7.2 Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in East Africa
13.4.7.3 Visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. infantum in the Mediterranean Basin, Middle East, Central Asia, and South America
13.4.7.4 Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. major, L. tropica, L. aethiopia, and L. infantum
13.4.7.5 Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Americas
13.4.8 Access to quality-assured pentavalent antimonials
13.4.9 Way forward
References
14. Ecotoxicity of antimony
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Quality criteria for ecotoxicological data
14.3 Ecotoxicity data for antimony
14.3.1 Antimony toxicity in the aquatic environment
14.3.2 Antimony toxicity to sediment organisms
14.3.3 Antimony toxicity in the terrestrial environment
14.4 Bioaccumulation and secondary poisoning
14.5 Endocrine disrupting properties
14.6 Environmental quality standards
14.7 Conclusions
References
15. Antimony: human exposure
15.1 Distribution and guidelines
15.2 Human exposure to antimony through water
15.3 Human exposure to antimony through the vegetable–soil system
15.4 Human exposure to antimony through aquatic ecosystems
15.5 Human exposure to antimony through atmospheric contamination
15.6 Antimony in food
15.7 Antimony in humans: absence of evidence or evidence of absence?
References
16. Legislating antimony and its compounds
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Criticality and recycling
16.3 Classification
16.4 Risk assessment
16.5 Site restrictions
16.6 Product restrictions
16.7 Waste and recycling
References
Appendix
References
Index