دانلود کتاب Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition [Team-IRA]

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Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Integration of Nutrition into Clinical Practice
Introduction
Average Revenue from Food Sales and the Potential
Strategies to Increase Product Sales
Recommending an Effective Therapeutic Food
Recommending Therapeutic Treats
Recommending Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements
Creating or Increasing Revenue from Nutritional Advice
Nutritional Advice for Healthy Patients
Nutritional Advice for Unhealthy Patients
References
Chapter 2 Basic Nutrition Overview
Energy
Energy Requirements
Essential Nutrients
Protein and Amino Acids
Fat
Carbohydrates
Minerals
Vitamins
Storage Pools for Essential Nutrients
Essential Nutrient Deficiency Signs and Clinically Available or Relevant Methods of Assessing Nutrient Status
Protein
Amino Acids
Fat
Minerals
Macrominerals (Typically Required at 100 mg/Mcal)
Microminerals (Typically Required at <100 mg/Mcal)
Vitamins
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Diagnostic and Food Analysis Laboratories and Diet Computer Analysis
Nutrient Requirements
Key Clinical Nutritional Excesses and Signs
Additional Education on Nutrition
References
Chapter 3 Determining Energy Requirements
Units
Basic Concepts and Terminology
Diet Records or History
Calculating the Energy Content of a Diet
Practical Equations for Predicting the Metabolizable Energy Content of Dog and Cat Foods
Calculating Energy Requirement from Body Weight
Methods of Determining Energy Expenditure and Energy Requirements
Methods of Calculating Energy Expenditure and Energy Requirements
Energy Requirements for Maintenance
Energy Requirements for Growth
Energy Requirements for Pregnancy and Lactation
Calculating Energy Requirements in States of Disease
Summary
References
Chapter 4 Nutritional and Energy Requirements for Performance
How Much Should Exercising Dogs Be Fed?
Energy Requirements for Performance and Work
Types of Exercise and Nutrient Requirements
The Importance of Training
Nutritional Recommendations for Dogs Undertaking Different Types of Exercise
Long-Distance Submaximal Aerobic Exercise
Short-Distance Supramaximal Anaerobic Exercise
Fluid and Electrolyte Requirements, Hydration, and “Sports Drinks”
Antioxidants
Other Vitamins, Trace Minerals, and Other Essential Nutrients
Other Nutritional Supplements
Time of Feeding
Summary
References
Chapter 5 Pet Food and Supplement Regulations: Practical Implications
US Regulation
US Regulation of Pet Foods and Supplements
Labeling Claims
Summary
European Union Regulation
Definitions, Abbreviations, and Acronyms
General Pet Food Regulations
Complementary Pet Food: Composition, Uses, and Labeling
Dietetic Pet Food
Practical Implications
Summary
References
Chapter 6 Using Pet Food Labels and Product Guides
“Reading” a Pet Food Label
Overview of Regulatory Oversight
Principal Display Panel or Front Display Panel
Back Panel
Caloric Distribution Calculation
Using Product Brochures and Guides
Converting Nutrient Concentrations to a Dry Matter Basis
Converting Nutrient Concentrations to an Energy Basis
Converting to Other Units
Product Guide Recommendations for Conditions and Diseases
Summary
Recommended Resources
Chapter 7 Feeding the Healthy Dog and Cat
Feeding the Healthy Dog and Cat
How Much to Feed
When and How to Feed
Free-Choice (Ad Libitum, Self-Feeding)
Time-Restricted Meal Feeding
Portion-Controlled Feeding
Snacks and Treats
Jerky Treats and Fanconi Syndrome in Dogs
What to Feed
Feeding Guidelines for Different Life Stages
Gestation and Lactation
Growth
Weaning to Adult
Adult Cats and Dogs
Senior Dogs and Cats
Summary
References
Chapter 8 Commercial and Home-Prepared Diets
Introduction
Commercial Diets
Types of Pet Foods
Terminology
Market Segments
Commercial Dog and Cat Diet Formulation and Considerations
Ingredient Database Population
Ingredient Procurement
Formulation Software
Equipment
Guaranteed Analysis Target
Ingredient Declaration Order
Functionality
Shelf Life
Palatability
Least Cost
Stool Quality and Digestibility
Labeling
Continuous Improvement
Home-Prepared Diets
Nutritional Adequacy
Managing Patients Using Home-Prepared Diets
Raw Food Feeding
Summary
References
Chapter 9 Nutritional Management of Body Weight
The Health Consequences of Overweightness and Obesity
Obesity as a Risk Factor for Canine Orthopedic Disease
Obesity as a Risk Factor for Feline Diabetes Mellitus
Additional Health Risks of Obesity in Dogs and Cats
Increasing Awareness of Overweightness and Obesity
Targeting Optimal Weight
Body Condition Scoring
Understanding the Risk Factors for Weight Gain
Accurate Accounting of Caloric Intake
Formulation of the Weight-Loss Plan
Dietary Considerations
Exercise
Tailoring the Program to the Patient
Assessment of the Weight-Loss Plan
Safety and Efficacy of Weight-Loss Programs for Companion Animals
Adjustment of the Weight-Loss Plan
Summary
References
Chapter 10 Nutritional Management of Orthopedic Diseases
Bone Composition and Calciotropic Hormones
Chemical Composition of Bone
Mineral Composition During Growth
Hormonal Regulation of Calcium
The Role of Nutrition During Skeletal Growth and Development
Energy
Calcium, Phosphorus, and Vitamin D
Phosphorus Deficiency
Vitamin D Deficiency (Rickets or Hypovitaminosis D)
Deficiency of Other Trace Minerals
Calcium Excess (Alimentary Hypercalcitoninism)
Vitamin D Excess
Vitamin A Excess
Nutrient Requirements for Skeletal Maintenance in Adult Animals
Implementation of Nutrition in Clinical Orthopedics
Influence of Nutrition in the Occurrence of Orthopedic Diseases
Elbow Dysplasias
Hip Dysplasia
Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (or Metaphyseal Osteopathy) in Dogs
Prevention of Nutritionally Related Orthopedic Diseases
Diets to Support Treatment of Patients with Osteoarthrosis
Causative Role of Nutrition
Therapeutic Role of Nutrition
Osteoarthrosis in Cats
Summary
References
Chapter 11 Nutritional Management of Gastrointestinal Diseases
Key Dietary Variables
Protein
Glutamine
Fat
Fiber and Prebiosis
Immune Response to Dietary Antigens (Oral Tolerance)
Immunologic Basis for Oral Tolerance
Loss of Tolerance to Dietary Antigens
Food Immunogenicity
Acute Gastrointestinal Disease
Withholding Food for Acute Non-specific Gastroenteritis
Benefits of Luminal Nutrition in Acute Gastroenteritis
Veterinary Evidence
Recommendations
Chronic Gastrointestinal Disease
Periodontal Disease
Esophageal Disease
Small Intestinal Disease
Large Intestinal Disease
Colitis
Idiopathic Large-Bowel Diarrhea
Constipation and Megacolon
Intestinal Gas and Flatulence
Summary
References
Chapter 12 Nutritional Management of Exocrine Pancreatic Diseases
Pancreatitis
Pathophysiology
Nutritional Management
Controversies Regarding Nutritional Management
Dietary Management
Foods to Avoid in Chronic Pancreatitis
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
Pathophysiology
Nutritional Management
Controversies Regarding Nutritional Management
Dietary Management
Summary
References
Chapter 13 Nutritional Management of Hepatobiliary Diseases
Metabolic Alterations in Liver Failure
Carbohydrate Metabolic Alterations
Protein and Amino Acid Metabolic Alterations
Lipid Metabolic Alterations
Vitamin and Mineral Abnormalities
Malnutrition in Liver Disease
Nutritional Management of Common Hepatobiliary Disorders
Feline Idiopathic Hepatic Lipidosis
Copper-Associated Hepatotoxicity in Dogs
Portosystemic Shunts and Hepatic Encephalopathy
Chronic Hepatitis
Summary
References
Chapter 14 Nutritional Management of Skin Diseases
Evaluation of Diet in the Context of Dermatologic Disease
Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses
Protein
Essential Fatty Acids
Zinc
Copper
Vitamin A
Vitamin E
Vitamin B Complex
Vitamin C
Generic Dog Food Dermatosis
Skin Diseases That Benefit from Nutritional or Dietary Management
Cutaneous Adverse Food Reactions
Cutaneous Xanthomatosis
Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis
Nutritional Supplementation for Management of Skin Disease
Fatty Acid Supplementation
Zinc Supplementation for Skin Disease
B Vitamin Supplementation
Vitamin A–Responsive Skin Diseases
Vitamin E–Responsive Skin Diseases
Therapeutic Diets for Skin Health
Summary
References
Chapter 15 Nutritional Management of Kidney Disease
Chronic Kidney Disease
Water
Energy
Protein
Phosphate
Electrolytes
Acid–Base Balance
Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Fiber
Antioxidants
Nutrients That Target the Endothelium
Clinical Efficacy
Administration
Concurrent Diseases
Home-Prepared Diets
Monitoring
Acute Kidney Injury
Glomerular Disease
Fanconi Syndrome
Conclusion
Summary
References
Chapter 16 Nutritional Management of Lower Urinary Tract Disease
Crystal-Related Lower Urinary Tract Disease
Urolithiasis
Surgically and Minimally Invasive Management of Uroliths
Matrix-Crystalline Urethral Plugs
Idiopathic Cystitis
Urinary Tract Infections
Summary
References
Chapter 17 Nutritional Management of Endocrine Diseases
Diabetes Mellitus
Nutritional Factors
Food Type
Feeding Recommendations and Assessment
Hyperlipidemia
Classification and Etiology
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Management and Assessment
Hypothyroidism and Hyperadrenocorticism in Dogs
Dietary Hyperthyroidism in Dogs
Feline Hyperthyroidism and Idiopathic Hypercalcemia
Hyperthyroidism
Feline Idiopathic Hypercalcemia
Summary
References
Chapter 18 Nutritional Management of Cardiovascular Diseases
Feeding the Cat with Cardiac Disease
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Feeding the Dog with Cardiac Disease
Asymptomatic Cardiac Disease (Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease, Dilated Cardiomyopathy, or Other Cardiac Diseases; American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine [ACVIM] Stage B)
Mild to Moderate Congestive Heart Failure (ACVIM Stage C)
Advanced Congestive Heart Failure (ACVIM Stage D)
Additional Supplements for Dogs with Cardiac Disease
Hypertension
General Nutritional Issues for Dogs and Cats with Cardiac Disease
Summary
References
Chapter 19 Nutritional Management of Oncologic Diseases
Cancer-Associated Malnutrition
Weight Loss and Cachexia in Humans with Cancer
Weight Loss and Cachexia in Cats and Dogs with Cancer
Obesity in Humans with Cancer
Obesity in Cats and Dogs with Cancer
Canine Mammary Tumors and Obesity
Nutritional Management of Cats and Dogs with Cancer
Energy
Calorie Sources
Protein and Amino Acids
Assisted Feeding
Other Nutrients for Cats and Dogs with Cancer
Nutritional Fads
Supplements and Nutraceuticals
Feeding Raw Foods to Cats and Dogs with Cancer
Summary
References
Chapter 20 Enteral Nutrition and Tube Feeding
The Case for Enteral Feeding
Nutritional Support of Veterinary Patients
When to Intervene
General Contraindications
Enteral Feeding Devices
Nasoenteral Feeding Tubes
Pharyngostomy Feeding Tubes
Esophagostomy Feeding Tubes
Gastrostomy Feeding Tubes
Jejunal Feeding Tubes
Beginning Enteral Feeding
Diet Choices
Immunomodulating Nutrients
Glutamine
Arginine
Other Nutrients
Calculation of Energy Requirements
Complications
Mechanical Complications
Metabolic Complications
Gastrointestinal Complications
Transitioning Patients to Voluntary Intake
Summary
References
Chapter 21 Parenteral Nutrition
History
Assessment of Nutritional Status and Patient Selection
Nomenclature
Determination of Administration Route
Catheter Selection and Placement
Parenteral Nutrition Components
Protein
Fat
Carbohydrate
Electrolytes and Trace Minerals
Vitamins
Energy Requirements
Formulation Calculations
Compounding
Initiating Parenteral Nutrition
Monitoring Guidelines
Complications
Metabolic Complications
Mechanical Complications
Septic Complications
Discontinuing ParenteralNutrition
Summary
References
Chapter 22 Abridged Clinical Nutrition Topics for Companion Avian Species
Water
Clinical and Welfare Considerations Associated with Water
Energy
Sources of Energy
Clinical Issues Associated with Energy Imbalance: Obesity
Food-Based Enrichment
Amino Acids and Protein
Clinical Issues with Protein/Amino Acids
Essential Fatty Acids and Lipids
Clinical Issues Associated with Lipid Nutrition: Atherosclerosis
Vitamins
Clinical Issues Associated with Vitamin Nutrition
Minerals
Clinical Issues Associated with Mineral Nutrition
Other Clinical Nutrition Issues
Nutrition and Feather-Damaging Behaviors
Appropriate Diets for Birds and Their Role in Animal Well-Being
Conclusions
References
Chapter 23 Nutrition for Small Mammalian Companion Herbivores and Carnivores
General Nutrition for Small Mammalian Companion Herbivores
Lagomorphs (Rabbits) and Caviomorphs (Chinchillas and Guinea Pigs)
Gastrointestinal Physiology and Anatomic Features
Rabbit, Chinchilla, and Guinea Pig Normal Diet
Nutrition-Related Diseases of Small Mammalian Companion Herbivores
Lagomorphs (Rabbits) and Caviomorphs (Chinchillas and Guinea Pigs)
Critical Care Nutrition for Small Mammalian Companion Herbivores
Energy Calculations for Rabbits, Chinchillas, and Guinea Pigs
General Nutrition for Small Mammalian Carnivores
Ferrets
Nutrition-Related Diseases of Small Mammalian Companion Carnivores
Ferrets and Considerations for Mink
Nutrition-Related Diseases of Small Mammalian Carnivores
Ferrets
Critical Care Nutrition for Small Mammalian Companion Carnivores
Ferrets
References
Index
EULA