دانلود کتاب Aquaculture Ecosystems: Adaptability and Sustainability

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Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 13
Preface......Page 15
1.1 Sustainability issues and concerns......Page 19
1.2 The emergence of aquaculture......Page 22
1.2.1 Selecting culture sites......Page 24
1.2.2 Effects of climate change......Page 27
1.2.3 Impact of aquaculture on climate change......Page 33
1.2.4 Adaptation to climate change......Page 35
1.3 Biotechnology intervention......Page 40
1.4 Ecological fisheries–ecological aquaculture synergy......Page 47
2.1 The aquatic ecosystems......Page 55
2.2 Attributes of aquatic animals for production efficiency......Page 59
2.3 Biological characteristics......Page 60
2.4.1 Molluscs......Page 67
2.4.2 Echinoderms......Page 70
2.4.3 Crustaceans......Page 72
2.4.4 Fish......Page 74
2.5.2 Tolerance to crowding......Page 83
2.5.5 Disease resistance......Page 84
2.5.6 Captive breeding......Page 85
3.1 Introduction......Page 86
3.2.2 Photopic and scotopic vision......Page 88
3.2.3 Ultraviolet vision......Page 89
3.3 Photoreception by the pineal organ......Page 90
3.3.1 Chemoreception by the olfactory organ......Page 92
3.3.3 Mechanoreception by the lateral line organ......Page 93
3.4 Ontogeny of the sense organs in fish larvae......Page 95
3.5 Effect of colour on fish larvae and juveniles in tanks and cages......Page 98
3.6 Preference of fish for colour of prey or feed......Page 107
3.7 Effect of turbidity on fish feeding......Page 108
3.8 Food search, taste preference and feed stimulants......Page 109
3.9 Prey preference of captive tuna......Page 110
3.10 Net collisions of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna in cages......Page 111
3.11 Predator attacks and escape of farmed fish from cages......Page 112
3.12 Spawning of broodstocks in cages......Page 113
3.13 Effect of cage design and materials on fish......Page 114
3.14 Effect of cage aquaculture on wild fish......Page 116
3.15.2 Betanodavirus infections or viral nervous necrosis (VNN)......Page 117
3.15.3 Parasite infections......Page 118
3.15.4 Chemotherapeutants......Page 119
3.15.5 Acidification of natural waters......Page 120
3.15.6 Underwater noise......Page 121
3.15.7 Crowding or high stocking density......Page 123
3.16 Behavioural signs of stress in captive fish......Page 124
4.1 Introduction......Page 125
4.2 Vulnerability of a floating cage to biofouling......Page 131
4.3.1 Diversity of macrofouling assemblages......Page 136
4.3.2 Depth distribution of sessile macrofouling......Page 141
4.3.3 Colonization dynamics and succession of macrofouling organisms......Page 142
4.3.4 Biofouling development and occlusion rates of net mesh size......Page 144
4.4.1 Effect of season......Page 145
4.4.2 Effect of rearing fish......Page 149
4.4.3 Effect of water flow rates......Page 150
4.5.1 Siting, design and arrangement of cage units......Page 152
4.5.3 Biological control of biofouling organisms......Page 153
4.5.5 Biofouling control with non-toxic material......Page 155
4.6 Future research on biofouling......Page 156
Chapter 5 Aquaculture, coastal pollution and the environment......Page 157
5.1 Introduction......Page 158
5.1.1 Nutrient release and potential pollution......Page 159
5.2 Practices in developing countries......Page 160
5.2.1 Aquaculture in developing countries......Page 161
5.3.1 Urban waste water and storm water......Page 172
5.3.2 Industry......Page 173
5.3.4 Agricultural run-off......Page 174
5.3.5 Climate change – fisheries, aquaculture and the environment (adapted from CYPADAPT 2014)......Page 175
5.4 Mitigation and control......Page 179
5.5 Conclusions......Page 181
6.1 Introduction......Page 182
6.2 Biofiltration in IMTA......Page 185
6.3 Aquaponics......Page 193
6.4 Recirculating system......Page 195
Chapter 7 Significance of blue carbon in ecological aquaculture in the context of interrelated issues: A case study of Costa Rica......Page 200
7.1 Introduction......Page 201
7.2 Ecosystem services and blue carbon habitats......Page 203
7.3 Mangroves – ecosystem services......Page 204
7.3.1 Provision goods and services......Page 205
7.3.2 Supporting services......Page 207
7.3.3 Regulating services......Page 209
7.4.1 Pressures......Page 211
7.5 Blue carbon financial and institutional alternatives to command and control policies......Page 218
7.5.1 Blue carbon and aquaculture......Page 219
7.6 Costa Rica: blue carbon potential and institutional profile......Page 223
7.6.1 International regulatory framework......Page 224
7.6.2 National regulatory framework......Page 225
7.6.3 Policy development......Page 227
7.6.4 Constraints and opportunities for blue carbon projects......Page 231
7.7.1 The Clean Development Mechanism......Page 233
7.7.2 Mangrove conservation via REDD+......Page 235
7.7.3 Nationally appropriate mitigation actions: mangroves and beyond......Page 238
7.8 Community-based conservation of mangrove ecosystems as an institutional and financial alternative......Page 239
7.8.1 The situation of Central America in general and Costa Rica in specific: evolution toward relating community-based mangrove conservation and sustainable productive activities......Page 240
7.8.2 Community-based mangrove conservation options and sustainable productive activities under REDD+......Page 243
7.9.2 The new voluntary market opportunities of the carbon board and ban CO2......Page 245
7.10.1 Developing the building blocks: ECOTICOS and Mangle-Benin......Page 246
7.10.2 New project support and private sector participation......Page 250
7.10.3 Linking the community conservation model with productive activities: ecological aquaculture and tourism......Page 252
7.11 Blue carbon and aquaculture – fine tuning the institutional setting and scientific methods......Page 254
7.11.1 Identify key ecosystems and their potential driver of degradation......Page 255
7.11.2 Address institutional and legislative inefficiencies......Page 256
7.11.3 Promote collaboration between academic, governmental and social organizations......Page 257
7.11.4 Integrate conservation and development policies and measures with alternative institutional mechanisms......Page 258
7.12 Conclusions......Page 259
Note......Page 260
Chapter 8 Implications of global climate change and aquaculture on blue carbon sequestration and storage: Submerged aquatic ecosystems......Page 261
8.1 Introduction......Page 262
8.3 Conceptual models......Page 265
8.3.1 Macroalgal ecosystem attractor......Page 268
8.3.3 Seagrass ecosystem attractor......Page 270
8.4 Net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB): inputs, outputs, and storage terms......Page 271
8.4.1 Element stoichiometry theory: partitioning the NECB......Page 274
8.5 Blue carbon model parameters......Page 276
8.5.1 Low frequency climatic parameter changes......Page 278
8.6 Climate change effects on the community’s blue carbon sequestration and storage......Page 279
8.6.2 Storm and flood frequency......Page 281
8.6.3 Changes in water quality: nitrogen, pH, inorganic carbon, and temperature......Page 282
8.6.4 Effects of climate change at the ecosystem level......Page 284
8.7 The effects of aquaculture on blue carbon sequestration and storage......Page 286
8.7.1 Shellfish aquaculture......Page 287
8.7.2 Finfish aquaculture......Page 289
8.7.3 Seaweed aquaculture......Page 292
8.8 Gaps in current knowledge......Page 294
8.9 Conclusions......Page 295
Notes......Page 297
9.1 Introduction......Page 299
9.2 Knowledge management ecosystem in aquaculture......Page 303
9.3.1 Brainstorming......Page 309
9.3.3 Document management and data bases......Page 310
9.3.4 Web-based platforms and social networking services......Page 312
9.3.5 Knowledge blogs......Page 315
9.4.1 Knowledge café......Page 316
9.4.2 Peer Assist......Page 317
9.4.3 Voice and VOIP......Page 318
9.4.4 Artificial intelligent systems......Page 319
9.4.5 Robotics in aquaculture......Page 323
9.4.6 Knowledge clusters......Page 324
9.5.1 Role of universities in generating knowledge and critical mass......Page 326
9.5.2 Coproduction of knowledge......Page 328
9.6 Knowledge management for aquaculture incubator centres......Page 330
9.6.1 Requirements for aquaculture incubator centres......Page 331
9.7 Knowledge management for policy making, planning and management......Page 333
9.8 Conclusions......Page 336
References......Page 337
Index......Page 390
Supplemental Images......Page 403
EULA......Page 419