دانلود کتاب Arabic Phonology: An Acoustical and Physiological Investigation

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Acknowledgements\nTable of Symbols\nList of Illustrations\nA. Figures\nB. Tracings\nC. Diagrams\nD. Charts\nIntroduction\nI. Acoustical and Physiological Procedures Informants\nA. Spectrographic Analysis of Data\n1. Broad Band\n2. Narrow Band\n3. Continuous Amplitude Display\nB. X-ray Sound Films\nC. Equipment Used in making the Films\nD. Informants\nII. The Vowels\nA. Allophones of Vowels\nB. Vowel Plots\nC. Film Tracings\nIII. The Consonants\nA. Acoustic Characteristics\n1. Nasals\n2. Stops\n3. Trill\n4. Fricatives\n5. Sonorants\nIV. The Pharyngealized Consonants\nA. Introduction\n1. /t / vs. /ţ /\n2. / d / vs. / ḏ /\n3. / s / vs. / ş /\n4. /ð/ vs. /ð/\n5. /l / vs. /ḻ /\nB. Formant Diagrams\nV. Pharyngeals and Glottals\n1. /h/ and /ħ/\n2. a. / ? / - Initially\nb. / ? / - Medially\nc. / ? / - Finally\n3. a. / ε / – Introduction\nb. / ε / – Initially\nc. / ε / – Medially\nd. / ε / – Finally\nVI. Duration, Gemination and Consonant Clusters\nA. Duration\nB. Vowel Length\nC. Consonant Length\n1. Nasals\n2. Stops\n3. Trill\n4. Fricatives\n5. Sonorants\n6. Gemination\n7. Consonant Clusters\nVII. Syllable and Stress\nA. Syllable Patterns\nB. Stress\nVIII. Intonation\nA. Pause\nB. Pitch\n1. Declarative Statements\n2. Commands\n3. Questions\n4. Calls (Vocatives)\n5. Exclamations\nSelected Bibliography\nA. Arabie Linguistics and Related Semitic Languages\nB. Phonetics, Phonemics, and General Linguistics\nC. Dictionaries and Encyclopaedia\nD. Sound Films\nIndex