دانلود کتاب Argument Selectors: A new perspective on grammatical relations (Typological Studies in Language)

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Argument Selectors Editorial page Title page Copyright page Table of contents Argument selectors: A new perspective on grammatical relationsAn introduction 1. Introduction 2. Grammatical relations: A brief history of research 3. Arguments 3.1 Arguments vs. adjuncts 3.2 Generalized semantic roles 3.3 Predicate classes 3.4 Referential specifications of arguments 4. Clause-level conditions 5. Argument selectors 5.1 Argument marking 5.2 Phrase structure 5.3 Biclausal argument selectors 5.3.1 Argument selectors with control and raising verbs 5.3.2 Argument selectors with other types of clause combining 5.3.3 Relativization site as an argument selector 5.4 Diathesis alternation 5.5 Other argument selectors 6. Conclusion References Appendix: Questionnaire Grammatical relations in Mapudungun 1. Introduction 2. Argument selectors 2.1 Dependent marking 2.2 Head marking 2.3 Word order 2.4 Some potential argument selectors 2.5 Addressees of imperatives 2.6 Nonfinite verb forms 2.6.1 Am- and üm-forms 2.6.2 N-, el, and etew-forms 2.6.3 Lu-forms 2.6.4 Summary 2.7 Raising and control 3. Summary and discussion Acknowledgments Abbreviations Data sources References Grammatical relations in Sanzhi Dargwa 1. Introduction 1.1 Sanzhi Dargwa 1.2 The argument/adjunct distinction 1.3 Predicate classes and valency 2. Previous studies on grammatical relations in the Nakh-Daghestanian languages 2. Previous studies on grammatical relations in the Nakh-Daghestanian languages 3. Head marking: Agreement 3.1 Gender/number agreement 3.2 Person agreement 4. Dependent marking: Case 5. Imperatives 6. Conjunction reduction 7. Complement control 8. Reflexives and reciprocals 8.1 Reflexive constructions 8.2 Reciprocal constructions 9. Causativization 10. Relativization 11. Antipassive 12. Quantifier floating 13. Summary Abbreviations References Grammatical relations in Mon: Syntactic tests in an isolating language 1. Introduction 2. Transitivity in Mon: Syntactic and semantic 2.1 Intransitive expressions 2.2 Transitive expressions 2.3 Ditransitive expressions 2.4 Semantic transitivity 3. Argument selectors in Mon 3.1 Word order 3.2 Case marking 3.3 Voice 3.3.1 Passive 3.3.2 Causative 3.4 Secondary verbs 3.5 Control 3.6 Reflexives 3.7 Purposive clauses 3.8 Not relevant in Mon 4. Conclusions Sources Abbreviations References Grammatical relations in Hiligaynon 1. Introduction 2. Clause structure 2.1 Arguments 2.2 Adjuncts 2.3 Predicates 2.3.1 Zero transitives 2.3.2 Intransitives 2.3.3 Transitives 3. Argument structure alternations 3.1 Intransitivizers 3.2 Transitivizers 3.2.1 Basic transitivers 3.2.2 Instrumental transitivizers 3.2.3 Locative transitivizers 3.2.4 Causatives 3.3 Reflexives and reciprocals 3.4 The status of voice morphology 4. Grammatical relations in use 4.1 Referent properties: Animacy, identifiability, and specificity 4.2 Information flow through discourse: Topicality 4.3 Information flow: Topic shifts 4.4 Information flow: Focus 5. Syntactic constructions 5.1 Imperatives 5.2 Quantifiers 5.3 Conjunction reduction 5.4 Nominalization 5.5 Content questions 5.6 Relativization 5.7 Secondary-predicate constructions 5.8 Complement constructions 5.8.1 Syntactic status of the complement 5.8.2 Controller S = (Controllee S) 5.8.3 Controller P = (Controllee S) 5.8.4 Controller P = (Controllee A) 5.8.5 Controller S = (Controllee A) 5.8.6 Controller A = (Controllee S) 5.8.7 Controller A = (Controllee A) 5.8.8 The complement 5.8.9 Complement constructions: Summary 6. Conclusion References Grammatical relations in Basque 1. Introduction 2. Overt coding selectors 2.1 Dependent marking 2.2 Head marking 3. Behavioral selectors involving coreference 3.1 Adverbial clauses 3.2 Control and raising Control Raising 4. Other behavioral selectors 4.1 Relativization site 4.2 Focus constructions 4.3 Addressee of imperatives 4.4 Voice 5. Conclusions Acknowledgments Abbreviations References Appendix. Selected Basque auxiliary forms Grammatical relations in Movima: Alignment beyond semantic roles 1. Introduction 2. The basic clause and its components 2.1 The direct-inverse system 2.2 Formal properties of argument encoding 2.3 Obliques: Adjuncts or oblique arguments? 2.4 Argument encoding in embedded clauses 3. Argument selectors privileging the external argument 3.1 Headed relative clauses, detransitivization, and negation 3.2 Verbal RPs 3.3 Pronoun fronting 3.4 Wh-questions 3.5 Oblique arguments? Evidence from relativization 3.5.1 Relativization of non-core arguments 3.5.2 Relativization of applied arguments 3.6 Fronted demonstratives 3.7 Argument incorporation 4. Argument selection based on semantic role 4.1 Possessor ascension 4.2 Imperatives 5. “Neutral” constructions 5.1 Reflexives 5.2 Coordination 5.3 Embedding 5.4 Floating quantifiers 6. Conclusion Symbols and abbreviations in glosses References Grammatical relations in Balinese 1. Introduction 2. Grammatical relations and classes of arguments 3. Pivot and its selectors in Balinese 3.1 Structural position 3.2 Voice marking 3.3 Behavioural properties 4. Core arguments 4.1 Argument flagging 4.2 Structural rigidity 4.3 Quantifier float 4.4 Left dislocation 4.5 Depictive predicates 4.6 Reflexives 4.7 Argument elision in imperatives 5. Obliques 6. Three-place predicates 7. Adjuncts 8. Clausal arguments 9. Adverbial clauses 9.1 Adverbial clause marking 9.2 Anaphoric control of the adverbial argument 10. Conclusion References Grammatical relations in Mandinka 1. Introduction 2. Verbal predication in Mandinka 2.1 Core terms and obliques 2.2 Verbal predication with two core terms 2.3 Verbal predication with a single core term 2.4 Transitivity alternations, or null core terms? 2.5 The middle variant of the verbal predicative construction with two core terms 2.5 The middle variant of the verbal predicative construction with two core terms 3. Valency classes and alignment in the coding properties or arguments 3.1 Monovalent verbs 3.2 Bivalent verbs 3.3 Trivalent verbs 3.4 Alignment in argument coding 4. Valency alternations 4.1 Uncoded valency alternations 4.1.1 C2 ~ C alternation 4.1.2 C2 ~ X alternation 4.1.3 The active/introversive alternation 4.1.4 The C2 ~ X permutation 4.1.5 Alternations involving the middle construction 4.1.6 The C ~ X alternation (or presentational alternation) 4.2 Valency operations involving a change in the verb stem 4.2.1 Antipassive derivation and the antipassive periphrasis 4.2.2 Causative derivation 4.2.3 Postposition incorporation 4.3 Conclusion of Section 4 5. Constructions and operations for which the distinction between C, C1, C2, and X is not relevant 5. Constructions and operations for which the distinction between C, C1, C2, and X is not relevant 5.1 Topicalization 5.2 Focalization 5.3 Wh-questions 5.4 Relativization (1) 6. Secondary predication as a construction in which core terms contrast with obliques, but core terms are all treated in the same way 7. Constructions and operations in which C/C1 contrasts with C2 7.1 Imperative clauses 7.2 Reflexivization and reciprocalization 7.3 Infinitival constructions and coreference in clause coordination 7.4 Relativization (2) 7.5 Nominalization 7.6 Gerundive incorporation 7.7 Discourse particles 8. Constructions and operations in which C/C2 contrasts with C1 8.1 The resultative participle 8.2 Similative incorporation 9. Constructions and operations with a tripartite treatment of C, C1 and C2 9. Constructions and operations with a tripartite treatment of C, C1 and C2 10. Conclusion Abbreviations References Grammatical relations in Telkepe Neo-Aramaic: Grammatical relations in Telkepe Neo-Aramaic 1. Introduction 1.1 Telkepe Neo-Aramaic 1.2 The Telkepe verbal system 1.3 The argument–adjunct continuum 2. Indexes of participants on verbs 2.1 Indexes on simplex verbs 2.2 Indexes on analytical verb forms 3. Predicate types 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Intransitive predicates 3.2.1 One-place intransitive predicates with subject indexing 3.2.2 Intransitives with a referential but non-indexed sole argument 3.2.3 Two-place intransitive predicates with second argument indexed 3.2.4 Two-place intransitive verbs with non-indexed independent complement 3.2.5 Copulaic expressions 3.2.6 Intransitive predicates with non-referential subjects 3.3 Transitive verbs 3.3.1 Two-place transitive verbs with indexed object 3.3.2 Excursus on development of inversion 3.3.3 Two-place transitive verbs with an object NP 3.3.4 Transitive verbs with covert object 3.3.5 Three-place transitive verbs with argument indexed by B-suffix 3.3.6 Redundant L-suffix with impersonal use of ʕjb I ‘to please’ 3.3.7 Three-place transitive verbs with non-indexed third participant 3.3.8 Labile verb lexemes 3.3.9 Three-place ditransitive verbs 3.3.10 Two-place ditransitive verbs with covert T or R 3.4 Analytical verb forms 4. Syntactic behaviour of participants in verb phrase 4.1 Triggering of indexing 4.2 Word order 4.3 Alignment in flagging of independent arguments 4.4 Agreement of participles in analytical verb forms 4.5 Imperatives 4.6 Complement control 4.7 Valency alternations and causativization 4.8 Passivization 4.9 Relativization 5. Conclusions Glosses, abbreviations and symbols References Grammatical relations in Kubeo 1. Introduction 2. Verb agreement 2.1 Finite verb agreement 2.1.1 Non-agreeing constructions 2.2 Imperatives and exhortatives 2.3 Agreement in nominalized clauses 3. Case marking 3.1 Aditr, As and Sa 3.2 G, T and P 3.2.1 Non-canonical bivalent constructions and Sp case marking 3.3 Adjuncts with -re 3.4 Case-marking and non-finite clauses 4. Constituent order 5. Valence increasing operations 5.1 Causative constructions 5.2 Applicative constructions 6. Valence-decreasing operations 6.1 Noun incorporation 6.2 Passivization 6.2.1 Non-canonical passive constructions 7. Resolution of anaphora 8. Conclusion Abbreviations References Grammatical relations in Yaqui 1. Introduction 2. Case marking 3. Word order 4. Suppletion and number marking 5. Dative case, oblique arguments and adjuncts 6. Double-object constructions and valence-change mechanisms 6.1 Three-place predicates. 6.2 Applicative constructions 6.3 Causative constructions 7. Control constructions 8. Anaphoric constructions 9. Conclusions References Grammatical relations in Yakkha (Kiranti) 1. Introduction 2. Verbal person marking 3. Valency 3.1 Frames of intransitive inflection The standard intransitive frame The intransitive experiencer frame The motion verb frame 3.2 Frames of transitive inflection The standard monotransitive frame The experiencer-as-object frame The transimpersonal frame Three-argument frames 3.3 The experiencer-as-possessor frames 3.4 Valency alternations Lability Alternations in three-argument verbs 4. Transitivity operations 4.1 Morphologically unmarked detransitivizations The passive detransitivization The antipassive detransitivization 4.2 Morphologically marked transitivity operations The causative The benefactive The reflexive The reciprocal 5. Constructions with an accusative pivot 5.1 Converbal clauses 5.2 Participant nominalization 6. Ergatively aligned relativization via =na and =ha 7. Reference-based alignment 7.1 Tense-aspect marking 7.2 The necessitative construction 8. Summary References Grammatical relations in Katla 1. Introduction 2. Grammatical relations 2.1 Indexing of arguments on the verb 2.2 Constituent order 2.3 Derivational morphology: Causatives, applicatives 2.4 External possession 2.5 Co-referential arguments across clauses 2.6 Secondary predicates 3. Summary Abbreviations References Index