دانلود کتاب Assessing Environmental Risk of Oil Spills with ERA Acute. A New Methodology

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Preface Acknowledgements About This Book Contents Abbreviations 1 Introduction to the Concepts and Use of ERA Acute 1.1 Why the Need for a New Methodology? 1.2 Methodology, Model and Software 1.3 Basic Concepts of ERA Acute 1.3.1 Four Compartments 1.3.2 ERA Acute Uses Continuous Risk Functions 1.3.3 Two Main Steps—Three Levels of Detail 1.3.4 Introducing the Resource Damage Factor 1.4 Inputs Needed for ERA Acute 1.4.1 Oil Spill Trajectory Modelling 1.4.2 Valued Ecosystem Components 1.4.3 Model Input Parameters 1.5 From Spill Scenario to Case and from Damage to Risk 1.6 What Can ERA Acute Results Be Used for? 1.7 Model Sensitivity and Uncertainty Issues References—Introduction 2 Environmental Risk Management Applications of ERA Acute 2.1 Introduction 2.2 ERA Acute Usage Areas 2.3 Environmental Risk Screening 2.4 Damage and Risk Assessment 2.5 Risk Mitigation and Net Environmental Benefit Assessments References—ERM Applications 3 An ERA Acute Model Overview 3.1 Setting up the Case and Input to Exposure Calculations 3.2 Impact and Restoration Modelling 3.2.1 Step A: Impact Modelling 3.2.2 Step B: Impact Duration Modelling 3.2.3 The Two Steps Together and the Resource Damage Factor 3.3 Surface Compartment Calculations 3.3.1 Impact Modelling 3.3.2 Time Factors and Recovery Modelling 3.4 Shoreline Compartment 3.4.1 Impact Modelling 3.4.2 Time Factors and Recovery Modelling 3.5 Water Column Compartment 3.5.1 Impact Modelling 3.5.2 Time Factors and Recovery Modelling 3.6 Seafloor Compartment Functions 3.6.1 Impact Modelling 3.6.2 Time Factors and Recovery Modelling 3.7 Summarizing Impacts in Cells to Scenarios and DSHAs References—Model Outline 4 Testing and Validating Against Historic Spills 4.1 Method of Validation Against Historic Spills 4.1.1 Analysis Areas 4.1.2 Construction of Performance Boundaries 4.1.3 Reconstruction of the Oil Spills in the Analysis Areas 4.1.4 Reconstruction of Resource Data in the Analysis Areas 4.2 Results of the Validation 4.2.1 Oil Drift 4.2.2 Acute Mortality in the Surface Compartment 4.2.3 Impact in the Shoreline Compartment 4.3 Discussion of the Validation References—Testing and Validation 5 Handling Uncertainty and Sensitivity of ERA Acute Towards Input Parameters 5.1 Sensitivity Testing and Uncertainty Handling 5.2 Methods Used in Sensitivity Testing 5.2.1 Deterministic Testing 5.2.2 Stochastic Testing 5.2.3 Example from Surface Compartment 5.3 Uncertainty Scoring of the Parameters 5.3.1 Surface Compartment 5.3.2 Water Column Compartment 5.3.3 Shoreline Compartment 5.3.4 Seafloor Compartment 5.4 Recommended Uncertainty Handling at This Point in Model Development References—Sensitivity Testing Supplementary Information 1 A.1 Surface Compartment Parameter Values A.2 References for the Supplementary Information Tables A.2.1 Oil Film Thickness A.2.2 Individual Vulnerability Factors (pbeh and pphy) A.2.3 Generic Fundamental Net Reproductive Rates (R) A.2.3.1 Seabirds A.2.3.2 True Seals, Sea Lions and Fur Seals, Baleen Whales A.2.3.3 Walrus, Aquatic Mammals A.2.3.4 Toothed Whales, Sea Cows, Sea Turtles Index