دانلود کتاب Atopic Dermatitis - Eczema: Clinics, Pathophysiology and Therapy

فهرست مطالب :

Foreword to the First Edition
Preface
Preface to the First Edition
Contents
Abbreviations
1: General Introduction and History
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History
1.2.1 First Descriptions
1.2.2 Milestones in the History of Allergy and Eczema
1.2.3 Summary
1.3 Terminology
1.3.1 The Term “Atopy”
1.3.2 The Role of Immunglobulin E
1.3.3 Definitions of Atopy Given by EAACI and WAO
1.3.4 Our Definition of Atopy
1.3.5 The Term Eczema
1.3.6 Summary
2: Epidemiology of Atopic Eczema
2.1 Prevalence of Atopic Eczema in Childhood
2.2 Causes for Increase in Prevalence
2.2.1 Own Investigations in Comparing East and West Germany after Reunification in 1990
2.3 Atopic Eczema Over Lifetime
2.3.1 Atopic Eczema in Adulthood
2.4 Clinical Course and Prognosis
2.4.1 Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Eczema
2.4.2 Gender Differences
2.4.3 Ethnicity
2.4.4 Genetic Predisposition (See Also Chap. 5)
2.4.5 Socioeconomic Status
2.4.6 Psychosomatic Influence
2.4.7 Pregnancy
2.4.8 Hygiene, Infectious Disease, and Vaccinations
2.4.8.1 Measles
2.4.8.2 Pertussis
2.4.8.3 Smallpox (Variola Vera)
2.4.8.4 COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination
2.4.8.5 Vaccination Recommendations
2.4.9 Nutrition (See Also Chap. 8 “Prevention”)
2.4.9.1 Breast Feeding
2.4.9.2 Maternal Nutrition and Baby Formula
2.4.10 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Probiotics
2.4.11 Peanut Oil
2.4.12 Skincare
2.5 Lifestyle
2.5.1 Living on a Farm
2.5.2 Pet Keeping
2.5.3 Environmental Pollutants
2.5.3.1 Environmental Tobacco Smoke
2.5.3.2 Nitrogen Oxides
2.5.3.3 Traffic Exhaust
2.5.4 Prognostic Factors
2.5.5 Summary
3: Burden of Disease in Atopic Eczema
3.1 Personal Burden and Individual Suffering
3.2 Financial Burden
3.3 Summary
4: Clinical Symptomatology of Atopic Eczema
4.1 Actual Symptoms of Disease
4.1.1 Primary Lesion “Itch”
4.1.2 Infiltrated Erythema
4.1.3 Erosive, Excoriated Erythema
4.1.4 Lichenification
4.1.5 Prurigo-Type of Atopic Eczema
4.1.6 Differences in Various Ethnic Populations
4.2 Minimal Manifestations
4.2.1 Minimal Manifestations in the Head Area
4.2.1.1 Facial and Lid Eczema
Lid Eczema
4.2.1.2 Cheilitis Sicca and Perlèche
4.2.1.3 Infranasal Erosion
4.2.1.4 Infra-auricular Fissures
4.2.1.5 Retro-auricular Intertrigo
4.2.1.6 Excoriations in the Scalp
4.2.2 Minimal Manifestations on the Trunk and Extremities
4.2.2.1 Finger and Toe Eczema
4.2.2.2 Involvement of Nails
4.2.2.3 Juvenile Plantar Dermatosis
4.2.2.4 Eczema of the Nipple (Mamilla)
4.2.2.5 Localized Genital Eczema
4.2.2.6 Pityriasis Alba
4.2.3 Variants and Special Forms
4.2.3.1 Dermatitis Papulosa Juvenilis
4.2.3.2 Follicular Variant of Atopic Dermatitis (Patchy Pityriasiform Lichenoid Eczema)
4.2.3.3 Nummular Variant of Atopic Eczema
4.2.3.4 Special Considerations in Infants
4.2.4 Special Localizations
4.2.4.1 Face
4.2.4.2 Neck
4.2.4.3 Hand Eczema
4.2.4.4 Erythroderma
4.2.5 Summary
4.3 Stigmata of Atopy
4.3.1 Dry Skin (Xerosis, Sebostasis)
4.3.2 Ichthyosis Palms and Soles (Hyperlinearity of Palms and Soles)
4.3.3 Infraorbital Fold (Atopy Fold, Dennie-Morgan)
4.3.4 Periorbital Halo and Facial Pallor
4.3.5 Rarefication of Lateral Eyebrows (Hertoghe)
4.3.6 Low Temporal Hairline, “Fur Cap Hair Growth”
4.3.7 White Dermographism
4.3.8 Delayed Blanch
4.3.9 Role of Stigmata in Diagnosis
4.3.10 Summary
4.4 Differential Diagnoses
4.4.1 Differential Diagnosis in Infants
4.4.2 Chronic Inflammatory Skin Diseases
4.4.3 Inflammatory Tumor Responses
4.4.4 Infectious Skin Diseases
4.4.5 Metabolic Diseases, Immunodeficiencies or Immunopathies
4.4.6 Malignant Diseases
4.4.7 Summary
4.5 Associated Diseases
4.5.1 Hereditary Dermatoses
4.5.1.1 Ichthyosis Vulgaris
4.5.1.2 Netherton Syndrome
4.5.1.3 Dubowitz Syndrome
4.5.1.4 Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
4.5.1.5 Hyper-IgE Syndrome
4.5.1.6 Keratosis Follicularis (Pilaris)
4.5.1.7 Anhidrotic Congenital Ectodermal Dysplasia
4.5.2 Hair Diseases
4.5.3 Atopic Respiratory Diseases and Other Allergic Reactions
4.5.3.1 Bronchial Asthma and Rhinoconjunctivitis
4.5.3.2 Anaphylaxis, Food Allergy, and Gastrointestinal Diseases
Food Allergy and Food Anaphylaxis
Drug-Induced or Insect Venom-Induced Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis to Seminal Plasma
4.5.4 Ocular Diseases
4.5.5 Nephrotic Syndrome
4.5.6 Vitiligo
4.5.7 Photosensitivity
4.5.8 Ear Disease
4.5.9 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
4.5.10 Neuro-Psychiatric Diseases
4.5.10.1 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Syndrome (ADHS)
4.5.10.2 Depression
4.5.10.3 Münchhausen by Proxy
4.5.10.4 Autism
4.5.11 Summary
4.6 Complications of Atopic Eczema
4.6.1 Bacterial Infections
4.6.2 Fungal Infections
4.6.3 Viral Infections
4.6.3.1 Herpes Simplex: Eczema Herpeticum
4.6.3.2 Smallpox (Variola Vera): Eczema Vaccinatum
4.6.3.3 Other Pox Virus Infections, e.g., Molluscum Contagiosum: Eczema Molluscatum
4.6.3.4 Human Papilloma Virus (HPV): Eczema Verrucatum
4.6.3.5 HIV Infection
4.6.3.6 Other Viral Diseases
4.6.4 Summary
4.7 Diseases Rarely Associated with Atopic Eczema
4.7.1 Diabetes Mellitus
4.7.2 Rheumatoid Arthritis
4.7.3 Psoriasis
4.7.4 Melanocytic Nevi
4.7.5 Atopic Eczema and Cancer
4.7.6 Contact Allergy
4.7.7 Debates on Association of Common Diseases with Atopy
4.7.7.1 Cardiovascular Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome
4.7.8 Summary
4.8 Atopic Eczema: Diagnostic Criteria and Severity Scoring
4.8.1 Diagnostic Criteria
4.8.1.1 Diagnostic Criteria According to Hanifin and Rajka
4.8.1.2 Diagnostic Criteria of the UK Working Party
4.8.1.3 Criteria According to Ring
4.8.1.4 Other Criteria
4.8.2 Evaluation of Severity of Eczema
4.8.3 Objective Signs and Subjective Symptoms
4.8.3.1 Patient-Oriented Self-Evaluation
4.8.3.2 Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI)
4.8.4 Quality of Life as Health Outcome Measure in Atopic Eczema
4.8.5 Summary
5: Etiopathophysiology of Atopic Eczema
5.1 Pathophysiological Concepts
5.2 Genetics of Atopic Dermatitis
5.2.1 Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS)
5.2.2 Filaggrin
5.2.3 Protease Inhibitors
5.2.4 Genes of Innate Immunity
5.2.5 Antimicrobial Peptides
5.2.6 Genes of Adaptive Immunity
5.3 Epigenetic Changes
5.4 Skin Barrier
5.4.1 The Skin in Evolution
5.4.2 Anatomical Structure of the Skin
5.4.3 Microbial Barrier
5.4.4 Chemical Barrier
5.4.5 Physical Barrier
5.4.6 Corneocytes
5.4.7 Corneodesmosomes
5.4.8 Desquamation
5.4.9 Summary
5.5 Changes in the Microbiome
5.5.1 Summary
5.6 Excursion into a New Concept for Classification of Pathogenic Immune Reactions in Noncommunicable Inflammatory Skin Diseases
5.6.1 Lichenoid Pattern (Pattern 1)
5.6.2 Eczematous Pattern (Pattern 2a)
5.6.3 Bullous Pattern (Pattern 2b)
5.6.4 Psoriatic Pattern (Pattern 3)
5.6.5 Fibrogenic Pattern (Pattern 4a)
5.6.6 Granulomatous Pattern (Pattern 4b)
5.6.7 Summary
5.7 Type 2 Immunity, Allergy, and Its Consequences for Atopic Dermatitis
5.7.1 Definition and Occurrence of Type 2 Immune Cells
5.7.2 Functions of Type 2 Immune Cells in the Context of Atopic Dermatitis
5.8 Autoimmunity and Atopic Dermatitis
5.8.1 Summary
5.9 Itch and Neuroimmunology
5.9.1 The Itch Sensation
5.9.2 Itch Research
5.9.3 Measurement of Itch
5.10 Psychological Influences in Atopic Dermatitis
5.10.1 Psychology and Pruritus
5.10.2 Autonomic Nervous System Dysregulation
5.10.3 The Problem of an “Atopic” Personality (or “Atopic Eczema Personality”)
5.10.4 Parent-Child Relation (“Family Dynamics”) in Atopic Eczema
5.10.5 Stress and Atopic Eczema
5.10.6 Hormonal Influences
5.10.7 Summary
5.11 The Heterogeneity of Atopic Dermatitis Pathogenesis with Regard to Clinical Course (Acute Versus Chronic) and Ethnicity
5.11.1 Summary
6: General Management of Patients with Atopic Eczema
6.1 Diagnostic Procedures
6.1.1 History
6.1.2 Skin Test Procedures
6.1.2.1 Skin Prick and Intradermal Test
6.1.2.2 Atopy Patch Test (ATP)
Differences in Classical Patch Test
Problem Food Allergens
6.1.2.3 Classic Patch Test for Contact Allergy
Testing of Corticosteroids
6.1.3 In Vitro Allergy Diagnostics
6.1.3.1 Specific IgE Antibodies
6.1.3.2 Cellular In Vitro Allergy Testing
6.1.4 Oral Provocation Test in Food Allergy
6.1.4.1 Double-Blind Provocation Test
6.1.4.2 Practical Performance
6.1.4.3 Skin Test Versus Specific IgE Testing
6.1.5 Microbiological Diagnostics
6.1.6 Psychological Diagnostics
6.1.7 Summary
6.2 Use of Biomarkers in Diagnostics of Atopic Dermatitis: New Aspects
6.2.1 New Aspects in the Diagnosis of Atopic Dermatitis
6.2.2 New Aspects in Monitoring Severity of Atopic Dermatitis
6.2.2.1 New Aspects in the Prediction of Clinically Relevant Outcomes of Atopic Dermatitis
6.3 Avoidance of Individual Provocation Factors
6.3.1 Avoidance of Unspecific Irritants
6.3.2 Aeroallergens
6.3.2.1 House Dust and Storage Mites
6.3.2.2 Animal Epithelia
6.3.2.3 Pollen
6.3.2.4 Foods
6.3.3 Summary
6.4 Basic Therapy of Disturbed Skin Barrier Function
6.4.1 General Considerations for Topical Dermatotherapy
6.4.1.1 How to Select Galenics
6.4.2 Basic Skin Barrier Therapy in Atopic Dermatitis
6.4.2.1 Skin Cleaning
Hardness of Water
Soaps and Detergents
6.4.2.2 Oil Bath or Showering Oils
NaCl
6.4.3 Emollients Used for Basic Dermatotherapy
6.4.3.1 Emollients with Specific Ingredients
6.4.4 Summary
6.5 Practical Tips in the Treatment of Atopic Eczema in the Acute Flare
6.5.1 Practical Management of an Acute Eczema Flare
6.5.2 Anti-inflammatory Treatment
6.5.3 Antipruritic Treatment
6.5.4 Inpatient Treatment
6.5.5 Amount of Topicals
6.5.6 Summary
7: Special Therapeutic Options and Substances in the Treatment of Atopic Eczema
7.1 Glucocorticosteroids
7.1.1 Effects
7.1.2 Side Effects
7.1.2.1 Skin Atrophy
7.1.2.2 Perioral Rosacea-like Dermatitis
7.1.2.3 Ocular Complications
7.1.2.4 Lipodystrophy
7.1.2.5 Diminishing the Dose (Tapering)
7.1.2.6 Combination Therapy
7.1.3 Summary
7.2 Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors
7.2.1 Pharmacologic Effects
7.2.2 Side Effects
7.2.3 Summary
7.3 Antimicrobial Therapy
7.3.1 Antiseptics
7.3.2 Antimicrobial Textiles (Functional Textiles)
7.3.3 Antibiotic Therapy
7.3.3.1 Systemic Antibiotic Therapy
7.3.3.2 Topical Antibiotics
7.3.4 Antimycotic Therapy
7.3.5 Antiviral Therapy
7.3.6 Vaccination and Atopic Dermatitis
7.3.7 COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination
7.3.8 Summary
7.4 Antihistamines
7.4.1 Effects of H1 Antagonists
7.4.1.1 Modes of Application
7.4.2 Side Effects of Antihistamines
7.4.2.1 Classical H1 Antagonists
7.4.2.2 Second and Third Generation
7.4.2.3 Cardiac Arrythmia
7.4.2.4 Pregnancy
7.4.3 Other Anti-Allergic Substances
7.4.4 Opioid Receptor Antagonists
7.4.5 Summary
7.5 Other Antipruritic and Anti-Inflammatory Substances
7.5.1 Topical Antipruriginous Agents
7.5.2 Local Anesthetics
7.5.3 Polidocanol
7.5.4 Cannabinoid Agonists
7.5.5 Capsaicin
7.5.6 Tar Preparations
7.5.6.1 Sulfonates
7.5.7 Adstringentia
7.5.8 Etheric Oils and Others
7.5.9 Summary
7.6 UV Therapy
7.6.1 Heliotherapy
7.6.2 UVB Radiation
7.6.3 UVA Radiation
7.6.4 Photochemotherapy
7.6.5 Visible Light
7.6.6 Extracorporal Photophoresis
7.6.7 Summary
7.7 Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy
7.7.1 Results of Clinical Trials
7.7.2 Summary
7.8 Systemic Immunomodulatory Therapy
7.8.1 Conventional Systemic Immune-modulators
7.8.1.1 Glucocorticosteroids
7.8.1.2 Cyclosporin A
Dosage
Side Effects
7.8.1.3 Azathioprine
7.8.1.4 Methotrexate
7.8.1.5 Mycophenolate Mofetil
7.8.1.6 Cyclophosphamide
7.8.1.7 Summary
7.8.2 Modern Small Molecules
7.8.2.1 Janus Kinase (JAK) Inhibitors
Mode of Action
Clinical Efficacy
Side Effects and Monitoring
7.8.3 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
7.8.4 Biologics
7.8.4.1 Biologics Targeting Type 2 Immunity
Anti-Interleukin-4/-Interleukin-13
Clinical Efficacy of Dupilumab
Side Effects of Dupilumab
Anti-Interleukin-13
Anti-Interleukin-31
Anti-Interleukin-5
Anti-IgE
Biologics Targeting Type 3 Immunity or Innate Immunity
Anti-TNF Strategies
Anti-Interleukin-17 and Interleukin-22
Anti-Interleukin-12/23
Intravenous Immunoglobulins
7.9 Pre- and Probiotics and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
7.9.1 Summary
7.10 Psychosomatic Strategies
7.10.1 Exploration and Evaluation of Psychosomatic Involvement in the Disease
7.10.2 Therapeutic Modalities
7.10.3 Behavioral Therapy
7.10.4 Summary
7.11 Unconventional Methods
7.11.1 Evaluation of Some “Unconventional” Procedures
7.11.1.1 Acupuncture
7.11.1.2 Phytotherapy and Traditional Chinese Medicine
7.11.1.3 Homeopathy
7.11.1.4 Cell Extracts and Thymus Factors
7.11.1.5 Bach Flower Therapy
7.11.1.6 Anthroposophic Medicine
7.11.1.7 Bioresonance
7.11.1.8 Electroacupuncture According to Voll
7.11.1.9 Kinesiology
7.11.2 General Recommendations for Dealing with “Alternative” Methods
7.11.3 Summary
8: Prevention
8.1 Primary Prevention
8.1.1 Risk Groups
8.1.2 Allergy Development
8.1.3 Avoidance Strategies and General Recommendations
8.1.3.1 Pet Keeping
8.1.3.2 Farming Environment
8.1.3.3 Use of Parasites “Worms” in Atopy Prevention
8.1.3.4 Aeroallergens
8.1.3.5 Air Pollutants
8.1.3.6 Vaccination and Immunomodulatory Strategies
8.1.3.7 General Recommendations
8.1.3.8 Pharmacological Primary Prevention
8.1.4 Nutrition and Dietary Recommendations
8.1.4.1 Breastfeeding
8.1.4.2 Solid Food in the First Year of Life
8.1.4.3 General Recommendations
8.1.4.4 Nutrition During Pregnancy
8.1.4.5 Hypoallergenic Formula
8.1.4.6 Pre- and Probiotics
8.1.4.7 Barrier Restoration
8.1.5 Summary
8.2 Secondary Prevention
8.3 Tertiary Prevention: Rehabilitation
8.3.1 Socioeconomic Impact
8.3.2 Summary
8.4 Climate Therapy in Secondary and Tertiary Prevention
8.4.1 High Altitude, North Sea, and Dead Sea
8.4.2 Summary
8.5 Educational Programs (“Eczema School”)
8.5.1 Development of “Eczema School”
8.5.2 Contents
8.5.3 Evaluation
8.5.4 Practical Performance
8.5.5 Qualification of Trainers
8.5.6 Music Therapy
8.5.7 Summary
9: Outlook into the Future
10: Concluding Remarks: How To Live With Eczema/Atopic Dermatitis
References
Index