Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's <i>100 Questions</i>

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نام کتاب : Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions
عنوان ترجمه شده به فارسی : احراز هویت تبت: پاسخ به 100 سوال چین
سری :
نویسندگان : , ,
ناشر : University of California Press
سال نشر : 2008
تعداد صفحات : 399
ISBN (شابک) : 9780520355163 , 9780520249288
زبان کتاب : English
فرمت کتاب : pdf
حجم کتاب : 1,002 کیلوبایت



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Contents\nForeword\nPreface to the English edition\nAcknowledgments\nAbbreviations and Conventions\nMaps\nPart One. Historical facts\nIntroduction\n1. Some Tibetans in self-exile have repeatedly claimed that Tibet and China are two different countries. What does history have to say?\n2. Some Tibetans have argued that the Yuan emperor, Kublai Khan, and Pagba, a leading Tibetan lama of the Sagya Sect, only established the religious relationship of “the benefactor and the lama”; political subordination was not involved. Is this right?\n3. How did the Yuan Dynasty exercise its sovereignty over Tibet?\n4. It has been argued that the Mongolians incorporated Tibet into China by conquest in a manner not too dissimilar to Britain’s occupation of India and Burma. What do you think of the claim that just as India cannot now regard Burma as part of its territory, so China cannot claim sovereignty over Tibet?\n5. Did the Ming and Qing dynasties continue to exercise the sovereignty over Tibet established by the Yuan dynasty?\n6. Can you outline the origins of the Dalai Lama and the Bainqen Erdini? Did the establishment of these positions have anything to do with the Chinese central government?\n7. Are there any historical documents which provide evidence that Tibet is part of China?\n8. Why was the issue of “Tibetan independence” raised early in this century?\n9. It has been claimed that China only has suzerainty over Tibet. Is this right?\n10. How did Britain and the United States interfere with China’s domestic affairs with regard to Tibet in the past?\n11. What are the views of foreign countries on the “independence of Tibet”?\n12. An American newspaper said that Tibet did not become part of China until 1950, and only in the late 1970s did the Carter administration officially recognize China’s sovereignty over Tibet. Does this accord with history?\n13. Under what circumstances did the PLA decide to march into Tibet?\n14. What was the content of the Agreement on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet signed between China’s Central Government and the local government of Tibet?\n15. What was the Dalai Lama’s attitude toward this agreement?\n16. Since peaceful liberation, what policies has the Chinese government pursued in Tibet?\n17. What caused the 1959 rebellion in Tibet?\n18. How did the Chinese government deal with those who participated in the March 1959 rebellion?\nPart Two. Human Rights\nIntroduction\n19. What were the conditions regarding human rights in Tibet before democratic reform?\n20. What rights do the Tibetan people enjoy?\n21. Some people have said that Tibet has several hundred prisons holding many thousands of political prisoners. Others have claimed that Tibet has 73 prisons with 80,000 prisoners. What are the facts?\n22. Some foreign newspapers have claimed that the Chinese killed more than 1 million Tibetans. Is this true?\n23. In 1987, two men were executed in Tibet.Were they political prisoners?\n24. What is the true story of Geshi Luosang Wangzhu, a so-called ideological criminal the U.S. Congress has asked to be released?\n25. It has been claimed that the Chinese have tried prisoners in Tibet at mass rallies, after which they were immediately killed. Is it true?\n26. Some people have accused China of carrying out “racial segregation” and “racial discrimination” in Tibet. What is the reality?\n27. Some people have said that Tibetans cannot act freely in Tibet, and that Tibetan cadres and children aged under 18 cannot travel abroad. Is this true?\n28. The Dalai Lama and others say that Tibetan children have been deprived of the right to education and that Tibet has become an area of illiteracy. Is this true?\n29. It is reported that there are serious problems of unemployment and child labor among the Tibetans. Is that true?\n30. People at the side of the Dalai Lama also said that the hospitals in Tibet only serve the Han people. Is that true?\n31. How long is the average life span of Tibetans living in Tibet? How is it compared with what it was before the peaceful liberation of Tibet?\n32. Some people have claimed that China practised forced sterilization and the killing of infants in Tibet. Is this true?\nPart Three. Policies toward the Dalai Lama\nIntroduction\n33. What policy has the central government adopted toward the Dalai Lama?\n34. If the Dalai Lama returns, can he settle in Tibet?\n35. What is the attitude of the Chinese government toward the Dalai Lama’s visit to other countries?\n36. What is the basic divergence of views between the Dalai Lama and the Chinese government and people?\n37. What is the Chinese government’s attitude toward the “fivepoint proposal” put forward by the Dalai Lama in the United States during September 1987?\n38. How does the Chinese government view the Dalai Lama’s “New proposal” on Tibet he put forward in Strasbourg, France, in June 1988?\n39. How does the Chinese government value the idea of a “greater Tibetan autonomous region” suggested by some people around the Dalai Lama?\n40. Why doesn’t China agree to apply the “one country, two systems” concept to Tibet?\n41. Will the Chinese government permit the Tibetans who fled abroad with the Dalai Lama and have acquired foreign citizenships to return? If so, what formalities should they go through before their homecoming visit?\n42. What relations does the self-exiled Dalai Lama maintain with the Bainqen Lama?\nPart Four. Population\nIntroduction\n43. Has there been a decrease in the number of Tibetans since the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951?\n44. Dalai and his followers claim that 7.5 million Han have been emigrated to Tibet, and that Tibetans have become a minority nationality in the region. Is that true?\n45. What is the Tibetan population? How is it distributed?\n46. How many minority nationalities are there in China?\n47. How many minority ethnic groups are there in Tibet?\nPart Five. Religious Belief\nIntroduction\n48. What policies has the Chinese government adopted toward religious belief in Tibet?\n49. Some people claim that the Chinese Communist Party has eliminated religion in Tibet. Is this true?\n50. Did the Chinese government appropriate money for renovating monasteries in Tibet in order to attract more foreign tourists?\n51. Are Tibetans free to take part in religious activities?\n52. How are Tibet’s monasteries administered?\n53. Are there any professional schools for training religious workers in Tibet?\n54. Please give a brief account of the lamasery life. Do lamas suffer many privations?\n55. Which monasteries are famous in Tibet? And what is the situation they are in now?\n56. When did Tibetan Buddhism come into being? How many sects does it have?\n57. It has been reported that China will set up a “Tibetan Buddhism Guidance Committee.” What will be its tasks?\nPart Six. Right to autonomy\nIntroduction\n58. What policies has the Chinese government adopted in regard to minority nationalities?\n59. When was the Tibet Autonomous Region founded? How many autonomous regions are there in China?\n60. As one of the autonomous regions, what rights does Tibet have?\n61. How many decrees on self-government have been formulated by the Tibet Autonomous Region?\n62. What is the proportion of Tibetans to Han in the Tibet Autonomous Region’s civil service?\n63. Who were the heads of all previous governments of the Tibet Autonomous Region? Were they all Tibetans?\n64. Who have served as the standing committee chairmen of the Tibet Autonomous Regional People’s Congress? What nationality were they?\n65. How many counties and cities does the Tibet Autonomous Region have under its jurisdiction? What are the nationalities of the county magistrates and mayors?\n66. Are there any other Tibet autonomous areas in China apart from the Tibet Autonomous Region?\n67. Why are none of the first secretaries of the Tibet Autonomous Regional Committee of the Chinese Communist Party Tibetans?\nPart Seven. Culture and education\nIntroduction\n68. What is the policy adopted by China regarding traditional Tibetan culture?\n69. Some foreign newspapers have claimed that China has paid no attention to Tibet’s history and culture. What are the facts?\n70. What is the Chinese government’s attitude toward traditional Tibetan literature and art?\n71. What work has been done to protect cultural relics and historical sites in Tibet?\n72. What is the situation of Tibetan studies in China?\n73. What does the China Tibetan Studies Center do? Who runs it?\n74. It is said that traditional Tibetan medical science is very special. What has China done to develop it?\n75. How about the use of the Tibetan language?\nPart Eight. Economic development\nIntroduction\nHistorical Comparisons\nThe Legacy of State Intervention in the Tibetan Areas over the Past Fifty Years\n76. What policies and assistance has the central government provided in regard to economic development in Tibet?\n77. What is the status of economic development in Tibet?\nConstraints and Favorable Conditions for Development\n78. What advantages does Tibet have for its economic development?\n83. What are the main problems Tibet faces in developing its economy?\nForeign Investment and Trade\n79. Are there any Sino-foreign joint ventures or solely foreignfunded projects in Tibet?\n80. How does Tibet attempt to cooperate with foreign factories?\n81. How do foreign people invest in Tibet?\n82. How about Tibet’s tourist resources? How do foreign people travel in Tibet?\n84. It is reported that China has deployed nuclear weapons and dumped nuclear waste in Tibet, damaging the environment there. Is that true?\nPart Nine. Livelihood of the people\nIntroduction\n85. How are the living conditions in Tibet today compared with the past?\n86. Why are the living standards of Tibetans lower than [those of ] the Han people in other places?\n87. Do the Tibetan and Han people enjoy equal payment for same work?\n88. What customs and habits are there in Tibet?\n89. What festivals are there in Tibet?\nPart Ten. About the riots in Lhasa\nIntroduction\n90. Some people have said that the demonstrations which occurred in Lhasa in 1987 and 1988, despite being peaceful, were forcibly suppressed. Is this true?\n91. What caused the riots, and did it have anything to do with the Dalai clique?\n92. Some people have said that in putting down the riots in Lhasa, the police arrested and beat people indiscriminately, killing quite a few. What is the truth?\n93. Of all those arrested in the riots, how many have been set free and how many are still in prison? How well are they treated in prison? What will happen to them? How many rioters, if any, were executed?\n94. Were any foreign tourists or reporters at the scene of the riots? If there were, were they detained, warned, or deported?\n95. How do religious leaders and the residents of Lhasa view these riots since September 1987?\n96. Why were foreigners not allowed to travel nor foreign reporters permitted to cover news in Tibet during riots?\n97. After the riots in Lhasa, were any leaders of the Tibet Autonomous Region dismissed or promoted? Are more soldiers or policemen to be sent to Tibet?\n98. What countermeasures have the Tibetan authorities taken since the riots? Are the masses allowed to hold parades and demonstrations?\n99. What is the situation in Tibet now?\n100. Some foreign newspapers said recently that the Tibet authorities have dispatched people to temples and monasteries to throw out those lamas and nuns who participated in the riots. Is this true?\nA Comparative Chronology of Tibet and China\nGlossary\nReferences\nContributors




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