دانلود کتاب Autonomic Nervous System and Sleep. Order and Disorder

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Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Contents Contributors Editors Contributors 1: Introduction References Part I: Basics 2: Central Autonomic Network Overview Neurotransmission and Effector Mechanisms of the Central Autonomic Control Inputs and Signaling in the Central Autonomic Network Outputs of the Central Autonomic Network Segmental Control of Preganglionic Neurons Lower Brainstem Areas Controlling Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Gastrointestinal Functions Nucleus of the Solitary Tract Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Rostral Ventromedial Medulla and Medullary Raphe Medullary Respiratory Circuits Parabrachial Nuclear Complex Pelvic Organ Stimulating Center Upper Brainstem and Behavioral State-Dependent Regulation of Autonomic Output Periaqueductal Gray Locus Coeruleus Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Hypothalamus: Pattern Generator for Basic Survival Functions Functional Organization Autonomic Output Limbic Areas Involved in Emotion, Cognition, and Autonomic Control Amygdala Insular Cortex Anterior and Midcingulate Cortices Summary References 3: Functional Neuroanatomy of the Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System Introduction The Sympathetic Efferent Organization The Parasympathetic Efferent Organization The Enteric Nervous System Autonomic Afferent Fibers Pharmacology and Physiology of the ANS (See Also Chap. 5) Physiology Clinico-Anatomical Correlation Comments (Based on Clinico-Anatomo-Physiological Correlation) References 4: Functional Neuroanatomy and Mechanism of Sleep Introduction and Historical Note General Comments Historical Note Neuroanatomical Substrates and Control of Wake-Sleep States Neuroanatomical Substrates and Control of Wakefulness Neuroanatomical Substrates of NREM Sleep Neuroanatomical Substrates of REM Sleep Animal Models Essential Physiological Components of REM Sleep Summary of Mechanisms of Sleep References 5: Physiological Changes in the Autonomic Nervous System During Sleep Autonomic Function and Behavioral States Sleep, Autonomic Function, and Respiratory Regulation Sleep, Autonomic Function, and Cardiovascular Regulation Sleep, Autonomic Function, and the Regulation of Body Temperature and Energy Expenditure Sleep and Autonomic Function Within the Frame of Physiological Regulation References 6: Brain–Heart Interaction: Cardiovascular Reflexes Introduction Sleep and Cardiovascular Control: A Matter of Time Scales The Time Scale of Minutes: Sleep Macrostructure The Time Scale of Seconds: Sleep Microstructure The Time Scale of Hours: Circadian Sleep Rhythm The Role of the ABR in the Hierarchic Organization of Cardiovascular Control The ABR and Other Cardiovascular Reflexes Constitute the Intermediate Level of Cardiovascular Control The ABR Modulates Tissue-Specific Local Mechanisms That Constitute the Lowest Level of Cardiovascular Control Central Autonomic Commands Represent the Highest Level of Cardiovascular Control and Modulate the ABR The ABR During Sleep Insights from the Relationship Between Controlled and Instrumental Variables of the ABR During Sleep at Different Time Scales Sleep Modifies the Integration Between the ABR and Central Autonomic Commands at Different Time Scales Central Autonomic Commands Change ABR Properties During Sleep The Functional Neuroanatomy of the ABR and Central Autonomic Commands in Different Wake–Sleep States Functional Neuroanatomy of the ABR and Central Autonomic Commands During Wakefulness Functional Neuroanatomy of the Direct Cardiovascular Effects of Sleep-Related Central Autonomic Commands Functional Neuroanatomy of the Modulation of ABR Properties by the Central Autonomic Commands During Sleep References 7: Sleep and Circadian Regulation of the Autonomic Nervous System Sleep from an Integrated Perspective: Central and Autonomic Nervous System Interactions Sleep ANS Control: Sleep Stage Modulation Sleep ANS Control: Circadian Modulation Sleep ANS Control: The Falling Asleep Period Sleep ANS Control: Developmental Maturation and Sex Differences Sleep ANS Control: Female-Specific Hormonal Factors Potential Advancements in Understanding Sleep ANS Control: Sleep-Tracking Technology References 8: Nocturnal Arousal Phenomenon and the Autonomic Nervous System The House of Sleep Beyond the Sleep Stages Surrogate Markers of Cortical Arousals Measuring Heart Rate Variability: The R-R Interval R-R Cardiopulmonary Coupling and CAP Sleep Protection Insurance References Part II: Laboratory Evaluation 9: Methods of Laboratory Evaluation of the Autonomic Nervous System in Wakefulness and Sleep Laboratory Evaluation of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) in Wakefulness Clinically Validated Methods for Evaluation of Sudomotor Function Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Test (QSART) Sympathetic Skin Response Heart Rate Response to Deep Breathing (HRDB) Valsalva Maneuver (VM) Head-Up Tilt (HUT) Non-clinically Validated Tests of Autonomic Functioning Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) Isometric (Static) Handgrip Techniques for Measuring Sympathetic Nerve Activity (Autonomic Functioning) Microneurography Tests of Sympathetic Integrity Neuroimaging Tests Neuropharmacological Tests Neurochemical Tests Laboratory Evaluation of the ANS During Sleep (Rationale and Measurement Techniques for Studying ANS Functions During Sleep) Respiration (See Also Chap. 11) Airflow Sensing Blood Gas Measurement Respiratory Effort (Movement and Volume) Blood Pressure 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Methods for Evaluating Asleep Blood Pressures Neuroendocrine Melatonin Cortisol, Norepinephrine, and Epinephrine Body Temperature Choosing a Site Equipment References 10: Interpreting Heart Rate Variability in Sleep: Why, When, and How? Introduction Is the Autonomic Nervous System Really Autonomous? Heart Rate Variability: The Modelling Approach Heart Rate Variability: A Synopsis Sleep: A Simplified View The Close Link Between Sleep and the Autonomic Nervous System Heart Rate Variability in Sleep Disorders HRV and Sleep in the Clinic HRV and the Clinic: Importance of Models Conclusion: HRV, Sleep, and Digital Medicine References 11: Laboratory Evaluation of Sleep Disorders: PSG, MSLT, MWT, and Actigraphy Introduction Techniques to Measure Sleep-Disordered Breathing Polysomnography Tests for Daytime Hypersomnolence Multiple Sleep Latency Testing MSLT Guidelines MSLT Interpretation, Limitations, and Pitfalls Maintenance of Wakefulness Testing Techniques to Measure Body Movements/Sleep-Wake Cycles Actigraphy Consumer-Oriented Sleep Technology Brief Review of Sleep Laboratory Findings in Selected Cases of Autonomic Failure Multiple System Atrophy (Formerly Known as the Shy-Drager Syndrome) Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) Familial Dysautonomia (FD, Riley-Day Syndrome) Diabetic and Amyloidotic Polyneuropathies and Guillain-Barre Syndrome Neurodegenerative Diseases (Synucleopathies, e.g., PD and DLBD) Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) References Part III: Clinical Aspects 12: An Approach to a Patient with Suspected Autonomic and Sleep Dysfunction Introduction Classification of Dysautonomia General and Specific Clinical Manifestations of Autonomic Dysfunction and Physiology of Orthostatic Blood Pressure Control History and Physical Examination Step 1. History Step 2. Physical Examination Step 3. General Physical Examination Step 4. Special Examination of Each System Clinical Scales and Questionnaires Autonomic Function and Other Laboratory Tests Brief Description of Some Important and Unusual Dysautonomic Entities Summary of ANS Dysfunction in Narcolepsy–Cataplexy Fits and Faints, Including Syncope and Other Mimics of Autonomic Dysfunction Types of Syncope (see Box 12.9) [15, 124, 125, 127] Drop Attacks Carotid Sinus Supersensivity Syncope Mastocytosis-Related Syncope Breath-holding Spells Other rare types in infants and children Clinical–Anatomical–Laboratory Correlations with Case Examples Principles of Therapy References 13: Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults and the Autonomic Nervous System Introduction Comorbidities Associated with OSA The Autonomic Nervous System in OSA Intrathoracic Pressure Changes Additional Mechanisms Treatment of OSA Cardiovascular Autonomic Consequences of Treating OSA Other Clinical Outcomes of Treating OSA Conclusions References 14: Primary Insomnia and Dysautonomia Introduction Primary Insomnia and Cardiovascular Disease: The State of the Science Primary Insomnia and Cardiovascular Autonomic Control: The Neurophysiological Basis Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Sympathoadrenal Activity and Imbalance Between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Activities Primary Insomnia and Cardiovascular Risk: The Experimental Data Insomnia Phenotypes and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Insomnia with Short Sleep Duration Insomnia in Menopausal Transition State Insomnia and Cardiovascular Diseases: The Link with Hypertension Conclusion and Future Directions References 15: Restless Legs Syndrome, Periodic Limb Movements, and Dysautonomia Restless Legs Syndrome: Description, Diagnosis, and Prevalence Description Diagnosis Prevalence Periodic Limb Movements During Sleep and Wakefulness Association Between RLS and Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiological Cross-Sectional Studies Longitudinal Epidemiological Studies Association Between PLMS and Cardiovascular Disease Possible Mechanisms Linking RLS and PLMS with CVD Sleep Disruptions PLMS-Related Cardiovascular Changes Increased Sympathetic Activity Conclusion References 16: NREM-Related Parasomnias and Dysautonomia Introduction The Role of Arousal Autonomic Activity Autonomic Activation in the Differential Diagnosis Between NREM Parasomnias and Epilepsy Conclusion References 17: Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Dysautonomia Introduction Dysautonomia in Narcolepsy Type I Pathophysiological Aspects: Orexin and Autonomic Nervous System Neuroanatomy Pharmacological and Animal Studies Human Studies Autonomic Symptoms Arterial Blood Pressure Heart Rate and Its Variability Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity Other Measures of Autonomic Disturbances Comorbid Disorders Dysautonomia During Cataplexy Dysautonomia in Other Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence Conclusion and Perspectives References 18: Fatal Familial Insomnia Introduction Fatal Familial Insomnia Historical Notes Demographics Features Dysfunction of the Autonomic Nervous System: Unbalanced Autonomic Control and Sympathetic Hyperactivation Cardiovascular Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Hormonal and Catecholamine Circadian Rhythms Pharmacological Tests Evaluating Autonomic Function Breathing Body Temperature Gastrointestinal Genitourinary Salivation, Lacrimation, and Pupillary Tone Sporadic Familial Insomnia Agrypnia Excitata in Other Neurological Disorders Morvan Syndrome Delirium Tremens Whipple Disease FFI and Agrypnia: The Role of the Thalamus Not Only in Sleep–Wake Organization, But Also in Autonomic Control Conclusion: From Homeostasis to Allostatic Overload References 19: Sleep-Related Epilepsy, Dysautonomia, and Sudden Nocturnal Death Sleep-Related Epilepsy Seizures Occurring Predominantly or Exclusively During Sleep Associated with ANS Dysfunction Sleep-Related Hypermotor Epilepsy Epidemiology Genetic Forms of Sleep-Related Hypermotor Epilepsy Symptomatic Forms Clinical Features Sleep-Related Hypermotor Epilepsy: Always a Frontal Onset? Electroencephalographic Features Treatment SHE and Autonomic System Benign Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes (BECTS) Panayiotopoulos Syndrome Juvenile Myoclonus Epilepsy West Syndrome Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome Electrical Status Epilepticus During Slow Sleep (ESES) Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) Definitions Epidemiology Risk Factors for SUDEP Genetics of SUDEP SUDEP and Sleep Longstanding Effects of Sleep and Epilepsy Interaction: Implications for SUDEP Seizures During Sleep: Precipitating Factors for SUDEP Sleep Disorders Comorbidities in Epileptic Patients: Implications for SUDEP Prevention of SUDEP References 20: The Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (PoTS) Introduction Clinical Features Diagnosis Autonomic Investigations Differential Diagnosis Non-autonomic Investigations Pathophysiology Overlapping Features Treatment Conclusion References 21: Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome Introduction and History Epidemiology and Genetics Genotype–Phenotype Relationship Clinical Manifestations and Natural History Hypoventilation and Central Apnea in CCHS Dysautonomia in CCHS Neurocristopathy in CCHS Late-Onset Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome Other Genetic Hypoventilation Syndromes Associated with Autonomic Dysfunction Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Hypothesized Pathophysiology of PHOX2B Mutation Disordered Sleep and General Dysautonomia Diagnosis Polysomnography Other Diagnostic Considerations Differential Diagnosis Current Management Strategies Ventilatory Management Other Ventilatory Options Management of Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction Other Management Considerations Management Considerations in a Thriving CCHS Cohort Annual Surveillance in CCHS Outcomes Future Directions in Research and Therapeutics Conclusions References Further Reading 22: Autonomic Dysfunction in Parasomnias of REM Sleep Introduction Anatomy of REM Sleep and the Central Autonomic Network Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Autonomic Symptoms in Patients with RBD Objective Markers of Autonomic Impairment in RBD Heart Rate Variability Cardiac Scintigraphy Cardiovascular Reflex Testing and Blood Pressure Analysis Gastrointestinal Motility Biopsy and Tissue Analysis Nightmare Disorder and Trauma-Associated Sleep Disorder Conclusions References 23: Multiple System Atrophy Introduction Epidemiology and Natural History Clinical Features Clinical Assessment of MSA Diagnosis Current Therapies References 24: Pure Autonomic Failure Introduction Clinical Features Symptoms Signs Pathology Antemortem Pathology Diagnosis Orthostatic Hypotension due to Adrenergic Failure Additional Visceral Involvement Exclusion of Other Causes of Autonomic Dysfunction Distinguishing Postganglionic (e.g., PAF) from Preganglionic/Central Autonomic Failure (e.g., MSA) Phenoconversion and Predictors Treatment Pharmacologic Interventions Conclusion References 25: Acute Autonomic Neuropathy What Is an Acute Autonomic Neuropathy? When to Think of an Acute Autonomic Neuropathy How to Diagnose Acute Autonomic Neuropathies Additional Tests Antibody Testing How to Differentiate Among a Variety of Acute Autonomic Neuropathies? Autoimmune Autonomic Ganglionopathy (AAG) Seronegative Autoimmune Autonomic Ganglionopathy Acute Autonomic and Sensory Neuropathy Limited Autonomic Neuropathy Paraneoplastic Autonomic Neuropathy Other Important Conditions Causing Autonomic Neuropathies Lambert–Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) Immune Encephalitides Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis Dipeptidyl-Peptidase-Like Protein-6 (DPPX) Guillain–Barré Syndrome (GBS) Sjögren Syndrome Summary References 26: Familial Dysautonomia Introduction Phenotype of Familial Dysautonomia Chemoreflex Failure Sleep-Disordered Breathing Sudden Unexpected Death During Sleep (SUDS) Therapeutic Implications Noninvasive Ventilation Role of Potassium Conclusions References 27: Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy Gastrointestinal Neuropathy Urogenital Autonomic Neuropathy Sudomotor Dysfunction Ocular Manifestations References 28: Spinal Cord Lesion and Dysautonomia Introduction Autonomic Features in Patients with Spinal Cord Lesions Cardiovascular Dysfunction Complication and Management of Autonomic Dysreflexia Thermodysregulation Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Genito-urinary Dysfunction Sleep Disorders in SCI Assessing Cardiovascular Autonomic Function in Patients with Spinal Cord Lesion Autonomic Screening Tests Liquid Meal Challenge Tests Exercise Testing Ambulatory 24 BP and HR Monitoring Plasma Catecholamines Conclusion References 29: Dysautonomia and Sleep Dysfunction in Pediatric Practice Introduction Physiological Changes in Cardiorespiratory Control Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Brief Resolved Unexplained Events (BRUE) Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS) Central Hypoventilation Secondary to Other Brainstem Lesions Rapid-Onset Obesity with Hypoventilation, Hypothalamic, Autonomic Dysregulation (ROHHAD) Autonomic Dysfunction in Pediatric Primary Hypersomnia Syndromes Conclusion References 30: Autonomic Regulation of Sleep-Related Gastrointestinal Function Introduction Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Irritable Bowel Syndrome Sleep and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Conclusions and Comments on Inflammatory Bowel Disease References Index