دانلود کتاب Between Leibniz, Newton, and Kant: Philosophy and Science in the Eighteenth Century (Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science, 341)

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Preface to the 2nd Edition
Introduction
Contents
Part I: Seismic Vibrations in Metaphysics
Chapter 1: Disciplinary Transformations in the Age of Newton: The Case of Metaphysics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Speculative Philosophy in the Peripatetic Tradition
1.3 Newton and Leibniz
1.4 Locke and Berkeley
1.5 Metaphysics in the Public Domain in Mid-century Britain and Germany
1.6 Hume
1.7 Metaphysics and the Physicians: William Cullen
1.8 The Kantian Turn
References
Part II: Metaphysics and the Analytical Method
Chapter 2: Leibniz’ Concept of Possible Worlds and the Analysis of Motion in Eighteenth-Century Physics
2.1 The Year 1686
2.2 Individual Substance and World
2.3 Causality and Finality in Leibniz’ Physics
2.4 1732: The Birth-Certificate of Maupertuis’ Ideas
2.5 The Least Action Quantity Principle
2.6 The Essay on Cosmology
2.7 A Final View to Euler
2.8 A Priority Problem and Its Recent Discussion
2.9 Resume
References
Chapter 3: The Limits of Intelligibility: The Status of Physical Science in D’Alembert’s Philosophy
3.1 Abstraction
3.2 Restoration
3.3 Properties
3.4 Simplicity
3.5 Winds
3.6 Essences
3.7 Impenetrability
3.8 Necessity
3.9 Springs and Other Gaps
3.10 Well-Known Facts About Forces
3.11 Attraction as a Last Recourse
3.12 Fluids
3.13 Fluids as Systems: D’Alembert’s Principle
3.14 The Privilege of Destruction
3.15 Broken Branches
References
Chapter 4: “In Nature as in Geometry”: Du Châtelet and the Post-Newtonian Debate on the Physical Significance of Mathematical Objects
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Ambivalent Reception of Newton’s Mathematical Physics
4.3 Du Châtelet on the Metaphysics of Mathematical Objects
4.3.1 Mathematical Objects and Metaphysical Idealism
4.3.2 The Metaphysics and Epistemology of Magnitude
4.3.3 The Power of Abstraction
4.3.4 Abstraction and Fictions
4.4 Du Châtelet’s Defense of Inferences from Mathematics to Material Nature
4.4.1 Mathematical Fictions and Approximate Truth
4.4.2 From Mathematical to Physical Continuity
4.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Order of Nature and Orders of Science
5.1 Preliminaries: Three Points of Departure and One Aim
5.1.1 ‘Semantical Ladenness’ of Mathematics
5.1.2 Euclideanism
5.1.3 Orders of Science
5.1.4 Understanding the Change of Concepts of Science
5.2 Mechanical Euclideanism: The Case of Newton’s Principia
5.2.1 Mechanical Euclideanism
5.2.2 Axiomatic Structure and Empiristic Methodology
5.2.3 Newton’s Euclideanism
5.3 Newtonian and Analytical Perspectives: Euler’s Program of Rational Mechanics
5.3.1 ‘Synthetical’ Beginnings of Analytical Mechanics
5.3.2 ‘Newtonian’ Axiomatisation Without Newtonian Ontology
5.3.3 ‘Inflation of Principles’ and Metatheoretical ‘Sliding of the Center of Gravity’
5.3.4 Analytical Principles of Mechanics
5.4 The Edge of Certainty: Lagrange’s Analytical Mechanics
5.4.1 Changing Principles and Concepts
5.4.2 No Geometry, No Methodology, No (Explicit) Scientific Metaphysics: The New Meaning of ‘Analytical’
5.4.3 Loss of Evidence: ‘Rubber Euclideanism’
5.5 Kant and Eighteenth-Century Rational Mechanics: Two Projections
5.5.1 The ‘Synthetical’ Projection: Metaphysical Foundations
5.5.2 The ‘Analytical’ Projection: Critique of Judgement
5.6 Conclusion
References
Part III: Avenues of Newtonianism
Chapter 6: Samuel Clarke’s Annotations in Jacques Rohault’s Traité de Physique, and How They Contributed to Popularising Newton’s Physics
6.1 Newton’s Physics Disseminated by a Cartesian Textbook
6.2 Jacques Rohault and His Traité de Physique
6.3 Rohault’s Traité Translated and Annotated by Samuel Clarke
6.3.1 Hoadley’s Account
6.3.2 Whiston’s Account
6.3.3 A Document Unparalleled in the History of Physics
6.4 The Structure of Rohault’s Traité
6.4.1 Matter, Inertia, and Conservation of the Quantity of Motion
6.4.2 Vacuum and Elements
6.4.3 Rules of Collision
6.4.4 Attractive and Repulsive Forces
6.4.5 Light and Colour
6.4.6 Planetary Motion and Free Fall
6.5 Charles Morgan’s Annotations
References
Chapter 7: Kant on Extension and Force: Critical Appropriations of Leibniz and Newton
7.1 Newton, Locke, Descartes, and Leibniz on Extension
7.1.1 Newton, Locke, and Descartes on Extension as a Primitive
7.1.2 Leibniz on Extension
7.2 Kant’s Objections to Extension as Primitive
7.2.1 Kant’s Rejection of Leibniz’s Criticisms of Extension as a Primitive
7.2.2 Kant’s Arguments Against Atomism
7.3 Force and Causality
7.3.1 Leibniz on Force
7.3.2 Kant on Force
7.4 Brief Methodological Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Scotland’s Philosophico-Chemical Physics
8.1 Joseph Black and Thomas Reid in the 1760s
8.2 John Anderson and John Robison, Circa 1780
8.3 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Can Matter Think?
Chapter 9: Materialistic Theories of Mind and Brain
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Can Matter Think?
9.3 The Question of the Soul
9.4 The Workings of the Brain
9.5 Conclusion
Afterword 2022
References
Chapter 10: Kant’s Second Paralogism in Context: The Critique of Pure Reason on Whether Matter Can Think
10.1 The Paralogism: Its Formal Structure
10.2 The Context: Kant and His Opponents
10.3 Conclusion
Postscript (2022): Materialism and Anti-materialism in the Eighteenth Century
References
Part V: Metaphysics and Natural History
Chapter 11: Kant’s Universal Natural History and Analogical Reasoning in Cosmology
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Kant’s Analogical Method in the Universal Natural History
11.3 Analogical Reasoning: Some Historical Context
11.4 Kant’s Theory of Analogy
11.5 Kant’s Cosmological Analogy
11.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Natural or Artificial Systems? The Eighteenth-Century Controversy on Classification of Animals and Plants and Its Philosophical Contexts
12.1 Eighteenth-Century Classification as a Double-Faced Enterprise
12.2 Are Systems as Such Unnatural?
12.3 Method and Form I – Is the Tree of Porphyry Natural?
12.4 Method and Form II – Method Versus System
12.5 Biological Content I – Resemblance of Structure
12.6 Biological Content II – Growing Tensions
12.6.1 Natural Groups
12.6.2 Buffon’s Species Concept
12.6.3 From Structure to Organisation
12.7 Prospects: A Meaningless Nature
References
Part VI: Looking Back and Ahead
Chapter 13: Beyond Newton, Leibniz and Kant: Insufficient Foundations, 1687–1786
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Background Distinctions
13.3 The Shape of Mechanics After 1730
13.4 Sufficient Foundations, 1760–1830
13.5 Insufficient Foundations: Laws
13.6 Insufficient Foundations: Matter
13.7 Some Morals
References
Appendices
Appendix I: Newton’s Scholia from David Gregory’s Estate on the Propositions IV Through IX Book III of His Principia
The Sources for Our Edition
About the English Translation
Abbreviations Used
Newton’s Scholia
Newton’s Excerpts from Macrobius’ Commentary on Clcero’s Dream of Sclplo
Newton’s Excerpts from Macrobius’ Commentary on Cicero’s Dream
Remarks on Newton’s Scholia
References
Appendix II: The Concepts of Immanuel Kant’s Natural Philosophy (1747–1780): A Database Rendering Their Explicit and Implicit Networks
Networks of Concepts and Their Representation
Kant’s Natural Philosophy
Explicit and Implicit Networks Among Concepts
The Form of Representation
Aspects of Kant’s Theory of Matter as Rendered in the Database
The Databases
“Begriffe”
Rendering Networks of Concepts
Context I – The Location of Concepts in Kant
Context II – The Location of Concepts in Contemporary Science
Grouping According to Fields of Knowledge
The Additional Databases